啤酒生产过程物质能量代谢与环境影响评价研究
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摘要
我国啤酒行业发展迅速,连续几年产量世界第一,但生产技术水平仍相对落后,资源能源利用水平与国际先进水平还存在一定差距,化学耗氧量(COD)、悬浮物质(SS)等有机污染物质排放量大,给区域乃至全球环境带来了不可忽视的负面影响。首先利用物质流分析方法,以全国平均生产水平的典型啤酒企业为研究对象,对其生产过程物质能量消耗及污染排放数据进行了详细的调查、分析与核算。在此基础上对糖化、发酵、灌装三个工艺段进行了物质能量投入产出分析,定性定量描述了物质流动过程,找出了资源浪费和环境污染的潜在因素。然后利用生命周期方法,对企业生产的资源耗竭、污染负荷进行了定量化计算,得出啤酒生产各类环境影响潜值的大小,找到最主要的环境影响类型。在此基础上,进一步对啤酒生产部门宏观统计数据进行收集整理,分析了中国2000 -2005年啤酒生产过程的资源消耗及环境排放趋势,并得出环境影响潜值的年际变化。
研究发现,啤酒生产过程原料利用率很低,流失掉的物质占总投入物质的80%以上,其中很大一部分隐流物质被生产者忽视。通过对典型啤酒企业生产过程环境排放物质的环境影响分析,得出啤酒生产潜在环境影响依次是:富营养化、粉尘和烟尘、全球变暖、酸化及固体废弃物。其中,由于啤酒生产过程排放大量有机废水,环境影响最大的是富营养化,占全部环境影响的30%。
在典型啤酒企业环境影响评价的基础上,进一步利用生命周期评价方法对啤酒生产部门带来的环境负荷进行了定量化分析。研究结果表明:2000-2005年,随着生产工艺的改进,啤酒行业生产1kL啤酒的物质、能源消耗指标逐年降低,单位产品的环境排放量也呈下降趋势,但我国啤酒生产总体物质能源消耗及污染排放呈逐年上升趋势。在环境影响方面,2005年啤酒行业各类环境影响所占比例为:富营养化(43%)、粉尘和烟尘(30%)、全球变暖(14%)、酸化(11%)及固体废弃物(2%)。2000-2005年各环境影响潜值均呈上升趋势,总环境影响潜值也逐年增大,从49.01增加到64.76,说明啤酒行业的环境影响风险逐年增大,其环境影响不容乐观。
The beer industry in China is developing rapidly and becomes the number one these years,but the producing technology level is still backward, resources and energy utilization efficiency of beer production exists difference with international advanced level. Organic pollutant such as COD, SS emission is large, which effect seriously the environment of the regions and the word.
This study in detail investigated and accounted the consumption of material and energy and pollutant emission in production process of typical beer enterprise by material flows analysis method(MFA).Then the author did the input-output analysis of material and energy in saccharifying、fermentation and canned stage. The study described the material and energy flowing process to find tbe most important potential factor about the resources waste and environmental pollution.It was shown,by the quantitative calculation for resources depletion and pollution load, that the environmental impact potential quantity of beer production process was obtained and found the important environmental impact categories by the method of life cycle assessment (LCA). On the basis, this study analyzed the trend of resources consumption and environmental pollution emission of beer production department from 2000 to 2005 in China.
As shown from the analyzed results, raw material utilization rate during beer production was low, loss material made up to 80% of total materials. Some loss material of hidden flow were easily neglected by the beer enterprise.Based on the environmental impact analysis of the typical beer enterprise, the author draw the conclusion that the potential environmental impact was: eutrophication, dust, global warming, acidification and solid wastes in the order. Because of a lot of organic pollutants such as COD and SS in the beer production emission, the largest environmental impact was eutrophication, which made up to 30% of total environmental impact.
On the base of environmental impact analysis for the typical beer enterprise,this paper made a quantitative analysis of the environmental load for beer production department by the method of LCA. Draw the conclusion as follow:the consumption of material and energy per kilolitre beer decreased year by year with improvement of production process, environmental emission of the pollution also presented the declining trend from 2000 to 2005.But the total of material and energy consumption、environmental pollution emission present a rising tendency.The proportion of each kind environmental impact in 2005 were as follow:eutrophication(43%), dus(t30%), global warming(14%), acidification(11%)and solid wastes(2%).Each environmental impact potential assumed the trend of escalation,total environmental impact potential also increased year by year which increased from 49.01 to 64.76,it explained that the environmental impact risk of beer industry increased year by year and its environmental impact was optimistic.
研究发现,啤酒生产过程原料利用率很低,流失掉的物质占总投入物质的80%以上,其中很大一部分隐流物质被生产者忽视。通过对典型啤酒企业生产过程环境排放物质的环境影响分析,得出啤酒生产潜在环境影响依次是:富营养化、粉尘和烟尘、全球变暖、酸化及固体废弃物。其中,由于啤酒生产过程排放大量有机废水,环境影响最大的是富营养化,占全部环境影响的30%。
在典型啤酒企业环境影响评价的基础上,进一步利用生命周期评价方法对啤酒生产部门带来的环境负荷进行了定量化分析。研究结果表明:2000-2005年,随着生产工艺的改进,啤酒行业生产1kL啤酒的物质、能源消耗指标逐年降低,单位产品的环境排放量也呈下降趋势,但我国啤酒生产总体物质能源消耗及污染排放呈逐年上升趋势。在环境影响方面,2005年啤酒行业各类环境影响所占比例为:富营养化(43%)、粉尘和烟尘(30%)、全球变暖(14%)、酸化(11%)及固体废弃物(2%)。2000-2005年各环境影响潜值均呈上升趋势,总环境影响潜值也逐年增大,从49.01增加到64.76,说明啤酒行业的环境影响风险逐年增大,其环境影响不容乐观。
The beer industry in China is developing rapidly and becomes the number one these years,but the producing technology level is still backward, resources and energy utilization efficiency of beer production exists difference with international advanced level. Organic pollutant such as COD, SS emission is large, which effect seriously the environment of the regions and the word.
This study in detail investigated and accounted the consumption of material and energy and pollutant emission in production process of typical beer enterprise by material flows analysis method(MFA).Then the author did the input-output analysis of material and energy in saccharifying、fermentation and canned stage. The study described the material and energy flowing process to find tbe most important potential factor about the resources waste and environmental pollution.It was shown,by the quantitative calculation for resources depletion and pollution load, that the environmental impact potential quantity of beer production process was obtained and found the important environmental impact categories by the method of life cycle assessment (LCA). On the basis, this study analyzed the trend of resources consumption and environmental pollution emission of beer production department from 2000 to 2005 in China.
As shown from the analyzed results, raw material utilization rate during beer production was low, loss material made up to 80% of total materials. Some loss material of hidden flow were easily neglected by the beer enterprise.Based on the environmental impact analysis of the typical beer enterprise, the author draw the conclusion that the potential environmental impact was: eutrophication, dust, global warming, acidification and solid wastes in the order. Because of a lot of organic pollutants such as COD and SS in the beer production emission, the largest environmental impact was eutrophication, which made up to 30% of total environmental impact.
On the base of environmental impact analysis for the typical beer enterprise,this paper made a quantitative analysis of the environmental load for beer production department by the method of LCA. Draw the conclusion as follow:the consumption of material and energy per kilolitre beer decreased year by year with improvement of production process, environmental emission of the pollution also presented the declining trend from 2000 to 2005.But the total of material and energy consumption、environmental pollution emission present a rising tendency.The proportion of each kind environmental impact in 2005 were as follow:eutrophication(43%), dus(t30%), global warming(14%), acidification(11%)and solid wastes(2%).Each environmental impact potential assumed the trend of escalation,total environmental impact potential also increased year by year which increased from 49.01 to 64.76,it explained that the environmental impact risk of beer industry increased year by year and its environmental impact was optimistic.
引文
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[4]杜存纲,车安宁,周美瑛.工业生态学和绿色工业[J].科学·经济·社会,2000,18(78):43-46.
[5]邓南圣,吴峰.国外生态工业园研究概况[J].安全与环境学报,2001,(4):24-27.
[6]杜涛,蔡九菊.钢铁企业物质流、能量流和污染物流研究[J].钢铁,2006,41(4):82-87.
[7]戴铁军,陆钟武.钢铁生产流程的铁流对铁资源效率的影响[J].金属学报,2O04,40(11):l127-1132.
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