野放海南坡鹿（Cervus eldi hainanus）的行为格局与生境评价
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摘要
海南坡鹿(Cervus eldi hainanus)属偶蹄目鹿科鹿属,是国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物,仅分布于中国海南岛。
坡鹿主要生活在亚洲热带地区,国外分布于印度、泰国、缅甸、越南、柬埔寨、老挝等国的部分地区。
虽然历史上,坡鹿在海南岛上分布广泛,但由于人类活动和自然因素,已使海南坡鹿的分布范围急剧缩小,种群数量急剧减少,以致濒危。自1976年大田自然保护区建立以来,由于保护措施得当,成效显著,并在3个不同地区建立了野放种群。其中,猴猕岭保护区是海南坡鹿野放数量最多的地区,也是全国最大的鹿科动物野放种群。迄今,对野放海南坡鹿种群的研究尚无先例,因此,加强野放海南坡鹿食性、生境、行为、种群动态、特征等的研究,为保护野生坡鹿,加强科学管理,制订相关保护政策提供科学依据显得尤为重要。
2008年1 0月～2009年9月在猴猕岭省级自然保护区,采用样线调查法、瞬时扫描取样法和模糊综合评价法,对野放海南坡鹿的行为格局和生境选择与评价进行了专题研究,并应用Arcview GIS 3.2、SPSS17.0、Excell等软件进行分析和处理数据,主要研究结果如下：
1、野放海南坡鹿的集群与社群分离
猴猕岭野放海南坡鹿各组群的出现频率和群大小：发情期,混合群的出现频率(73.82%)和群大小(9.47±4.02只)最大,而非发情期,雄性群和雌性群的出现频率则上升。发情期与非发情期各组群的集群平均大小差异显著(|U|=130.00,n1=n2=6,P<0.05)。社群分离指数平均值为0.09±0.06,发情期较低,非发情期较高。
2、集群大小和类型对海南坡鹿警戒行为的影响
猴猕岭野放海南坡鹿集群大小对采食百分比有极显著影响(F8,002=119.343,P<0.001)。集群大小对群扫描百分比有极显著影响(F8,002=26.374,P<0.001)。各组群采食与警戒存在极显著的负相关性(雄性群：R2=-1.000,P<0.001；雌性群：R2=-1.000,P<0.001；母仔群：R2=-1.000,P<0.001；混合群：R2=-0.975,P<0.001)。
3、野放海南坡鹿的生境选择
野放海南坡鹿喜欢次生热带雨林和草地；选择郁闭度和灌木盖度低而草本盖度高的生境；选择低海拔、坡度平缓、半阴半阳、下坡位或山脚平地、接近水源、人为干扰小的生境。
4、野放海南坡鹿的生境评价
猴猕岭野放海南海南坡鹿最适宜栖息区域的面积占10.17%,适宜海南坡鹿栖息的区域面积占28.29%,一般栖息生境占20.50%,不适宜栖息生境占41.04%。
Cervus eldi hainanus belong to Artiodactyla, Cervidae, Cervus, which is a subspecies endemic to China, formerly only occupied the middle and western regions of Hainan Island. Eld's deer were once distributed throughout much of Asia, their range extending from Manipur in eastern India to Indochina and southern China. Due largely to human activities and natural factors, these deer have been extirpated from much of their historical range and now persist only in small, fragmented populations. The species is currently listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and is considered endangered by the World Conservation Union (lUCN). Since the establishment of Hainan Datian National Nature Reserve in 1976, the relict population has recovered slowly, and now have established reintroduced populations in many regions. And among that the largest reintroduced population is distributing in the Houmiling Natrural Reserve. So far, we have known little of the reintroduced Hainan eld's deer. It is especially important to strengthen the feeeding, habitat, behaviour, population dynamics and characteristics of the reintroduced Hainan eld's deer for protection, scientific management and constituting protective policies.
From October 2008 to September 2009, we researched the behavour patterns, habitat selection and habitat evaluation using transect survey, group scanning sampling rule and comprehensive evaluation method, and applied Arcview GIS 3.2, SPSS 17.0, Excell and so on for analyzing and processing data, the main research results are as follows:
1. Group size, composition and social segregation degree of the introduced Hainan eld's deer
The frequencies and group sizes of Hainan eld's deer groups is:The frequency(73.82%) and group size(9.47±4.02) of mixed group were largest in the ruting, but male group and female group increased in the non-rutting. Group sizes were significantly different (|U|=130.00, n1=n2=6, P＜0.05) in the rutting and non-rutting. The average of social segregation index was 0.09±0.06, lower in inrutting and higher in non-rutting.
2. Effects of group size and group type on vigilance behavior in the reintroduced Hainan eld's deer
There was a significant difference between group size and foraging, increased with increasing group size (F8,002= 119.343, P＜0.001). And vigilance decreased significantly with increasing in group size (F8,002=26.374,P＜0.001). Partial Correlation tests revealed that there was a significant reverse relationship between foraging and vigilance (Male:R2=-1.000, P＜0.001; Female:R2=-1.000, P＜0.001; Cow-calf: R2=-1.000, P＜0.001; Mixed:R2=-0.975, P＜0.001).
3. Habitat Selection by the Released Hainan Eld's Deer in Houmiling Natural Reserve
The reintroduced Hainan eld's deer prefered habitats of meadow and tropic monsoon secondary forest at lower elevation, with mid-canopy, lower shrub cover and shady, half sunny, low and non-slope position, lesser slope, near water source, far from human disturbance.
4. Habitat evaluation by the Released Hainan Eld's Deer in Houmiling Natural Reserve
The propotion of the best suitable habitat of the Houmiling Natrural Rserve for the reintroduced Hainan eld's deer is 17%, suitable babitat is 28.29%, general habitat is 20.50%, nonsuitable habitat is 41.04%.
坡鹿主要生活在亚洲热带地区,国外分布于印度、泰国、缅甸、越南、柬埔寨、老挝等国的部分地区。
虽然历史上,坡鹿在海南岛上分布广泛,但由于人类活动和自然因素,已使海南坡鹿的分布范围急剧缩小,种群数量急剧减少,以致濒危。自1976年大田自然保护区建立以来,由于保护措施得当,成效显著,并在3个不同地区建立了野放种群。其中,猴猕岭保护区是海南坡鹿野放数量最多的地区,也是全国最大的鹿科动物野放种群。迄今,对野放海南坡鹿种群的研究尚无先例,因此,加强野放海南坡鹿食性、生境、行为、种群动态、特征等的研究,为保护野生坡鹿,加强科学管理,制订相关保护政策提供科学依据显得尤为重要。
2008年1 0月～2009年9月在猴猕岭省级自然保护区,采用样线调查法、瞬时扫描取样法和模糊综合评价法,对野放海南坡鹿的行为格局和生境选择与评价进行了专题研究,并应用Arcview GIS 3.2、SPSS17.0、Excell等软件进行分析和处理数据,主要研究结果如下：
1、野放海南坡鹿的集群与社群分离
猴猕岭野放海南坡鹿各组群的出现频率和群大小：发情期,混合群的出现频率(73.82%)和群大小(9.47±4.02只)最大,而非发情期,雄性群和雌性群的出现频率则上升。发情期与非发情期各组群的集群平均大小差异显著(|U|=130.00,n1=n2=6,P<0.05)。社群分离指数平均值为0.09±0.06,发情期较低,非发情期较高。
2、集群大小和类型对海南坡鹿警戒行为的影响
猴猕岭野放海南坡鹿集群大小对采食百分比有极显著影响(F8,002=119.343,P<0.001)。集群大小对群扫描百分比有极显著影响(F8,002=26.374,P<0.001)。各组群采食与警戒存在极显著的负相关性(雄性群：R2=-1.000,P<0.001；雌性群：R2=-1.000,P<0.001；母仔群：R2=-1.000,P<0.001；混合群：R2=-0.975,P<0.001)。
3、野放海南坡鹿的生境选择
野放海南坡鹿喜欢次生热带雨林和草地；选择郁闭度和灌木盖度低而草本盖度高的生境；选择低海拔、坡度平缓、半阴半阳、下坡位或山脚平地、接近水源、人为干扰小的生境。
4、野放海南坡鹿的生境评价
猴猕岭野放海南海南坡鹿最适宜栖息区域的面积占10.17%,适宜海南坡鹿栖息的区域面积占28.29%,一般栖息生境占20.50%,不适宜栖息生境占41.04%。
Cervus eldi hainanus belong to Artiodactyla, Cervidae, Cervus, which is a subspecies endemic to China, formerly only occupied the middle and western regions of Hainan Island. Eld's deer were once distributed throughout much of Asia, their range extending from Manipur in eastern India to Indochina and southern China. Due largely to human activities and natural factors, these deer have been extirpated from much of their historical range and now persist only in small, fragmented populations. The species is currently listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and is considered endangered by the World Conservation Union (lUCN). Since the establishment of Hainan Datian National Nature Reserve in 1976, the relict population has recovered slowly, and now have established reintroduced populations in many regions. And among that the largest reintroduced population is distributing in the Houmiling Natrural Reserve. So far, we have known little of the reintroduced Hainan eld's deer. It is especially important to strengthen the feeeding, habitat, behaviour, population dynamics and characteristics of the reintroduced Hainan eld's deer for protection, scientific management and constituting protective policies.
From October 2008 to September 2009, we researched the behavour patterns, habitat selection and habitat evaluation using transect survey, group scanning sampling rule and comprehensive evaluation method, and applied Arcview GIS 3.2, SPSS 17.0, Excell and so on for analyzing and processing data, the main research results are as follows:
1. Group size, composition and social segregation degree of the introduced Hainan eld's deer
The frequencies and group sizes of Hainan eld's deer groups is:The frequency(73.82%) and group size(9.47±4.02) of mixed group were largest in the ruting, but male group and female group increased in the non-rutting. Group sizes were significantly different (|U|=130.00, n1=n2=6, P＜0.05) in the rutting and non-rutting. The average of social segregation index was 0.09±0.06, lower in inrutting and higher in non-rutting.
2. Effects of group size and group type on vigilance behavior in the reintroduced Hainan eld's deer
There was a significant difference between group size and foraging, increased with increasing group size (F8,002= 119.343, P＜0.001). And vigilance decreased significantly with increasing in group size (F8,002=26.374,P＜0.001). Partial Correlation tests revealed that there was a significant reverse relationship between foraging and vigilance (Male:R2=-1.000, P＜0.001; Female:R2=-1.000, P＜0.001; Cow-calf: R2=-1.000, P＜0.001; Mixed:R2=-0.975, P＜0.001).
3. Habitat Selection by the Released Hainan Eld's Deer in Houmiling Natural Reserve
The reintroduced Hainan eld's deer prefered habitats of meadow and tropic monsoon secondary forest at lower elevation, with mid-canopy, lower shrub cover and shady, half sunny, low and non-slope position, lesser slope, near water source, far from human disturbance.
4. Habitat evaluation by the Released Hainan Eld's Deer in Houmiling Natural Reserve
The propotion of the best suitable habitat of the Houmiling Natrural Rserve for the reintroduced Hainan eld's deer is 17%, suitable babitat is 28.29%, general habitat is 20.50%, nonsuitable habitat is 41.04%.
引文
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