聚苯胺及其衍生物的电化学制备和应用研究
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摘要
有机导电聚合物具有优良的物理化学性能,在电化学催化、化学生物传感器、电化学电容器等诸多领域有着广泛的应用前景。在众多的有机导电聚合物中,聚苯胺(PANI)由于原料廉价易得、合成简单、电导率较高、环境稳定性好等特点已成为当今研究的热点。近年来,随着纳米技术和复合材料的飞速发展,一些具有纳米尺寸的导电聚苯胺和导电聚苯胺复合膜已被成功地合成出来,这种具有特殊结构的导电聚苯胺可望在保持聚苯胺原有性能的基础上进一步拓展其功能特性。本论文首次采用脉冲电流技术(PGM)在无模板、非限域的条件下合成了具有纳米纤维结构的导电聚苯胺,并就其在电化学生物传感、电化学催化、电化学电容等领域的应用展开了研究,论文主要研究结果如下:
1.以不锈钢(SS)为基底材料,首次采用脉冲电流方法在无模板、非限域的条件下成功地在小质子酸(硫酸或硝酸)水溶液中合成出了具有纳米纤维结构的导电聚苯胺膜。详细探讨了电解工艺参数(脉冲占空比、频率、平均电流密度以及溶液温度)等对纳米纤维聚苯胺膜合成的影响,获得了制取纳米纤维聚苯胺的最佳工艺条件。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜和循环伏安法(CVM)对膜层的微观结构、电化学性能进行了详细的研究。结果表明,PANI膜由直径为70～100nm的聚苯胺纤维交织而成,纳米纤维之间存在大量缝隙和孔洞。这种纳米纤维结构的导电聚苯胺膜与采用常规化学或电化学方法制备的颗粒状聚苯胺膜相比较,有着更大的比表面、更好的离子电子导电性能和更高的电化学反应活性,是一种性能更加优异的功能膜或功能性载体膜。
2.以制备的纳米纤维状聚苯胺为载体负载Pt催化剂,制得新型的Pt/(nano-fibrous PANI)复合电极,研究其对甲醇氧化的电催化性能。SEM、能量散射谱结果显示复合电极的结构为直径50～80nm左右的Pt颗粒均匀地分散在纳米聚苯胺纤维上。循环伏安、交流阻抗结果表明,Pt/(nano-fibrous PANI)复合电极对甲醇的阳极氧化有着优异的催化活性和协同催化作用。当Pt载量大于200μg/cm~2时,这种电极对甲醇氧化的电催化活性远优于Pt微粒修饰的颗粒聚苯胺电极和裸铂电极。研究结果还表明,不同的Pt沉积修饰方法(PGM、CVM)对电极催化活性有较大影响。
3.采用PGM或CVM分别在Pt或SS表面合成出聚间苯二胺膜(PMPD)、聚苯胺-石墨复合膜(PGCF)和Pt/(nano-fibrous PANI)。以上述三种膜为基质,采用电化学掺杂的方法,成功地制得了结构新颖、性能优异的聚间苯二胺葡萄糖氧化酶电极(PMPD-GOD)、Pt修饰纳米纤维聚苯胺葡萄糖氧化酶电极
Organic conductive polymers, on account of their excellent physical and chemical properties, are promising in many fields such as electrochemical catalysis, chemical/biosensor, electrochemical capacitor and so on. Among conductive polymers, polyaniline (PANI) has attracted considerable interesting due to its availability, simple synthesis, high conductivity and stability. In recent years, with the rapid development of nanotechnology and composite materials, nano-sized PANI and PANI composite film with better functional properties have been synthesized. In this paper, nano-fibrous PANI films have been templatelessly and nonstrictedly synthesized for the first time by pulse galvanostatic method (PGM). The applications of the nano-fibrous PANI film in electrochemical biosensor, electrochemical catalysis and electrochemical capacitor were investigated. The main progresses are presented as follows:1. Nano-fibrous PANI, for the first time, was templatelessly and nonstrictedly synthesized on stainless steel (SS) electrode by PGM in proton acids with small molecular size, such as H2SO4or HNO3 solution. Influences of electrolytic parameters (the ratio of ton to toff, frequency, mean current density and temperature of electrolyte) on synthesis of nano-fibrous PANI were studied in detail. The process conditions were optimized. The morphology and electrochemical property of PANI films prepared by PGM were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmitting electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetric method (CVM). The results show that the morphology of PANI is nano-fiber with diameter of 70~100nm and many microgaps and pores exist among the PANI fibers. The nano-fibrous PANI films have larger specific surface area, better ionic and electronic conductivity, and higher electrochemical activity than those of granular PANI films prepared by conventional chemical or electrochemical methods. Therefore, the nano-fibrous PANI film is a more excellent functional film or functional carrier than conventional PANI film.2. The novel composite electrode [Pt/(nano-fibrous PANI)] was prepared by using nano-fibrous PANI film as the carrier of Pt catalyst and the electrocatalytic performance of this composite electrode for methanol oxidation was investigated. SEM and energy dispersive spectroscopy results show that the composite electrode is characterized by about 50~80nm Pt microparticles dispersing uniformly on nano-fibrous PANI film. The cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy results show that the composite electrode has excellent catalytic activity for methanol oxidation and there is a synergism for methanol oxidation on Pt/(nano-fibrous PANI) electrode. The composite electrode exhibits higher electrocatalytic activity for methanol oxidation than the granular PANI electrode modified by Pt microparticles and the bare Pt electrode when Pt loading is above 200 ug/cm2. Moreover, the research results present that the catalytic activity of the composite electrode was greatly affected by the deposition methods of Pt (PGM> CVM).3. Poly(m-phenylenediamine) (PMPD) film, PANI-graphite composite film (PGCF) and Pt/(nano-fibrous PANI) film were synthesized on the surface of Pt or SS electrode by PGM or CVM. Three kinds of novel glucose biosensors were prepared by electrochemical doping method based on PMPD, PGCF and Pt/(nano-fibrous PANI), respectively. The morphologies of polymer films and the electrochemical response performances of the enzyme electrodes were investigated by SEM and electrochemical method. The results present that the electrochemical response performances of the enzyme electrodes are related to the morphologies of polymer films. PMPD film and PGCF are porous and netty structure, which possess large specific surface area and are beneficial for the glucose oxidase (GOD) immobilization and the ion transfer. Pt/(nano-fibrous PANI) film is characterized by 50~80nm Pt microparticles dispersing uniformly on 70~100nm PANI nano-fibers, which has very large specific surface area and good electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of H2O2. Furthermore, the influences of measuring temperature, measuring potential and pH value of glucose solution on the electrochemical response performances of the enzyme electrodes were studied in detail. The results indicate that the enzyme electrodes prepared above all have good electrochemical response performance, reproducibility and stability. The PGCF-GOD electrode, the PMPD-GOD electrode and the PMPD-GOD/Pt/(nano-fibrous PANI) electrode gave a linear response to glucose in the range of l*10-4~8xl0-3 mol/L, 5><10'4~lxl0"2 mol/L and 2xl0-6~12*10-3 mol/L, respectively. Both the PMPD-GOD/Pt/(nano-fibrous PANI) electrode and the PMPD-GOD electrode have good anti-interference to uric acid and ascorbic acid. Moreover, the PMPD-GOD/Pt/(nano-fibrous PANI) electrode was applied to determine glucose concentration in serum, the analytical results determined by using the enzyme electrode and those provided by the hospital agree closely. Therefore, this kind of enzyme electrode has good application prospect. Based on the calculating of the kinetic parameters, the maximum response current density of the PMPD-GOD,
1.以不锈钢(SS)为基底材料,首次采用脉冲电流方法在无模板、非限域的条件下成功地在小质子酸(硫酸或硝酸)水溶液中合成出了具有纳米纤维结构的导电聚苯胺膜。详细探讨了电解工艺参数(脉冲占空比、频率、平均电流密度以及溶液温度)等对纳米纤维聚苯胺膜合成的影响,获得了制取纳米纤维聚苯胺的最佳工艺条件。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜和循环伏安法(CVM)对膜层的微观结构、电化学性能进行了详细的研究。结果表明,PANI膜由直径为70～100nm的聚苯胺纤维交织而成,纳米纤维之间存在大量缝隙和孔洞。这种纳米纤维结构的导电聚苯胺膜与采用常规化学或电化学方法制备的颗粒状聚苯胺膜相比较,有着更大的比表面、更好的离子电子导电性能和更高的电化学反应活性,是一种性能更加优异的功能膜或功能性载体膜。
2.以制备的纳米纤维状聚苯胺为载体负载Pt催化剂,制得新型的Pt/(nano-fibrous PANI)复合电极,研究其对甲醇氧化的电催化性能。SEM、能量散射谱结果显示复合电极的结构为直径50～80nm左右的Pt颗粒均匀地分散在纳米聚苯胺纤维上。循环伏安、交流阻抗结果表明,Pt/(nano-fibrous PANI)复合电极对甲醇的阳极氧化有着优异的催化活性和协同催化作用。当Pt载量大于200μg/cm~2时,这种电极对甲醇氧化的电催化活性远优于Pt微粒修饰的颗粒聚苯胺电极和裸铂电极。研究结果还表明,不同的Pt沉积修饰方法(PGM、CVM)对电极催化活性有较大影响。
3.采用PGM或CVM分别在Pt或SS表面合成出聚间苯二胺膜(PMPD)、聚苯胺-石墨复合膜(PGCF)和Pt/(nano-fibrous PANI)。以上述三种膜为基质,采用电化学掺杂的方法,成功地制得了结构新颖、性能优异的聚间苯二胺葡萄糖氧化酶电极(PMPD-GOD)、Pt修饰纳米纤维聚苯胺葡萄糖氧化酶电极
Organic conductive polymers, on account of their excellent physical and chemical properties, are promising in many fields such as electrochemical catalysis, chemical/biosensor, electrochemical capacitor and so on. Among conductive polymers, polyaniline (PANI) has attracted considerable interesting due to its availability, simple synthesis, high conductivity and stability. In recent years, with the rapid development of nanotechnology and composite materials, nano-sized PANI and PANI composite film with better functional properties have been synthesized. In this paper, nano-fibrous PANI films have been templatelessly and nonstrictedly synthesized for the first time by pulse galvanostatic method (PGM). The applications of the nano-fibrous PANI film in electrochemical biosensor, electrochemical catalysis and electrochemical capacitor were investigated. The main progresses are presented as follows:1. Nano-fibrous PANI, for the first time, was templatelessly and nonstrictedly synthesized on stainless steel (SS) electrode by PGM in proton acids with small molecular size, such as H2SO4or HNO3 solution. Influences of electrolytic parameters (the ratio of ton to toff, frequency, mean current density and temperature of electrolyte) on synthesis of nano-fibrous PANI were studied in detail. The process conditions were optimized. The morphology and electrochemical property of PANI films prepared by PGM were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmitting electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetric method (CVM). The results show that the morphology of PANI is nano-fiber with diameter of 70~100nm and many microgaps and pores exist among the PANI fibers. The nano-fibrous PANI films have larger specific surface area, better ionic and electronic conductivity, and higher electrochemical activity than those of granular PANI films prepared by conventional chemical or electrochemical methods. Therefore, the nano-fibrous PANI film is a more excellent functional film or functional carrier than conventional PANI film.2. The novel composite electrode [Pt/(nano-fibrous PANI)] was prepared by using nano-fibrous PANI film as the carrier of Pt catalyst and the electrocatalytic performance of this composite electrode for methanol oxidation was investigated. SEM and energy dispersive spectroscopy results show that the composite electrode is characterized by about 50~80nm Pt microparticles dispersing uniformly on nano-fibrous PANI film. The cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy results show that the composite electrode has excellent catalytic activity for methanol oxidation and there is a synergism for methanol oxidation on Pt/(nano-fibrous PANI) electrode. The composite electrode exhibits higher electrocatalytic activity for methanol oxidation than the granular PANI electrode modified by Pt microparticles and the bare Pt electrode when Pt loading is above 200 ug/cm2. Moreover, the research results present that the catalytic activity of the composite electrode was greatly affected by the deposition methods of Pt (PGM> CVM).3. Poly(m-phenylenediamine) (PMPD) film, PANI-graphite composite film (PGCF) and Pt/(nano-fibrous PANI) film were synthesized on the surface of Pt or SS electrode by PGM or CVM. Three kinds of novel glucose biosensors were prepared by electrochemical doping method based on PMPD, PGCF and Pt/(nano-fibrous PANI), respectively. The morphologies of polymer films and the electrochemical response performances of the enzyme electrodes were investigated by SEM and electrochemical method. The results present that the electrochemical response performances of the enzyme electrodes are related to the morphologies of polymer films. PMPD film and PGCF are porous and netty structure, which possess large specific surface area and are beneficial for the glucose oxidase (GOD) immobilization and the ion transfer. Pt/(nano-fibrous PANI) film is characterized by 50~80nm Pt microparticles dispersing uniformly on 70~100nm PANI nano-fibers, which has very large specific surface area and good electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of H2O2. Furthermore, the influences of measuring temperature, measuring potential and pH value of glucose solution on the electrochemical response performances of the enzyme electrodes were studied in detail. The results indicate that the enzyme electrodes prepared above all have good electrochemical response performance, reproducibility and stability. The PGCF-GOD electrode, the PMPD-GOD electrode and the PMPD-GOD/Pt/(nano-fibrous PANI) electrode gave a linear response to glucose in the range of l*10-4~8xl0-3 mol/L, 5><10'4~lxl0"2 mol/L and 2xl0-6~12*10-3 mol/L, respectively. Both the PMPD-GOD/Pt/(nano-fibrous PANI) electrode and the PMPD-GOD electrode have good anti-interference to uric acid and ascorbic acid. Moreover, the PMPD-GOD/Pt/(nano-fibrous PANI) electrode was applied to determine glucose concentration in serum, the analytical results determined by using the enzyme electrode and those provided by the hospital agree closely. Therefore, this kind of enzyme electrode has good application prospect. Based on the calculating of the kinetic parameters, the maximum response current density of the PMPD-GOD,
引文
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