棕尾别麻蝇对重金属的反应及适应机制的研究
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摘要
城市和现代工业的飞速发展带来了许多环境问题,其中重金属污染被越来越多的人们所关注。因重金属不能降解,且能够在生物体内积累并在不同的生物学水平(如种群、个体、组织和细胞)产生不利影响。这些影响涉及到生物的生长发育、寿命、存活和繁殖等方面。在生态系统中,昆虫(如蝇类、蚊子、甲虫和蚂蚁等)在金属的转移和再利用方面起了重要作用,且它们在金属污染的胁迫下已经发展了特殊的适应机制。因此,研究重金属在昆虫体内的累积、代谢及昆虫对重金属的适应是非常有意义的。本论文就棕尾别麻蝇Boettcherisca(Sarcophaga)peregrina(双翅目:麻蝇科)对重金属镉(Cd)和铜(Cu)的积累、反应、内稳态调控和贮存机制作了研究。主要结果概括如下:
1 Cd~(2+)与Cu~(2+)对亲代和子代生长发育和繁殖的影响
棕尾别麻蝇亲代初产幼虫取食含有不同浓度Cd~(2+或Cu~(2+)的饲料,发育受到显著影响。如幼虫各龄期和蛹期随金属离子浓度的升高而延长,成虫寿命随着浓度的升高而缩短;幼虫、蛹和新羽化成虫的重量、幼虫体长和蛹长均低于对照;幼虫、蛹和成虫的存活率随金属离子浓度的升高而降低;虽然经Cd~(2+)或Cu~(2+)处理后成虫性比与对照没有显著差异,但雌雄交配率与对照相比明显降低,雌蝇生殖力也明显下降。然而,Cd~(3+)或Cu~(2+)处理亲代的子一代的发育和对照子一代相比并无显著差异。这些结果表明经Cd~(2+)或Cu~(2+)处理后当代试虫的生长发育及生殖受到严重的损害,但此损害没有影响到后代的生长发育和繁殖。另外,低浓度的Cd~(2+)和Cu~(2+)对棕尾别麻蝇的生长发育影响不大,在某些方面还有一定的刺激作用,这暗示着棕尾别麻蝇体内存在着有效的重金属调控机制。
2 Cd~(2+)与Cu~(2+)在幼虫体内的积累和排泄
棕尾别麻蝇幼虫连续取食含有Cd~(2+)的饲料后,大部分Cd~(2+)连续积累在体内,少部分通过排泄系统排出。在幼虫体内的积累量与处理时间成比例,但与食物中金属离子的浓度不成比例。但处理浓度超过200μg╱g时,积累量和排泄量都比200μg╱g处理显著降低,这可能由于高浓度的Cd~(2+)使幼虫中毒有关。在变态过程中,蛹的Cd~(2+)含量比幼虫的低,刚羽化成虫的Cd~(2+)含量比蛹的低。这都与Cd~(2+)的排泄相关。
棕尾别麻蝇幼虫取食含Cu~(2+)的饲料后,Cu~(2+)的积累量和排泄量大体相当,随着处理时间的延长,不断在体内积累,而且积累量和排泄量基本上与处理的Cu~(2+)浓度成比例。在
There is a growing public concern over the potential pollution of heavy metals in China owing to rapid urban and industrial development in the last several decades. Heavy metals are nonbiodegradable and they can be accumulated by organisms and have adverse effects at different levels of organization, such as population, individual organisms, tissues and cells. These effects are demonstrated in life-history traits of an organisms, for example, development, growth, aging, longevity, survival and reproduction. In the ecosystems insects (such as flies, mosquitoes, beetles and ants) play an important role in the transport and reintegration of heavy metals, and the insects have developed special adaptation mechanism to resist the heavy metal under the metal-pollution stress. Thus, it is of the utmost importance to investigate heavy metal accumulation in such insects, effects on the insects and adaptation mechanism of the insects. In this paper, the accumulation, the responses, homeostasis and storage mechanism of flesh fly (Biettcherisca peregrina) to Cd~(2+) and Cu~(2+) are studied. The results are shown as follows:1 Effects of Cd~(2+) and Cu~(2+) on development and reproduction of parental generation (P) and filial generation (F_1) of Biettcherisca peregrinaThe development and reproduction of P generation and F_1 generation of B. peregrina were studied after newly oviposited larvae of P generation were exposed to various concentrations of Cd~(2+) or Cu~(2+) administered in the artificial diet until pupation. The duration of the larval stages and pupal stages in P generation increased in proportion to the concentrations of metal ion, but the adult lives of treated-group got shortened than control group. The weight of larvae, pupae and newly emerged adults in P generation of treated-group decreased with Cd~(2+) or Cu~(2+) concentration. In addition, the body length of larvae and pupae in P generation of treated-group decreased with Cd~(2+) or Cu~(2+) concentration too. Survival of larvae, pupae and adult in P generation of treated-group was decreased with metal concentration. Although the sex ratio of adult coming
from the larvae exposed to Cd~(2+) or Cu~(2+) had no significance compared with the control, mating rate of male and female were significantly lower than controls. Fecundity of females of treated groups was also significantly reduced. However, all above parameters of F1 generation coming from parents exposed to Cd~(2+) or Cu~(2+) and controls were not significantly different. These results show that development and reproduction of P generation are seriously impaired at sublethal Cd~(2+) or Cu~(2+) concentrations, but the impairment of P generation induced by Cd~(2+) or Cu~(2+) don't influence the development and reproduction of the offspring. Moreover, low concentrations of heavy metals affected little to the development of B. peregrina and have stimulatory function to some extent, implying that B. peregrina has good mechanism to regulate metals.2 Accumulation and excretion of Cd~(2+) and Cu~(2+) in Biettcherisca peregrina larvaeB. peregrina larvae fed on food supplemented with Cd~(2+) retained most of ingested Cd~(2+). Few ingested Cd~(2+) were excreted by excretory system. Cd~(2+) accumulation in larvae of B. peregrina was proportional to treatment time, but not to Cd + concentration in food. Especially, Cd~(2+) accumulation and excretion in larvae both decreased at more than 200 u g/g Cd~(2+) exposure than 200 μg/g exposure. This maybe ascribe to toxic effect of Cd~(2+) on larvae. During metamorphosis, the loss of Cd~(2+) took place almost entirely at pupation. Newly eclosion adults had lower Cd~(2+) concents than the larvae. This loss of Cd~(2+) was correlated to the excretion of Cd~(2+).B. peregrina larvae fed on food supplemented with Cu~(2+) retained about half amounts of ingested Cu~(2+). Few ingested Cu~(2+) were excreted by excretory system. Cu~(2+) accumulation and excretion in larvae of B. peregrina were proportional to treatment time and to Cu~(2+) concentration in food. During metamorphosis, Cu~(2+) w
1 Cd~(2+)与Cu~(2+)对亲代和子代生长发育和繁殖的影响
棕尾别麻蝇亲代初产幼虫取食含有不同浓度Cd~(2+或Cu~(2+)的饲料,发育受到显著影响。如幼虫各龄期和蛹期随金属离子浓度的升高而延长,成虫寿命随着浓度的升高而缩短;幼虫、蛹和新羽化成虫的重量、幼虫体长和蛹长均低于对照;幼虫、蛹和成虫的存活率随金属离子浓度的升高而降低;虽然经Cd~(2+)或Cu~(2+)处理后成虫性比与对照没有显著差异,但雌雄交配率与对照相比明显降低,雌蝇生殖力也明显下降。然而,Cd~(3+)或Cu~(2+)处理亲代的子一代的发育和对照子一代相比并无显著差异。这些结果表明经Cd~(2+)或Cu~(2+)处理后当代试虫的生长发育及生殖受到严重的损害,但此损害没有影响到后代的生长发育和繁殖。另外,低浓度的Cd~(2+)和Cu~(2+)对棕尾别麻蝇的生长发育影响不大,在某些方面还有一定的刺激作用,这暗示着棕尾别麻蝇体内存在着有效的重金属调控机制。
2 Cd~(2+)与Cu~(2+)在幼虫体内的积累和排泄
棕尾别麻蝇幼虫连续取食含有Cd~(2+)的饲料后,大部分Cd~(2+)连续积累在体内,少部分通过排泄系统排出。在幼虫体内的积累量与处理时间成比例,但与食物中金属离子的浓度不成比例。但处理浓度超过200μg╱g时,积累量和排泄量都比200μg╱g处理显著降低,这可能由于高浓度的Cd~(2+)使幼虫中毒有关。在变态过程中,蛹的Cd~(2+)含量比幼虫的低,刚羽化成虫的Cd~(2+)含量比蛹的低。这都与Cd~(2+)的排泄相关。
棕尾别麻蝇幼虫取食含Cu~(2+)的饲料后,Cu~(2+)的积累量和排泄量大体相当,随着处理时间的延长,不断在体内积累,而且积累量和排泄量基本上与处理的Cu~(2+)浓度成比例。在
There is a growing public concern over the potential pollution of heavy metals in China owing to rapid urban and industrial development in the last several decades. Heavy metals are nonbiodegradable and they can be accumulated by organisms and have adverse effects at different levels of organization, such as population, individual organisms, tissues and cells. These effects are demonstrated in life-history traits of an organisms, for example, development, growth, aging, longevity, survival and reproduction. In the ecosystems insects (such as flies, mosquitoes, beetles and ants) play an important role in the transport and reintegration of heavy metals, and the insects have developed special adaptation mechanism to resist the heavy metal under the metal-pollution stress. Thus, it is of the utmost importance to investigate heavy metal accumulation in such insects, effects on the insects and adaptation mechanism of the insects. In this paper, the accumulation, the responses, homeostasis and storage mechanism of flesh fly (Biettcherisca peregrina) to Cd~(2+) and Cu~(2+) are studied. The results are shown as follows:1 Effects of Cd~(2+) and Cu~(2+) on development and reproduction of parental generation (P) and filial generation (F_1) of Biettcherisca peregrinaThe development and reproduction of P generation and F_1 generation of B. peregrina were studied after newly oviposited larvae of P generation were exposed to various concentrations of Cd~(2+) or Cu~(2+) administered in the artificial diet until pupation. The duration of the larval stages and pupal stages in P generation increased in proportion to the concentrations of metal ion, but the adult lives of treated-group got shortened than control group. The weight of larvae, pupae and newly emerged adults in P generation of treated-group decreased with Cd~(2+) or Cu~(2+) concentration. In addition, the body length of larvae and pupae in P generation of treated-group decreased with Cd~(2+) or Cu~(2+) concentration too. Survival of larvae, pupae and adult in P generation of treated-group was decreased with metal concentration. Although the sex ratio of adult coming
from the larvae exposed to Cd~(2+) or Cu~(2+) had no significance compared with the control, mating rate of male and female were significantly lower than controls. Fecundity of females of treated groups was also significantly reduced. However, all above parameters of F1 generation coming from parents exposed to Cd~(2+) or Cu~(2+) and controls were not significantly different. These results show that development and reproduction of P generation are seriously impaired at sublethal Cd~(2+) or Cu~(2+) concentrations, but the impairment of P generation induced by Cd~(2+) or Cu~(2+) don't influence the development and reproduction of the offspring. Moreover, low concentrations of heavy metals affected little to the development of B. peregrina and have stimulatory function to some extent, implying that B. peregrina has good mechanism to regulate metals.2 Accumulation and excretion of Cd~(2+) and Cu~(2+) in Biettcherisca peregrina larvaeB. peregrina larvae fed on food supplemented with Cd~(2+) retained most of ingested Cd~(2+). Few ingested Cd~(2+) were excreted by excretory system. Cd~(2+) accumulation in larvae of B. peregrina was proportional to treatment time, but not to Cd + concentration in food. Especially, Cd~(2+) accumulation and excretion in larvae both decreased at more than 200 u g/g Cd~(2+) exposure than 200 μg/g exposure. This maybe ascribe to toxic effect of Cd~(2+) on larvae. During metamorphosis, the loss of Cd~(2+) took place almost entirely at pupation. Newly eclosion adults had lower Cd~(2+) concents than the larvae. This loss of Cd~(2+) was correlated to the excretion of Cd~(2+).B. peregrina larvae fed on food supplemented with Cu~(2+) retained about half amounts of ingested Cu~(2+). Few ingested Cu~(2+) were excreted by excretory system. Cu~(2+) accumulation and excretion in larvae of B. peregrina were proportional to treatment time and to Cu~(2+) concentration in food. During metamorphosis, Cu~(2+) w
引文
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