中国杂交水稻制种技术研究与实践及其发展趋势分析
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摘要
自从1973年实现籼型杂交水稻三系配套至1995年两系法杂交水稻基本成功,我国各地组织大批技术力量,对杂交水稻制种技术进行广泛深入研究。经历36年来的研究与实践,已形成了杂交水稻制种的的理论与技术体系,制种产量与质量逐步提高,促进了杂交水稻快速发展。回顾我国30多年来籼型三系杂交水稻制种技术的发展,大体可分为六个发展阶段,即1973年～1978年制种技术摸索阶段,1979～1983年制种配套技术研究阶段,1984～1990年高产制种技术研究阶段,1991～2000年高产制种技术推广阶段,2001～2006年制种技术推广面临困难阶段,2007年至今制种技术创新起步阶段。两系法杂交水稻制种技术的研究始于上世纪90年代初期,1994年以前为两系法杂交水稻制种技术摸索阶段,1995～1998年为关键技术突破阶段,1998年至今为两系法杂交水稻制种配套技术研究阶段。
1.1973～1978年为制种技术摸索阶段。重点围绕父母本生育期温、光特性、叶片生长特性、幼穗分化发育特性开展研究。获得了“叶龄差法、有效积温差法、播始历期差法”等父母本播差期安排方法;探索用“九二○”(赤霉素)解除母本抽穗卡颈问题,取代了人工割叶、剥苞措施,提高了穗粒外露率,排除了父母本的授粉障碍,提高了母本异交结实率。1978年湖南省制种面积6.14万hm~2,总产3058.00万kg,平均单产33.2kg/667m~2。
2.1979年起至1983年为制种配套技术研究阶段。重点对杂交水稻制种父母本群体结构的要求及其构建措施,父母本花期、花时的促控和协调措施,父母本异交态势的改良措施等进行了广泛深入的探讨。把父母本理想的花期相遇调控、高产的群体定向培养、异交态势的改良、人工辅助授粉等技术措施融于一体,形成了配套的高产制种技术,制种产量从每667m~230kg提高到100kg。
3.1984～1990年高产制种技术研究阶段。从1984年开始进入杂交水稻制种技术提高阶段,取得了突破性进展,每公顷产量达到120kg以上。1986年开始杂交水稻超高产制种技术研究,为进一步提高母本异交结实率,创造了“以公顷产200kg为目标,以增加单位元面积库容量为基础,以提高田间花粉密度为核心,以多种技术配套为保障”的高产制种新技术,使母本异交结实率上升到50%左右,制种产量上升到200kg以上。
4.两系法杂交水稻制种技术摸索与发展阶段。1990至1995年为两系法杂交水稻制种技术摸索阶段,主要摸索制种基地与季节,1995年获得基本成功,提出了“两个安全期”的概念及协调安排方法。1995至1998年为两系法杂交水稻制种配套技术研究阶段,研究制种区域与基地的选择,制种季节的安排,母本群体结构培养措施,制种纯度的监控技术等,获得了两系法杂交水稻高产保纯制种基本配套技术体系。
5.2000年至2008年种子企业改制与制种技术改革摸索阶段。该阶段制种基地的落实逐步困难,三系与两系法杂交水稻新亲本和新组合迅速增多,制种技术难度加大。因此围绕制种基地的组织形式和制种技术改革进行探索,出现了少数大户承包制种形式,直播制种、抛秧制种、机械收割技术逐步增多,但制种产量与种子质量不平衡、不稳定。
6.杂交水稻制种发展趋势:随着城镇化、工业化、农业产业化和农村土地流转政策的逐步实施,农村人口将进一步减少,劳动密集型、精耕细作型的制种技术已阻碍了杂交水稻制种的发展。因此,杂交水稻制种将朝着基地规模化、操作机械化、技术标准化方向发展。
Since 1973, to achieve the thee-line indica hybrid rice Perfect to 1995, the basic two-line hybrid rice success, Organizations across the country a large number of technical strength, for hybrid rice seed production techniques of extensive in-depth study. Though 36 years of research and practice, Has formed a hybrid rice seed production in the theory and technology system, Seed yield and quality gradually increase, and promoted the rapid development of hybrid rice. Looking back at 30 years thee-line indica hybrid rice seed production technology development, Can be roughly divided into six stages of development, Namely, in 1973 and 1978 seed production techniques of exploration phase, from 1979 to 1983 Seed production Perfect technology research stage, 1984 - 1990 high-yielding seed technology research stage, 1991 - 2000 high-yielding seed technology promotion phase, 2001 - 2006-year kinds of technology promotion difficulties phase, So far in 2007 and seed the initial stage of technological innovation. Two-line hybrid rice seed production techniques of research, began in the early 90s, Prior to 1994, for the two-line hybrid rice seed production techniques of groping stage, From 1995 to 1998 as the key technological breakthough stage, 1998 to date for the two-line hybrid rice seed production supporting technology research stage.
1. 1973 - 1978 for groping stage of seed production techniques. Focused around the parents of the Growth period temperature, optical properties, leaf growth characteristics, development characteristis of young Panicle research. Obtained "Leaf age difference method, effective accumulated temperature method, Sowing to start heading difference method," This method of sowing different arrangements for parent; Explore with "920" (GA) Lifting Female parent Heading Not going well, Replaced the manual cutting leaves, Stripping bud measures, Improved rice and grain of Exposure rate, Excluded Parents Pollination barriers, Increase the female parent Outcrossing rate. Seed Production An area of 61.4 thousand hectares in Hunan Province in 1978,The total output 26.7486 million kilograms, The average yield of 29 kg / 667m~2.
2,1979 years until 1983 Perfect technologies for seed production research stage. Emphasis on the Hybrid Rice Seed Production Parents of the group structure The requirements and the construction measures, Parents of the flowering, To promote or control of flowering time And coordination of measures, The parents of this hybrid approach and methods of improvement measures Etc. a wide range of in-depth discussion. Regulation and control of The flowering of this ideal to meet the parents, High-yielding groups of target training,Hybrid method of improvement, Artificial pollination Technical measures such as melt into one, Form a complete high-yielding seed technology, Seed production increased from 30 kg per 667 m to 100 kg.
3. 1984 - 1990 high-yielding seed production technology research stage. Since 1984, entered Technology to increase hybrid rice seed production stage, great Progress has been made, Per-mu yield of 120 kg.
1986, super high-yielding hybrid rice seed production technology research, To further enhance the female parent hybrid seed-setting rate,
Created "to 200 kilograms per mu as the goal, To increase the storage capacity per unit area, based on To improve the field of pollen density of the core, Supporting a variety of technologies for the protection of "high-yielding seed production of new technologies,
So that the female parent hybrid seed-setting rate rose to about 50% Seed production rose to 200 kg.
4. Two-line hybrid rice seed production techniques of exploration and development stage. From 1990 to 1995 as a two-line hybrid rice seed production techniques of groping stage, The main seed production bases and to explore the season, In 1995 access to basic success, Proposed a "two Safety period" concept and co-ordination and Arrangements method. From 1996 to 2000 as a two-line hybrid rice seed production supporting technology research stage, Study of seed production area and base the choice of, Arrangements for seed production season, The cultivation of the female parent community structure measures, Monitoring the purity of seed production technologies Etc. Won the two-line hybrid rice High-yield and to ensure purity Seed production of the basic supporting technology system.
5.2000 to 2008 seed enterprise restructuring and reform of groping stage of seed production techniques. This stage seed production base in the Progressively difficult, Thee-line with the two-line hybrid rice
The new parents and new combination has increased rapidly, Seed production techniques more difficult. Therefore, Around the base of the organization of seed production and seed production technology reform exploration, Appeared in the form of a small number of large contract seed production, Direct sowing of seed production, Thow seedlings seed production, Mechanical harvesting Gradually increased, However, seed yield and seed quality uneven and unstable.
6. Hybrid Rice Seed Production trends: Along with urbanization, industrialization, agricultural industrialization And rural land flows and the gradual transfer of policy implementation, The rural population will be further reduced, Labor-intensive, Fine farming-type of seed production techniques of Has hindered the development of hybrid rice seed production. Therefore, Hybrid Rice Seed Production Towards the base of the large-scale, mechanized operation, technical standardization direction.
1.1973～1978年为制种技术摸索阶段。重点围绕父母本生育期温、光特性、叶片生长特性、幼穗分化发育特性开展研究。获得了“叶龄差法、有效积温差法、播始历期差法”等父母本播差期安排方法;探索用“九二○”(赤霉素)解除母本抽穗卡颈问题,取代了人工割叶、剥苞措施,提高了穗粒外露率,排除了父母本的授粉障碍,提高了母本异交结实率。1978年湖南省制种面积6.14万hm~2,总产3058.00万kg,平均单产33.2kg/667m~2。
2.1979年起至1983年为制种配套技术研究阶段。重点对杂交水稻制种父母本群体结构的要求及其构建措施,父母本花期、花时的促控和协调措施,父母本异交态势的改良措施等进行了广泛深入的探讨。把父母本理想的花期相遇调控、高产的群体定向培养、异交态势的改良、人工辅助授粉等技术措施融于一体,形成了配套的高产制种技术,制种产量从每667m~230kg提高到100kg。
3.1984～1990年高产制种技术研究阶段。从1984年开始进入杂交水稻制种技术提高阶段,取得了突破性进展,每公顷产量达到120kg以上。1986年开始杂交水稻超高产制种技术研究,为进一步提高母本异交结实率,创造了“以公顷产200kg为目标,以增加单位元面积库容量为基础,以提高田间花粉密度为核心,以多种技术配套为保障”的高产制种新技术,使母本异交结实率上升到50%左右,制种产量上升到200kg以上。
4.两系法杂交水稻制种技术摸索与发展阶段。1990至1995年为两系法杂交水稻制种技术摸索阶段,主要摸索制种基地与季节,1995年获得基本成功,提出了“两个安全期”的概念及协调安排方法。1995至1998年为两系法杂交水稻制种配套技术研究阶段,研究制种区域与基地的选择,制种季节的安排,母本群体结构培养措施,制种纯度的监控技术等,获得了两系法杂交水稻高产保纯制种基本配套技术体系。
5.2000年至2008年种子企业改制与制种技术改革摸索阶段。该阶段制种基地的落实逐步困难,三系与两系法杂交水稻新亲本和新组合迅速增多,制种技术难度加大。因此围绕制种基地的组织形式和制种技术改革进行探索,出现了少数大户承包制种形式,直播制种、抛秧制种、机械收割技术逐步增多,但制种产量与种子质量不平衡、不稳定。
6.杂交水稻制种发展趋势:随着城镇化、工业化、农业产业化和农村土地流转政策的逐步实施,农村人口将进一步减少,劳动密集型、精耕细作型的制种技术已阻碍了杂交水稻制种的发展。因此,杂交水稻制种将朝着基地规模化、操作机械化、技术标准化方向发展。
Since 1973, to achieve the thee-line indica hybrid rice Perfect to 1995, the basic two-line hybrid rice success, Organizations across the country a large number of technical strength, for hybrid rice seed production techniques of extensive in-depth study. Though 36 years of research and practice, Has formed a hybrid rice seed production in the theory and technology system, Seed yield and quality gradually increase, and promoted the rapid development of hybrid rice. Looking back at 30 years thee-line indica hybrid rice seed production technology development, Can be roughly divided into six stages of development, Namely, in 1973 and 1978 seed production techniques of exploration phase, from 1979 to 1983 Seed production Perfect technology research stage, 1984 - 1990 high-yielding seed technology research stage, 1991 - 2000 high-yielding seed technology promotion phase, 2001 - 2006-year kinds of technology promotion difficulties phase, So far in 2007 and seed the initial stage of technological innovation. Two-line hybrid rice seed production techniques of research, began in the early 90s, Prior to 1994, for the two-line hybrid rice seed production techniques of groping stage, From 1995 to 1998 as the key technological breakthough stage, 1998 to date for the two-line hybrid rice seed production supporting technology research stage.
1. 1973 - 1978 for groping stage of seed production techniques. Focused around the parents of the Growth period temperature, optical properties, leaf growth characteristics, development characteristis of young Panicle research. Obtained "Leaf age difference method, effective accumulated temperature method, Sowing to start heading difference method," This method of sowing different arrangements for parent; Explore with "920" (GA) Lifting Female parent Heading Not going well, Replaced the manual cutting leaves, Stripping bud measures, Improved rice and grain of Exposure rate, Excluded Parents Pollination barriers, Increase the female parent Outcrossing rate. Seed Production An area of 61.4 thousand hectares in Hunan Province in 1978,The total output 26.7486 million kilograms, The average yield of 29 kg / 667m~2.
2,1979 years until 1983 Perfect technologies for seed production research stage. Emphasis on the Hybrid Rice Seed Production Parents of the group structure The requirements and the construction measures, Parents of the flowering, To promote or control of flowering time And coordination of measures, The parents of this hybrid approach and methods of improvement measures Etc. a wide range of in-depth discussion. Regulation and control of The flowering of this ideal to meet the parents, High-yielding groups of target training,Hybrid method of improvement, Artificial pollination Technical measures such as melt into one, Form a complete high-yielding seed technology, Seed production increased from 30 kg per 667 m to 100 kg.
3. 1984 - 1990 high-yielding seed production technology research stage. Since 1984, entered Technology to increase hybrid rice seed production stage, great Progress has been made, Per-mu yield of 120 kg.
1986, super high-yielding hybrid rice seed production technology research, To further enhance the female parent hybrid seed-setting rate,
Created "to 200 kilograms per mu as the goal, To increase the storage capacity per unit area, based on To improve the field of pollen density of the core, Supporting a variety of technologies for the protection of "high-yielding seed production of new technologies,
So that the female parent hybrid seed-setting rate rose to about 50% Seed production rose to 200 kg.
4. Two-line hybrid rice seed production techniques of exploration and development stage. From 1990 to 1995 as a two-line hybrid rice seed production techniques of groping stage, The main seed production bases and to explore the season, In 1995 access to basic success, Proposed a "two Safety period" concept and co-ordination and Arrangements method. From 1996 to 2000 as a two-line hybrid rice seed production supporting technology research stage, Study of seed production area and base the choice of, Arrangements for seed production season, The cultivation of the female parent community structure measures, Monitoring the purity of seed production technologies Etc. Won the two-line hybrid rice High-yield and to ensure purity Seed production of the basic supporting technology system.
5.2000 to 2008 seed enterprise restructuring and reform of groping stage of seed production techniques. This stage seed production base in the Progressively difficult, Thee-line with the two-line hybrid rice
The new parents and new combination has increased rapidly, Seed production techniques more difficult. Therefore, Around the base of the organization of seed production and seed production technology reform exploration, Appeared in the form of a small number of large contract seed production, Direct sowing of seed production, Thow seedlings seed production, Mechanical harvesting Gradually increased, However, seed yield and seed quality uneven and unstable.
6. Hybrid Rice Seed Production trends: Along with urbanization, industrialization, agricultural industrialization And rural land flows and the gradual transfer of policy implementation, The rural population will be further reduced, Labor-intensive, Fine farming-type of seed production techniques of Has hindered the development of hybrid rice seed production. Therefore, Hybrid Rice Seed Production Towards the base of the large-scale, mechanized operation, technical standardization direction.
引文
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[3]周宗岳,曹孟飞等.对赤霉素在杂交稻制种中使用的一些新探索[J],杂交水稻,1996(2):38-39.
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