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语域理论视角下的幽默研究
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摘要
作为人类的区别特征,幽默内容深厚、涉及范围广。人们从众多领域对这种普遍而又奇特的现象进行了大量的考察与探究。学者们关于幽默的见解,可谓众说纷纭,莫衷一是。
     作为传递幽默的一种喜闻乐见的语言艺术体现形式,情景喜剧得到人们的广泛喜爱。情景喜剧的核心是幽默,没有幽默就没有情景喜剧。幽默是决定情景喜剧质量高低的关键因素。情景喜剧不仅使人开怀,还能够启迪智慧。它既是一种表演艺术,又是一种幽默语言运用的艺术。
     本研究从功能语言学角度对情景喜剧中的幽默现象进行语篇分析。首先对幽默进行溯源,探寻幽默的本质,评述、匡正及补充对幽默的界定,梳理和分析多种学科和领域对幽默的多维解读,这包括幽默的生成过程、理解机制、语言及非语言特征等方面,发现其中的基本规律与不足。然后,基于对传统幽默理论的评析,结合功能语言学新的研究成果,以具有代表性的美国经典情景喜剧《老友记》为语料,通过对其实现幽默的形态进行尽可能全面的描写,在语域理论的框架下重新讨论幽默的运作模式,初步建构起一个基于功能语言学语域理论的幽默言语表达的形式系统。
     语域理论视域下的幽默研究有着较强的理论意义与实践意义。第一,本研究以反映现实生活的英语情景喜剧为研究对象,探讨实际生活中的语言,探讨语域理论的应用;第二,为幽默的制作与欣赏提供了新的思路;第三,它在传统的语用学、修辞学之外发现一条通过语域资源欣赏、解读幽默的新路径,该路径可以成为基于功能语言学的有效的语篇分析方法。
     本文的研究目的如下:第一,期望发现幽默与语域资源之间的内在联系,试图构建二者之间的对应关系,并探讨基于语域理论的新的幽默生成机制;第二,期望本研究可以提高英语学习者对英语幽默的理解和应用能力;第三,希望扩展语域理论的应用范围,为语域理论的可行性发展提供一些有益的启示。
     第一章是本研究的引言部分。本部分包括两个方面:首先,作者结合对美国情景喜剧的追溯和描述,提出本研究的缘起。其次,阐释本研究的目的、意义、研究方法以及章节框架。
     第二章是文献综述部分。对从辞书到名人名家、从古典到现代、从语言学到其它学科的幽默研究进行梳理分析,尝试进一步探讨幽默的生成机制、本质、特点和作用,并侧重阐述情景喜剧中的幽默特征,使人们对幽默的基本内涵、特征、功能和存在形式及情景喜剧中的幽默特征更好地了解。通过综述评析相关研究,发现和总结存在的问题,提出从事本研究的方向及必要性。
     第三章概述语域理论的研究方法及主要观点,提出本研究的理论起点。它主要包括:语域理论的起源、语域的涵义、语域的多维因素、语域变化的意义、语言的纯理功能以及纯理功能在语言系统中的体现形式。
     第四章及第五章是理论的应用研究部分。本部分基于语域理论对美国经典情景喜剧《老友记》中的幽默现象进行多维度的语篇分析,对幽默的表达手段进行尽可能全面的描写和梳理。
     第四章在情景层面对《老友记》中多样化的语料进行多角度、较深入地解读,较系统地考察不同情景因素的变化特征、表达的意义及其在幽默建构过程中的作用。语域涉及三个情景因素:话语范围、话语基调及话语方式。情景层面的分析包括以上三维因素及多维度的次因素。
     第五章在词汇语法层面对《老友记》中的幽默现象展开较全面的考察分析。在这个层面,主要从三大元功能所对应的多种实现方式来探讨言语幽默的语篇特征。其实现方式主要有以下几个方面:及物性系统(Transitivity system)、语气系统(Moodsystem)、情态系统(Modality system)、主位结构(Thematic structure)及信息结构(Information structure)。探讨幽默在这些方面的具体表现手段、变化特征、变化原因,并探究情景因素对词汇语法实现形式的影响及语言使用的一些规律。
     第六章是结论部分。概括全文的内容,指出本文存在的问题,探讨今后幽默研究的方向。
As a distinctive characteristic of humanity, humor has rich content and wideapplication range. People have done a lot of research into this common and peculiarphenomenon in various fields,however,the scholars are unable to agree on humor.
     As a type of the language art form to convey humor, sitcoms are popular amongpeople. The core of the sitcom is humor, which is the key factor to determine sitcomquality. The sitcom not only makes people laugh, but also inspires wisdom. It is aperforming art and also a type of humorous language art.
     The study makes the discourse analyses of humor in the sitcom from the perspectiveof functional linguistics. We trace the origin and development of humor, explore the natureof humor, comment on, revise and make supplement to the definitions of humor and give adetailed description and analysis of the multidimensional interpretations of humor frommultiple subjects and fields, which includes building process of humor, the mechanism inunderstanding humor and linguistic and non-linguistic features of humor, etc. in order tofind their basic laws and weaknesses. Then, based on the traditional humor theories and thenew research results of functional linguistics, the study takes " friends", the representativeof the American classic situation comedy as the example, reanalyzes how humor worksunder the framework of register theory and constructs a preliminary formal system ofhumor from the perspective of the register theory of functional linguistics by giving adetailed illustration of the realization forms of humor in" friends".
     The study of humor from the perspective of register theory has theoretical andpractical significance. Firstly, the research picks out the English sitcom which showsreality as the subject to analyze the living language and to explore the application ofregister theory; Secondly, this research provides a new thought for building andappreciating humor; Thirdly, it discovers a new approach to appreciate and analyze humorapart from the traditional rhetorical and pragmatic approach, which may be an effectiveway to make a discourse analysis under the framework of functional linguistics.
     In terms of the research purpose, there are the following points: firstly, it is hoped thatthe connection between humor and the register resources will be found and that this study attempts to build up their corresponding relationship and to explore how humor worksfrom the perspective of register theory. Secondly, it is hoped that this study will improveEnglish learners in their abilities in understanding and using English humor. Thirdly, it ishoped that this research will expand the applications of register theory, providing somebeneficial enlightenment for the development of register theory.
     The first chapter is an introduction, which consists of two aspects: firstly, the authorpresents the genesis of the research by dating back the origin and development ofAmerican sitcoms. Secondly, the author sets out significance and purpose of the research,research methods and the layout of this study.
     The second chapter is the literature review, giving a panoramic survey of humorresearch analyses (mainly linguistically related), from the dictionaries to the famouscelebrities, from classical to modern study and from linguistics to other subjects, exploringthe building process, nature, characteristics and roles of humor further, and focusing onhumor features in sitcoms, so that people have a better understanding of the basicconnotation, features, functions, forms of humor and humor features in sitcoms. Throughthe review of related research, the study points out the problems, insufficiency andlimitation of the studies in existence and puts forth the direction and necessity of ourresearch.
     The third chapter summarizes the main points of view of register theory and putsforward the theoretical starting point of the research. It mainly includes: the origin ofregister theory, the implications of register, multidimensional variables of register, thesignificance of register variations, the metafunctions of language and the realization formsof metafunctions in language system.
     The fourth and the fifth chapter are the application studies of the theory. Based onregister theory, these chapters make multidimensional discourse analyses of humor in“friends”, the American classic sitcom, trying to give a detailed description and illustrationof the realization forms of humor.
     In the fourth chapter, the study makes multi-dimensional, systematical interpretationsof the diverse samples from “friends” at the situational level in order to examine thevariation features of different situational variables, their expression significance and their functions in the construction of humor in a detailed way. Register is associated with threesituational variables: field of discourse,tenor of discourse and mode of discourse. Theanalyses at the situational level consist of three-dimensional register variables given aboveand their multiple-dimensional sub-categories.
     The fifth chapter discusses the humorous phenomena in the sitcom “friends” at thelexico-grammatical level, where the study is made to explore discourse characteristics ofverbal humor from the perspective of multiple realization forms corresponding to threemetafunctions. The realization forms mainly include the following several aspects:transitivity system, mood system, modality system, thematic structure and informationstructure. The study explores the specific realization forms at the lexico-grammatical level,variation features in forms and their reasons, and examines the effect of situationalvariables on lexico-grammatical realization forms and some laws in using language inconstructing humor.
     The sixth chapter is the conclusion, summarizing the main points of the whole study,pointing out the problems in existence and discussing the direction of future research onhumor.
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