有机玻璃方管内瓦斯爆燃火焰传播特性研究
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摘要
目前煤炭在我国能源结构中占主导地位,近年来我国煤矿瓦斯爆炸灾害经常发生,尽管很多矿井采取了主动式的瓦斯抽排放技术,但这并不意味着不需要对瓦斯爆炸现象进行研究,主动措施一旦失效后,被动的预防和控制措施显得尤为重要。一些国有大中型煤矿尽管在矿井巷道中布设了隔爆棚、隔爆水袋,瓦斯爆炸发生后这些阻隔爆装置往往达不到应有的效果,甚至失效,从某种程度上说明,人们对瓦斯爆炸机理、火焰加速传播机制以及火焰传播特性等方面存在认识上不足。对瓦斯爆炸现象的研究通常采用大尺寸模拟巷道或小型实验管道,大型模拟巷道比较接近真实矿井,但由于其成本较高、场地限制、现场测试困难等因素,很多学者更倾向于在实验室里搭建实验管道以研究瓦斯爆炸火焰传播规律。小型管道和大型巷道内瓦斯火焰加速机制、爆燃波的传播特性是一致的,它们之间存在一定“尺寸效应”。
为了揭示管内瓦斯火焰传播机制及障碍物诱导瓦斯火焰加速机制,本文采用高速摄像、光电传感器、压力传感器、微细热电偶等实验手段测试了长1.5m、截面100×100mm2有机玻璃方管内瓦斯爆燃火焰传播图像、传播速度、爆燃压力、瞬态温度等传播特性参数。分析了无障碍物、重复障碍物、立体障碍物以及典型非金属粉末等条件下管内瓦斯爆燃火焰运动特征和传播特性。采用实验研究结合数值模拟和理论分析的研究方法,较为详细地研究管内瓦斯爆燃火焰传播特征和传播规律。本文主要研究内容和结论体现在以下方面：
首先采用爆炸理论、动力学系数法、第一强度理论等对有机玻璃管道强度进行了校核,证实管道抗爆性能满足要求；通过ANSYS软件对典型爆炸载荷下管壁动态响应进行模拟研究,发现方形有机玻璃管破坏主要表现在纵向中心线位置的拉-剪破坏,以及内壁面棱边位置的剪切破坏作用。
采用高速摄像、光电传感器和压力传感器等实验手段研究了典型浓度下无障碍物、重复障碍片、立体障碍物情形下管内瓦斯火焰阵面位置、火焰传播速度和燃烧压力变化规律。分析了无障碍物下管内火焰光信号-压力信号关系,推导了无障碍物下化学当量的瓦斯火焰传播速度和燃烧压力耦合式,认为火焰阵面位置-时间关系吻合GaussAmp拟合曲线较好。通过4种重复障碍片和5种立体障碍物下管内瓦斯火焰传播参数测试,认为重复障碍片的阻塞比对火焰传播参数增加贡献相对于障碍片个数和间距要大；对于单个立体障碍物,平板、三棱柱加速火焰程度较大,长方体、四棱柱次之,而圆柱体增加程度最小；分析认为立体障碍物表面有突变棱边或表面的不规整性,是激励火焰加速的重要原因,同时认为火焰传播初期前置障碍物对其有一定阻碍作用。
文中从不同浓度、不同类型障碍物、不同开口约束材料等条件下研究了半开口管道内瓦斯爆燃压力分布规律,认为管内爆燃压力从点火端开始增加,传播到管子中部附近有脉动现象,靠近开口处压力迅速下降；实验表明,泄压面积一定条件下,管内瓦斯爆燃压力大小与封口材料的厚度和抗拉强度均有关,材料越厚、抗拉强度越大,其管内瓦斯爆燃压力值也越大,而封口材料破裂常数Kb是衡量其破裂难易程度的重要参数。
采用光电传感器、压力传感器和微细热电偶等测试手段探讨了内铺煤粉和石粉两种典型非金属粉末影响管内瓦斯火焰传播机制,认为活性的煤粉与瓦斯火焰形成瓦斯-煤粉复合火焰,使得化学反应区宽度增加,在测点处瞬时温度曲线呈现出较为明显的“双峰结构”；有无煤粉时管内燃烧压力峰值差别不大,但有煤粉时压力脉冲宽度增加；内铺石粉时燃烧压力峰值、压力脉冲宽度相对无粉末情况会减小,说明石粉有效抑制瓦斯火焰传播过程。
采用Fluent软件模拟9.5%浓度、放置40%阻塞比的五种立体障碍物情形管内瓦斯爆燃火焰传播特性参数,定性分析了不同形态立体障碍物加速火焰程度和加速机制。采用Matlab软件等瓦斯火焰图像进行去噪和增强处理,使得火焰特征和细节部分凸显出来,同时采用该软件提取火焰轮廓,进而较为精确计算出火焰阵面位置和火焰传播速度,并基于RGB三色模型初步分析了火焰图像RGB值与热电偶温度之间关系。
本文研究对揭示管内瓦斯爆炸波传播规律、障碍物激励瓦斯火焰传播机制等,具有重要的科学意义；对减轻、控制矿井瓦斯爆炸灾害的发生和发展,以及优化现有阻隔爆技术,具有重要的应用价值。同时对设计较为合理的工业可燃气体输运管道结构、提出较为合理的阻火抑爆措施等方面具有重要的理论指导意义。
Currently, coal energy plays an important role in the energy structure in our country. In recent years, China's coal mines gas explosion disasters occurred frequently. We should still study the phenomena of fire damp explosions, though some active gas drainage technologies were successfully used in coal mines. The active measures once failure, the passive prevention and control measures became particularly important. Some gas explosions suppression devices like the flameproof devices or water bags had fixed in the roadway in some large or medium-sized state-owned coal mines, however, the gas explosions occurred, these devices often fail to reach the desired effects, or they didn't play the role. This fact showed that there are insufficient understanding the mechanism of gas explosion, and the flame propagation mechanism and flame propagation characteristics, etc. for many peoples to some extent. The simulation roadways or small-scale experiment tubes were often used for the investigation into the phenomena of gas explosion. The large-scale simulation laneways were closed to the real coal mine roadways, but, due to its high cost, space requirement, and difficult to test parameters, etc., many scholars preferred to set up the small-scale experiment tubes to study the flame propagation process of gas explosion. The methane-air flame acceleration mechanism and the deflagration wave propagation characteristics under the two conditions are the same and they have the 'size effect' relations.
In order to reveal the methane-air flames propagation mechanism and its acceleration mechanism induced by obstacles, high-speed color video camera, photoelectric sensors, pressure sensors, and fine thermocouples were adopted to test the flame images, flame propagation velocities, deflagration pressures, transient temperatures, and other related flame propagation parameters in an square plexiglass tube with1.5meters long and its cross section is100×100mm2. The deflagration flame propagation characteristics were analyzed with no obstacles, repeated obstacles, solid structure obstacles in tube, respectively. Via the application of various research methods including experimental investigation, theoretical analysis and numerical modeling, the methane-air deflagration flames propagation characteristics and acceleration regulations in tube were studied comprehensively. In the paper, the main research contents and its conclusions are shown in the following aspects:
Firstly, the explosion theory, the dynamic coefficient method and the first strength theory were adopted to check the closed tube's strength loaded by detonation wave under the equivalence ratio of methane-air mixture. The results showed that the tube's wall thickness fully met with the requirements of explosion flames experiments. Considering the given typical explosion loads, the tube's wall dynamic response was simulated by ANSYS software. The results revealed that the location at the tube's axial center mainly showed the pull-shear failure, while the location at the inner wall edge mainly showed the shear failure.
The methane-air deflagration flames propagation parameters including flame front locations, flame propagation velocities, and deflagration pressures were investigated by the high-speed video camera, photoelectric sensors, and pressure sensors under the typical methane concentrations with no obstacles, repeat baffles or solid structure obstacles in tube, respectively. The relationship of flame-pressure signal at the same testing point was analyzed and the coupling formula about methane-air flame propagation velocity and its deflagration pressure was deduced and given, also the relationship for the flame front location and time after ignition was consistent with the fitting curve of GaussAmp. The methane-air flames propagation parameters were investigated under the condition of4types of repeat baffles and5forms of solid structure obstacles in tube, and, the results showed that the blockage ratios of repeat baffles had greater contribution to flame acceleration than the numbers and distances of baffles did. And, the plates and triple prisms increased flame speed and overpressure much larger, and cuboids were intermediate, while effects of cylinders were comparatively limited. The irregularities of solid obstacles surface were the main factor contributing to the turbulence degree and flame acceleration. Also, the fixed obstacles in front of the flame had the blocking effect to flame propagation in the initial process of flame propagation, and the flame speed and overpressure was increased obviously when the flame came across the obstacles.
The laws of deflagration pressure distribution were investigated experimentally under the condition of different methane concentrations, different repeat baffles, and different sealing materials at open end, respectively. The results showed that the peak-pressure at testing points increased firstly, then decreased, and the pressure pulsation showed at the middle section of the tube, and the pressure decreased sharply near the open end. Also, at the same venting area, the value of deflagration pressure was linked with the thickness and tensile strength of sealing materials, and the bigger thickness or tensile strength was, the greater deflagration pressure was. And the sealing materials constant Kb is an important parameter for representing the materials rupture.
The flame photoelectric sensors, the pressure sensors and the fine thermocouples were adopted to obtain the premixed methane-air flame parameters of flame front position and flame propagating velocity along the tube, the transient pressure and temperatures at testing points, respectively. The experiment showed that the transient temperature values of premixed methane-air flame at testing points in coal dust condition obviously revealed the wave of "twin peaks structure", and there was not obvious difference with or without coal dust in tube, but the pressure wave was broadened in coal condition. The values of transient pressure and temperature at testing points became overall decline under the condition of rock dust, and the half-peak width of the temperature was narrowed, the fact showed that the rock dust suppressed the process of flame propagation.
The flame propagation parameters were simulated by Fluent software under the condition of the experiment given obstacles of40%blockage ratio fixing in the tube with the concentration of9.5%-methane by volume. The simulation results given the qualitative analysis of the flame acceleration mechanism induced by different forms of solid structure obstacles. The denoising and enhancement treatment for methane-air flame images by Matlab software highlighted the flame features and flame detail parts. At the same time, the flame contours and flame tips were found by the software, then the flame front locations and flame propagation velocities were calculated accurately. And the relationship between the RGB values of flame images with their thermocouples temperatures based on RGB model was preliminarily discussed in the paper.
The study has important scientific significance for explaining the propagation mechanism of the methane-air deflagration flames and the mechanism of flame acceleration mechanism induced by obstacles. It has some application value for preventing or controlling the occurrence and development of gas explosion disasters. Also, it has important application significance for optimizing the gas explosion preventing and controlling technologies in mines and the design of the fire resistance performances for the industrial gas pipelines.
为了揭示管内瓦斯火焰传播机制及障碍物诱导瓦斯火焰加速机制,本文采用高速摄像、光电传感器、压力传感器、微细热电偶等实验手段测试了长1.5m、截面100×100mm2有机玻璃方管内瓦斯爆燃火焰传播图像、传播速度、爆燃压力、瞬态温度等传播特性参数。分析了无障碍物、重复障碍物、立体障碍物以及典型非金属粉末等条件下管内瓦斯爆燃火焰运动特征和传播特性。采用实验研究结合数值模拟和理论分析的研究方法,较为详细地研究管内瓦斯爆燃火焰传播特征和传播规律。本文主要研究内容和结论体现在以下方面：
首先采用爆炸理论、动力学系数法、第一强度理论等对有机玻璃管道强度进行了校核,证实管道抗爆性能满足要求；通过ANSYS软件对典型爆炸载荷下管壁动态响应进行模拟研究,发现方形有机玻璃管破坏主要表现在纵向中心线位置的拉-剪破坏,以及内壁面棱边位置的剪切破坏作用。
采用高速摄像、光电传感器和压力传感器等实验手段研究了典型浓度下无障碍物、重复障碍片、立体障碍物情形下管内瓦斯火焰阵面位置、火焰传播速度和燃烧压力变化规律。分析了无障碍物下管内火焰光信号-压力信号关系,推导了无障碍物下化学当量的瓦斯火焰传播速度和燃烧压力耦合式,认为火焰阵面位置-时间关系吻合GaussAmp拟合曲线较好。通过4种重复障碍片和5种立体障碍物下管内瓦斯火焰传播参数测试,认为重复障碍片的阻塞比对火焰传播参数增加贡献相对于障碍片个数和间距要大；对于单个立体障碍物,平板、三棱柱加速火焰程度较大,长方体、四棱柱次之,而圆柱体增加程度最小；分析认为立体障碍物表面有突变棱边或表面的不规整性,是激励火焰加速的重要原因,同时认为火焰传播初期前置障碍物对其有一定阻碍作用。
文中从不同浓度、不同类型障碍物、不同开口约束材料等条件下研究了半开口管道内瓦斯爆燃压力分布规律,认为管内爆燃压力从点火端开始增加,传播到管子中部附近有脉动现象,靠近开口处压力迅速下降；实验表明,泄压面积一定条件下,管内瓦斯爆燃压力大小与封口材料的厚度和抗拉强度均有关,材料越厚、抗拉强度越大,其管内瓦斯爆燃压力值也越大,而封口材料破裂常数Kb是衡量其破裂难易程度的重要参数。
采用光电传感器、压力传感器和微细热电偶等测试手段探讨了内铺煤粉和石粉两种典型非金属粉末影响管内瓦斯火焰传播机制,认为活性的煤粉与瓦斯火焰形成瓦斯-煤粉复合火焰,使得化学反应区宽度增加,在测点处瞬时温度曲线呈现出较为明显的“双峰结构”；有无煤粉时管内燃烧压力峰值差别不大,但有煤粉时压力脉冲宽度增加；内铺石粉时燃烧压力峰值、压力脉冲宽度相对无粉末情况会减小,说明石粉有效抑制瓦斯火焰传播过程。
采用Fluent软件模拟9.5%浓度、放置40%阻塞比的五种立体障碍物情形管内瓦斯爆燃火焰传播特性参数,定性分析了不同形态立体障碍物加速火焰程度和加速机制。采用Matlab软件等瓦斯火焰图像进行去噪和增强处理,使得火焰特征和细节部分凸显出来,同时采用该软件提取火焰轮廓,进而较为精确计算出火焰阵面位置和火焰传播速度,并基于RGB三色模型初步分析了火焰图像RGB值与热电偶温度之间关系。
本文研究对揭示管内瓦斯爆炸波传播规律、障碍物激励瓦斯火焰传播机制等,具有重要的科学意义；对减轻、控制矿井瓦斯爆炸灾害的发生和发展,以及优化现有阻隔爆技术,具有重要的应用价值。同时对设计较为合理的工业可燃气体输运管道结构、提出较为合理的阻火抑爆措施等方面具有重要的理论指导意义。
Currently, coal energy plays an important role in the energy structure in our country. In recent years, China's coal mines gas explosion disasters occurred frequently. We should still study the phenomena of fire damp explosions, though some active gas drainage technologies were successfully used in coal mines. The active measures once failure, the passive prevention and control measures became particularly important. Some gas explosions suppression devices like the flameproof devices or water bags had fixed in the roadway in some large or medium-sized state-owned coal mines, however, the gas explosions occurred, these devices often fail to reach the desired effects, or they didn't play the role. This fact showed that there are insufficient understanding the mechanism of gas explosion, and the flame propagation mechanism and flame propagation characteristics, etc. for many peoples to some extent. The simulation roadways or small-scale experiment tubes were often used for the investigation into the phenomena of gas explosion. The large-scale simulation laneways were closed to the real coal mine roadways, but, due to its high cost, space requirement, and difficult to test parameters, etc., many scholars preferred to set up the small-scale experiment tubes to study the flame propagation process of gas explosion. The methane-air flame acceleration mechanism and the deflagration wave propagation characteristics under the two conditions are the same and they have the 'size effect' relations.
In order to reveal the methane-air flames propagation mechanism and its acceleration mechanism induced by obstacles, high-speed color video camera, photoelectric sensors, pressure sensors, and fine thermocouples were adopted to test the flame images, flame propagation velocities, deflagration pressures, transient temperatures, and other related flame propagation parameters in an square plexiglass tube with1.5meters long and its cross section is100×100mm2. The deflagration flame propagation characteristics were analyzed with no obstacles, repeated obstacles, solid structure obstacles in tube, respectively. Via the application of various research methods including experimental investigation, theoretical analysis and numerical modeling, the methane-air deflagration flames propagation characteristics and acceleration regulations in tube were studied comprehensively. In the paper, the main research contents and its conclusions are shown in the following aspects:
Firstly, the explosion theory, the dynamic coefficient method and the first strength theory were adopted to check the closed tube's strength loaded by detonation wave under the equivalence ratio of methane-air mixture. The results showed that the tube's wall thickness fully met with the requirements of explosion flames experiments. Considering the given typical explosion loads, the tube's wall dynamic response was simulated by ANSYS software. The results revealed that the location at the tube's axial center mainly showed the pull-shear failure, while the location at the inner wall edge mainly showed the shear failure.
The methane-air deflagration flames propagation parameters including flame front locations, flame propagation velocities, and deflagration pressures were investigated by the high-speed video camera, photoelectric sensors, and pressure sensors under the typical methane concentrations with no obstacles, repeat baffles or solid structure obstacles in tube, respectively. The relationship of flame-pressure signal at the same testing point was analyzed and the coupling formula about methane-air flame propagation velocity and its deflagration pressure was deduced and given, also the relationship for the flame front location and time after ignition was consistent with the fitting curve of GaussAmp. The methane-air flames propagation parameters were investigated under the condition of4types of repeat baffles and5forms of solid structure obstacles in tube, and, the results showed that the blockage ratios of repeat baffles had greater contribution to flame acceleration than the numbers and distances of baffles did. And, the plates and triple prisms increased flame speed and overpressure much larger, and cuboids were intermediate, while effects of cylinders were comparatively limited. The irregularities of solid obstacles surface were the main factor contributing to the turbulence degree and flame acceleration. Also, the fixed obstacles in front of the flame had the blocking effect to flame propagation in the initial process of flame propagation, and the flame speed and overpressure was increased obviously when the flame came across the obstacles.
The laws of deflagration pressure distribution were investigated experimentally under the condition of different methane concentrations, different repeat baffles, and different sealing materials at open end, respectively. The results showed that the peak-pressure at testing points increased firstly, then decreased, and the pressure pulsation showed at the middle section of the tube, and the pressure decreased sharply near the open end. Also, at the same venting area, the value of deflagration pressure was linked with the thickness and tensile strength of sealing materials, and the bigger thickness or tensile strength was, the greater deflagration pressure was. And the sealing materials constant Kb is an important parameter for representing the materials rupture.
The flame photoelectric sensors, the pressure sensors and the fine thermocouples were adopted to obtain the premixed methane-air flame parameters of flame front position and flame propagating velocity along the tube, the transient pressure and temperatures at testing points, respectively. The experiment showed that the transient temperature values of premixed methane-air flame at testing points in coal dust condition obviously revealed the wave of "twin peaks structure", and there was not obvious difference with or without coal dust in tube, but the pressure wave was broadened in coal condition. The values of transient pressure and temperature at testing points became overall decline under the condition of rock dust, and the half-peak width of the temperature was narrowed, the fact showed that the rock dust suppressed the process of flame propagation.
The flame propagation parameters were simulated by Fluent software under the condition of the experiment given obstacles of40%blockage ratio fixing in the tube with the concentration of9.5%-methane by volume. The simulation results given the qualitative analysis of the flame acceleration mechanism induced by different forms of solid structure obstacles. The denoising and enhancement treatment for methane-air flame images by Matlab software highlighted the flame features and flame detail parts. At the same time, the flame contours and flame tips were found by the software, then the flame front locations and flame propagation velocities were calculated accurately. And the relationship between the RGB values of flame images with their thermocouples temperatures based on RGB model was preliminarily discussed in the paper.
The study has important scientific significance for explaining the propagation mechanism of the methane-air deflagration flames and the mechanism of flame acceleration mechanism induced by obstacles. It has some application value for preventing or controlling the occurrence and development of gas explosion disasters. Also, it has important application significance for optimizing the gas explosion preventing and controlling technologies in mines and the design of the fire resistance performances for the industrial gas pipelines.
引文
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