阳坡—阴坡生境梯度上植物群落物种多样性和地上生物量的变化特点
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摘要
坡向是山地的重要地形因子之一,是导致植物物种多样性组成和结构特征产生差异的间接环境因子,它通过改变光照、温度、水分和土壤等生态因子而对生物多样性、植物生长发育、生产力以及生态系统功能等产生重要影响。因此,研究植物分布与坡向之间的关系具有一定的意义。
本研究位于甘肃省甘南藏族自治州,兰州大学高寒草甸与湿地生态系统定位研究站(合作和玛曲分站)附近的高寒草甸天然草地上。
对阳坡-阴坡生境梯度上土壤环境因子变化特点的研究,结果表明：土温和光照度的日平均值均为：阳坡>半阳坡>阴坡；在几个特定时间点的光照度和土温的变化情况,总体上为：阳坡>半阳坡>阴坡。0～15cm和15～30cm土层的土壤含水量从阳坡到阴坡均呈递增的变化；在0～15cm的土层中,全氮、速效氮、速效磷和有机质含量的变化：阴坡>阳坡>半阳坡。全磷含量自阳坡到阴坡呈递增的变化特点。15～30cm的土层中,全氮、全磷和有机质含量自阳坡到阴坡均为递增的变化趋势,速效氮含量呈现先减小后增大的变化特点,速效磷含量为先增大后减小再增大的变化趋势。
0～15cm土层的土壤中速效氮与有机质含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),相关系数为0.900；全磷与光照度和土温均呈显著负相关(P<0.05),相关系数分别为R=-0.811,R=-0.840；光照度与土温呈显著正相关(P<0.05),相关系数为0.806。15～30cm土层中土壤全氮与速效氮、全磷和有机质呈显著正相关(P<0.05),相关系数分别为0.849、0.819、0.978.；速效氮和有机质呈显著正相关(P<0.05),R=0.830；全磷与有机质呈显著正相关(P<0.05),R=0.846；与光照度和土温呈显著负相关(P<0.05),R=-0.844、R=-0.762；有机质与含水量呈正相关(P<0.05),R=0.787,与光照度和土温呈负相关,R=-0.867,R=-0.689。
对阳坡-阴坡生境梯度上的植物物种多样性、地上生物量变化的研究,结果表明：合作市高寒草甸不同坡向上的a多样性差异显著,其中Shannon-Wiener指数的变化与丰富度的变化一致,都表现出：阴坡>半阳坡>阳坡,半阳坡均匀度相对较小。而玛曲不同坡向上的α多样性差异不显著,合作不同坡向上β多样性从阳坡,半阳坡到阴坡呈先升高后降低的单峰变化趋势,在半阳坡群落的β多样性较高。半阳坡的土壤温度和日照时间比较适中,且处于阳坡与阴坡的过度地段,坡向的转换速率相对较快,所以物种替代速率比较快。玛曲高寒草甸从阳坡到阴坡p多样性总的变化趋势也为单峰曲线的变化特点。
地上生物量的变化特点因地理位置的不同而不同,从阳坡到阴坡,合作的地上生物量呈递增的变化,而玛曲呈递减的变化特点。在合作水分是植物生长的主要限制因子,而玛曲海拔较高,温度是限制植物生长的最主要因子,所以玛曲的地上生物量自阳坡到阴坡递减。
合作市地上生物量与Shannon-wiener指数和丰富度均呈负二次函数关系,玛曲地上生物量与Shannon-wiener指数和丰富度均呈正二次函数的关系。
对阳坡-阴坡生境梯度上群落物种多样性和生物量与土壤环境因子关系的研究,结果表明：物种多样性与光照和土温呈负相关,与含水量的变化呈较显著的正相关。通过相关分析可以得出,土壤含水量是决定α多样性和β多样性沿阳坡-阴坡生境梯度变化的最主要因子之一。物种多样性指数与0～15cm土层的土壤全氮、速效氮、全磷和有机质呈正相关,其中Shannon-Wiener指数与全磷呈显著正相关。多样性指数与15～30cm的土层中土壤养分均呈正相关。
总之,坡向是重要的地形因子之一,它通过改变光照、温度等气象因子,从而影响土壤含水量的分布,进而对生物多样性、植被类型与生产力等产生重要影响。植物与土壤养分间是相互联系、相互制约的,土壤养分在数量和组成上的变化,都将对植物群落的生物量形成、物种组成和群落演替产生显著的影响。同时,植物的生长状况,群落结构又反作用于土壤,经过长时间的相互作用,又可以改变土壤的养分。
As an indirect environmental factor, slope plays an important role in causing the difference of species composition and structure of community diversity. Meanwhile it has an important impact on community diversity, growth, vegetation styles, productivity and the function of ecosystem via changing the environmental factors, such as illumination, temperature, moisture and so on. Therefore, it is significant to study the relationship between plant distributing and slope.
This study sites choose the natural grass of Lanzhou University, alpine meadow and wetland ecosystem research station (Hezuo City and Maqu county) in Gansu Province.
The research on the environmental factors form South-facing slope to North-facing slope showed that:The average value of the illumination and soil temperature was that:South-facing slope>West-facing slope>North-facing slope. In some specific time points of the illumination and changes in soil temperature, generally as follows: South-facing slope>West-facing slope>North-facing slope. Soil moisture increased from South-facing slope to North-facing slope in both 0-15cm and 15-30cm layers. The varieties in soil nutrients were more complex, in 0-15cm of soil, total N, available N, available P and organic matter content changes were that:South-facing slope In 0-15cm soil layer, the total N, available N and organic matter were positively correlated, the correlation coefficient was 0.900 (P<0.05). Total P, the illumination and soil temperature were significantly negatively correlated with correlation coefficient R=-0.811, R=-0.840. In 15-30cm soil layer, the total N and available N, total P, organic matter had significant positive correlation, the correlation coefficient was 0.849,0.819,0.978, (P<0.05). Available N and organic matter had significant positive correlation, R=0.830. Total P and organic matter was significantly positively correlated, R=0.846(P<0.05).Total P and the illumination, soil temperature showed a significant negative correlation, R=-0.844, R=-0.762, (p<0.05). Organic matter was positively correlated with soil moisture, R=0.787. The organic matter, the illumination and soil temperature were negatively correlated, R=-0.867, R=-0.689.
In Hezuo, The variation ofβdiversity indexes increased firstly and then decreased in the single peak curve form South-facing slope to North-facing slope, which indicated that species replacement rate was rapid in the condition of moderate soil moist and sunlight time. In Maqu, the variation trend ofβdiversity indexes form South-facing slope to North-facing slope was more complex, the general trend was also increased firstly and then decreased.
The changes of aboveground biomass varied in different locations. The trend of aboveground biomass changes increased form South-facing slope to North-facing slope in Hezuo. While in Maqu, the trend was opposite. In Hezuo, moisture was the main limiting plant growth factor, while in Maqu, temperature was the main limited factor due to higher altitude.
The relation of the aboveground biomass and Shannon-wiener index and richness was negative quadratic function in Hezuo. The relation of the aboveground biomass and Shannon-wiener index and richness was positive quadratic function in Maqu.
The research on the relation of community diversity and biomass and different environmental factors from South-facing slope to North-facing slope, the results showed that:The community diversity and the illumination, soil temperature had the negative correlation; The community diversity and the soil moisture were remarkable positively correlated; The variation ofαdiversity indexes andβdiversity indexes were affected by the soil moisture. The community diversity and the total N, available N, total P, organic matter of 0-15cm soil layer had positive correlation. The community diversity and available P had negative correlation. Shannon-Wiener index and total P had remarkable positive correlation.
The community diversity and the soil nutrients both had positive correlation. The correlation of the total N total P and organic matter were consanguineous.
The aboveground biomass and the total P, organic matter and the soil moisture of 0-15cm have the remarkable positive correlation. The aboveground biomass and pH value, the illumination and soil temperature have the negative correlation. The aboveground biomass and the total N, available N, total P and organic matter and the soil moisture of 15-30cm all had the remarkable positive correlation. The above-ground biomass and pH value had the remarkable negative correlation.
In short, slope is an important topographic factor, which affects soil moisture content and distribution by changing the illumination, temperature and other meteorological factors, and thus it has an important impact on biodiversity, vegetation types and biomass. Between plant and soil nutrients are interrelated and mutual constraint. Soil nutrients in the quantity and composition changes affect biomass formation, species composition and community succession; Meanwhile, the plant growth conditions and community structure also influence the soil, they can change the soil nutrients over a long period of interaction.
本研究位于甘肃省甘南藏族自治州,兰州大学高寒草甸与湿地生态系统定位研究站(合作和玛曲分站)附近的高寒草甸天然草地上。
对阳坡-阴坡生境梯度上土壤环境因子变化特点的研究,结果表明：土温和光照度的日平均值均为：阳坡>半阳坡>阴坡；在几个特定时间点的光照度和土温的变化情况,总体上为：阳坡>半阳坡>阴坡。0～15cm和15～30cm土层的土壤含水量从阳坡到阴坡均呈递增的变化；在0～15cm的土层中,全氮、速效氮、速效磷和有机质含量的变化：阴坡>阳坡>半阳坡。全磷含量自阳坡到阴坡呈递增的变化特点。15～30cm的土层中,全氮、全磷和有机质含量自阳坡到阴坡均为递增的变化趋势,速效氮含量呈现先减小后增大的变化特点,速效磷含量为先增大后减小再增大的变化趋势。
0～15cm土层的土壤中速效氮与有机质含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),相关系数为0.900；全磷与光照度和土温均呈显著负相关(P<0.05),相关系数分别为R=-0.811,R=-0.840；光照度与土温呈显著正相关(P<0.05),相关系数为0.806。15～30cm土层中土壤全氮与速效氮、全磷和有机质呈显著正相关(P<0.05),相关系数分别为0.849、0.819、0.978.；速效氮和有机质呈显著正相关(P<0.05),R=0.830；全磷与有机质呈显著正相关(P<0.05),R=0.846；与光照度和土温呈显著负相关(P<0.05),R=-0.844、R=-0.762；有机质与含水量呈正相关(P<0.05),R=0.787,与光照度和土温呈负相关,R=-0.867,R=-0.689。
对阳坡-阴坡生境梯度上的植物物种多样性、地上生物量变化的研究,结果表明：合作市高寒草甸不同坡向上的a多样性差异显著,其中Shannon-Wiener指数的变化与丰富度的变化一致,都表现出：阴坡>半阳坡>阳坡,半阳坡均匀度相对较小。而玛曲不同坡向上的α多样性差异不显著,合作不同坡向上β多样性从阳坡,半阳坡到阴坡呈先升高后降低的单峰变化趋势,在半阳坡群落的β多样性较高。半阳坡的土壤温度和日照时间比较适中,且处于阳坡与阴坡的过度地段,坡向的转换速率相对较快,所以物种替代速率比较快。玛曲高寒草甸从阳坡到阴坡p多样性总的变化趋势也为单峰曲线的变化特点。
地上生物量的变化特点因地理位置的不同而不同,从阳坡到阴坡,合作的地上生物量呈递增的变化,而玛曲呈递减的变化特点。在合作水分是植物生长的主要限制因子,而玛曲海拔较高,温度是限制植物生长的最主要因子,所以玛曲的地上生物量自阳坡到阴坡递减。
合作市地上生物量与Shannon-wiener指数和丰富度均呈负二次函数关系,玛曲地上生物量与Shannon-wiener指数和丰富度均呈正二次函数的关系。
对阳坡-阴坡生境梯度上群落物种多样性和生物量与土壤环境因子关系的研究,结果表明：物种多样性与光照和土温呈负相关,与含水量的变化呈较显著的正相关。通过相关分析可以得出,土壤含水量是决定α多样性和β多样性沿阳坡-阴坡生境梯度变化的最主要因子之一。物种多样性指数与0～15cm土层的土壤全氮、速效氮、全磷和有机质呈正相关,其中Shannon-Wiener指数与全磷呈显著正相关。多样性指数与15～30cm的土层中土壤养分均呈正相关。
总之,坡向是重要的地形因子之一,它通过改变光照、温度等气象因子,从而影响土壤含水量的分布,进而对生物多样性、植被类型与生产力等产生重要影响。植物与土壤养分间是相互联系、相互制约的,土壤养分在数量和组成上的变化,都将对植物群落的生物量形成、物种组成和群落演替产生显著的影响。同时,植物的生长状况,群落结构又反作用于土壤,经过长时间的相互作用,又可以改变土壤的养分。
As an indirect environmental factor, slope plays an important role in causing the difference of species composition and structure of community diversity. Meanwhile it has an important impact on community diversity, growth, vegetation styles, productivity and the function of ecosystem via changing the environmental factors, such as illumination, temperature, moisture and so on. Therefore, it is significant to study the relationship between plant distributing and slope.
This study sites choose the natural grass of Lanzhou University, alpine meadow and wetland ecosystem research station (Hezuo City and Maqu county) in Gansu Province.
The research on the environmental factors form South-facing slope to North-facing slope showed that:The average value of the illumination and soil temperature was that:South-facing slope>West-facing slope>North-facing slope. In some specific time points of the illumination and changes in soil temperature, generally as follows: South-facing slope>West-facing slope>North-facing slope. Soil moisture increased from South-facing slope to North-facing slope in both 0-15cm and 15-30cm layers. The varieties in soil nutrients were more complex, in 0-15cm of soil, total N, available N, available P and organic matter content changes were that:South-facing slope
In Hezuo, The variation ofβdiversity indexes increased firstly and then decreased in the single peak curve form South-facing slope to North-facing slope, which indicated that species replacement rate was rapid in the condition of moderate soil moist and sunlight time. In Maqu, the variation trend ofβdiversity indexes form South-facing slope to North-facing slope was more complex, the general trend was also increased firstly and then decreased.
The changes of aboveground biomass varied in different locations. The trend of aboveground biomass changes increased form South-facing slope to North-facing slope in Hezuo. While in Maqu, the trend was opposite. In Hezuo, moisture was the main limiting plant growth factor, while in Maqu, temperature was the main limited factor due to higher altitude.
The relation of the aboveground biomass and Shannon-wiener index and richness was negative quadratic function in Hezuo. The relation of the aboveground biomass and Shannon-wiener index and richness was positive quadratic function in Maqu.
The research on the relation of community diversity and biomass and different environmental factors from South-facing slope to North-facing slope, the results showed that:The community diversity and the illumination, soil temperature had the negative correlation; The community diversity and the soil moisture were remarkable positively correlated; The variation ofαdiversity indexes andβdiversity indexes were affected by the soil moisture. The community diversity and the total N, available N, total P, organic matter of 0-15cm soil layer had positive correlation. The community diversity and available P had negative correlation. Shannon-Wiener index and total P had remarkable positive correlation.
The community diversity and the soil nutrients both had positive correlation. The correlation of the total N total P and organic matter were consanguineous.
The aboveground biomass and the total P, organic matter and the soil moisture of 0-15cm have the remarkable positive correlation. The aboveground biomass and pH value, the illumination and soil temperature have the negative correlation. The aboveground biomass and the total N, available N, total P and organic matter and the soil moisture of 15-30cm all had the remarkable positive correlation. The above-ground biomass and pH value had the remarkable negative correlation.
In short, slope is an important topographic factor, which affects soil moisture content and distribution by changing the illumination, temperature and other meteorological factors, and thus it has an important impact on biodiversity, vegetation types and biomass. Between plant and soil nutrients are interrelated and mutual constraint. Soil nutrients in the quantity and composition changes affect biomass formation, species composition and community succession; Meanwhile, the plant growth conditions and community structure also influence the soil, they can change the soil nutrients over a long period of interaction.
引文
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