广州市城区街道毒害空气污染物暴露特征及其来源分析
摘要
挥发性有机物(VOCs)在大气化学过程中扮演了十分重要的角色,是大气
二次污染物(近地面臭氧和二次有机气溶胶)的前体物,也是破坏大气臭氧层、
影响全球辐射平衡的重要因素。一些VOCs(如苯)因其毒害性,在微环境中
累积到较高浓度时可能对人体健康带来直接危害,因而受到人们的普遍关注。
街道环境空气质量状况与人群健康密切相关,是城区最重要的微环境。国内外
相关研究表明城市街道空气污染比较严重,而一些毒害性有机物污染在常规的
空气污染指数(API)中得不到体现。
本文主要对广州市城区街道空气中VOCs的暴露水平及其来源进行探讨,
同时也对可吸入颗粒(PMIo)和细颗粒污染(PM_(2.5))进行了调查,以及对这些
污染的时间和空间分布特征进行讨论。与其它研究所不同的是,本研究采样不
仅在固定采样站点进行观测,而且通过模拟行人行走方式在不同街道进行“流
动”采样,能更好地反映行人在街道的实际暴露水平。论文主要结论如下:
1)广州市城区街道空气中VOCs的种类较多,主要的毒害性挥发有机物为单环
芳烃和卤代烃类化合物。与其它交通出行方式相比,街道行人的空气污染物暴
露水平较高。城区街道单环芳烃浓度水平普遍较高,如苯的平均浓度为44.7μg
m~(-3),最高值达120.9μg m~(-3),有较高的潜在人体健康风险。
2)研究表明API不能真实地反应街道的空气质量状况,虽然街道PM_(10)质量浓
度水平与API具有很好地相关性,但街道PM_(10)的污染程度明显严重于API所
反应的城市空气质量状况,街道空气中毒害有机物污染也不能在API中得到反
映。因此,建议在空气质量监测网中设立城区路边监测站点,同时加强一些毒
害空气污染物(如苯)的监测和控制。
3)广州市城区街道空气中VOCs暴露的空间分布呈现出旧城区高于新城区,中
心城区高于近郊区的特点,这与城区的交通、街道环境有关。在步行街、阶段
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play very important roles in chemical processes occurred in the atmosphere. They are precursors of secondary pollutants like surface ozone and secondary organic aerosols, and are important factors depleting the stratospheric ozone-layer and influencing global radiation budget. Some toxic VOCs like benzene, may cause direct damage human health if they accumulate to relatively high levels in micro-environments, thus are of wide concerns. Urban streets are most important micro-environments for street levels of pollutants have great impacts on human health. Various studies both in China and in other countries reveal heavier pollution in urban streets; also the pollution by toxic organic compounds was not reflected by the normal air pollution index (API) reported to the public.This paper focused on exposure levels and sources of VOCs in urban streets of Guangzhou. Also street levels of PM10 and PM2.5 were investigated. The spatial and temporal variations of these pollutants have been studied. Unlike other studies in urban streets with air sampling in fixed sites, the present study conducted air sampling while we were walking along streets like pedestrians. This kind of "mobile" sampling would well represent pedestrians' exposure in urban streets. The results of the present study are as the following:1) Toxic VOCs detected in the air samples were dominated by monocycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Compared
to other public transportation modes in urban Guangzhou, pedestrians' exposure to VOCs and PM10 in average was much higher. Particularly pedestrians' exposure to MAHs was very high, e.g. benzene with an average of 44.7μg m-3 and a maximum of 120.9μg m-3, thus may pose potential health risks.2) This study suggested that reported API might not reflect people's risk due to air pollution in urban microenvironments like street canyons. For example, although API had good linear correlation with API, serious PM10 pollution in urban streets was not indicated by the reported API. Therefore, it is necessary to add some roadside monitoring stations in local air monitoring networks, and enhance the monitoring and control of some toxic air pollutants, like benzene, in urban air.3) Due to traffic and environmental conditions, people's exposure to VOCs were higher in old urban streets than in new urban streets, and in central urban streets than in sub-urban streets. Inter-comparisons among walk-only streets, part-time walk-only streets and traffic streets revealed that the levels of benzene and toluene were still very high in walk-only streets even if the traffic-related pollutants like ethylbenzene and xylenes were decreased, indicating additional sources other than vehicle emission in these walk-only streets.4) In urban Guangzhou streets, air pollutants showed similar temporal trends. They had the highest levels in spring and the lowest in summer; the higher levels of them were also found in weekend than in weekday, and in the afternoon than in the morning. As for diurnal variations of VOCs, their levels were relatively high in traffic rush hours; but PM2.5 and PM10 were only peaked in 20:00-24:00. Traffic flow and meteorological conditions played important roles in the temporal variations of air pollutants in streets.
5) Based on factor analysis with 18 VOCs, BTEX ratios and their mutual correlations, traffic emission was the major source of air pollutants in urban Guangzhou streets. In addition, the solvent evaporation and plant emission were also the important sources for chloride hydrocarbons and monoterpenes, respectively.
二次污染物(近地面臭氧和二次有机气溶胶)的前体物,也是破坏大气臭氧层、
影响全球辐射平衡的重要因素。一些VOCs(如苯)因其毒害性,在微环境中
累积到较高浓度时可能对人体健康带来直接危害,因而受到人们的普遍关注。
街道环境空气质量状况与人群健康密切相关,是城区最重要的微环境。国内外
相关研究表明城市街道空气污染比较严重,而一些毒害性有机物污染在常规的
空气污染指数(API)中得不到体现。
本文主要对广州市城区街道空气中VOCs的暴露水平及其来源进行探讨,
同时也对可吸入颗粒(PMIo)和细颗粒污染(PM_(2.5))进行了调查,以及对这些
污染的时间和空间分布特征进行讨论。与其它研究所不同的是,本研究采样不
仅在固定采样站点进行观测,而且通过模拟行人行走方式在不同街道进行“流
动”采样,能更好地反映行人在街道的实际暴露水平。论文主要结论如下:
1)广州市城区街道空气中VOCs的种类较多,主要的毒害性挥发有机物为单环
芳烃和卤代烃类化合物。与其它交通出行方式相比,街道行人的空气污染物暴
露水平较高。城区街道单环芳烃浓度水平普遍较高,如苯的平均浓度为44.7μg
m~(-3),最高值达120.9μg m~(-3),有较高的潜在人体健康风险。
2)研究表明API不能真实地反应街道的空气质量状况,虽然街道PM_(10)质量浓
度水平与API具有很好地相关性,但街道PM_(10)的污染程度明显严重于API所
反应的城市空气质量状况,街道空气中毒害有机物污染也不能在API中得到反
映。因此,建议在空气质量监测网中设立城区路边监测站点,同时加强一些毒
害空气污染物(如苯)的监测和控制。
3)广州市城区街道空气中VOCs暴露的空间分布呈现出旧城区高于新城区,中
心城区高于近郊区的特点,这与城区的交通、街道环境有关。在步行街、阶段
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play very important roles in chemical processes occurred in the atmosphere. They are precursors of secondary pollutants like surface ozone and secondary organic aerosols, and are important factors depleting the stratospheric ozone-layer and influencing global radiation budget. Some toxic VOCs like benzene, may cause direct damage human health if they accumulate to relatively high levels in micro-environments, thus are of wide concerns. Urban streets are most important micro-environments for street levels of pollutants have great impacts on human health. Various studies both in China and in other countries reveal heavier pollution in urban streets; also the pollution by toxic organic compounds was not reflected by the normal air pollution index (API) reported to the public.This paper focused on exposure levels and sources of VOCs in urban streets of Guangzhou. Also street levels of PM10 and PM2.5 were investigated. The spatial and temporal variations of these pollutants have been studied. Unlike other studies in urban streets with air sampling in fixed sites, the present study conducted air sampling while we were walking along streets like pedestrians. This kind of "mobile" sampling would well represent pedestrians' exposure in urban streets. The results of the present study are as the following:1) Toxic VOCs detected in the air samples were dominated by monocycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Compared
to other public transportation modes in urban Guangzhou, pedestrians' exposure to VOCs and PM10 in average was much higher. Particularly pedestrians' exposure to MAHs was very high, e.g. benzene with an average of 44.7μg m-3 and a maximum of 120.9μg m-3, thus may pose potential health risks.2) This study suggested that reported API might not reflect people's risk due to air pollution in urban microenvironments like street canyons. For example, although API had good linear correlation with API, serious PM10 pollution in urban streets was not indicated by the reported API. Therefore, it is necessary to add some roadside monitoring stations in local air monitoring networks, and enhance the monitoring and control of some toxic air pollutants, like benzene, in urban air.3) Due to traffic and environmental conditions, people's exposure to VOCs were higher in old urban streets than in new urban streets, and in central urban streets than in sub-urban streets. Inter-comparisons among walk-only streets, part-time walk-only streets and traffic streets revealed that the levels of benzene and toluene were still very high in walk-only streets even if the traffic-related pollutants like ethylbenzene and xylenes were decreased, indicating additional sources other than vehicle emission in these walk-only streets.4) In urban Guangzhou streets, air pollutants showed similar temporal trends. They had the highest levels in spring and the lowest in summer; the higher levels of them were also found in weekend than in weekday, and in the afternoon than in the morning. As for diurnal variations of VOCs, their levels were relatively high in traffic rush hours; but PM2.5 and PM10 were only peaked in 20:00-24:00. Traffic flow and meteorological conditions played important roles in the temporal variations of air pollutants in streets.
5) Based on factor analysis with 18 VOCs, BTEX ratios and their mutual correlations, traffic emission was the major source of air pollutants in urban Guangzhou streets. In addition, the solvent evaporation and plant emission were also the important sources for chloride hydrocarbons and monoterpenes, respectively.
引文
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