美国对巴基斯坦政策研究（1941-1957）
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摘要
9·11事件爆发后,巴基斯坦积极协助美国反恐,美巴关系骤然升温,美国对巴基斯坦的外交政策研究及相关问题的探讨也引起了学术界的极大关注。
巴基斯坦具有特殊的地缘优势,其在历史上对美国遏制前苏联和中国以及美国实施中东战略有着重要的战略价值;而其意识形态上的伊斯兰属性及其在伊斯兰世界的影响同样对美国实施中东战略有着重要的意义。本文把研究范围锁定在1941—1957年美国的巴基斯坦政策上,共分六个部分:绪论;第一章,二战中美国对英属印度的政策;第二章,美国与巴基斯坦立国运动;第三章,杜鲁门政府对新生巴基斯坦的政策;第四章,第一届艾森豪威尔政府时期美国的巴基斯坦政策;结语。
绪论部分主要对国内外学术界关于美国的巴基斯坦政策研究做了一个综述性的介绍,还对选题的意义、研究方法和资料来源作了说明和解释。
第一章追述了第二次世界大战中美国对英属印度的政策。第二次世界大战中印度地缘优势凸显,美国为积极争取印度参战,开始涉足印度事务。但面对英国对印度问题的敏感与固执,美国为了维持与英国的同盟关系而最终在印度问题上让步于英国。
第二章重点阐述美国对巴基斯坦立国运动的态度。从1940年拉合尔年会上提出建立巴基斯坦思想到1947年巴基斯坦建国,这期间美国对巴基斯坦的态度经历了从陌生、忽视、否定到认可的变化。美国一直反对印巴分治,支持一个统一的印度,但当巴基斯坦的独立已成定局时,美国又给予认可,并成为最早与之建立外交关系的国家。
第三章重点阐述杜鲁门政府对新生巴基斯坦的政策。杜鲁门作为战后美国第一位总统,其对巴基斯坦的政策总体上来说可以定义为“友好,非联盟”。战后初期,整个南亚地区在美国的战略中不占有重要地位,因此,美国对巴基斯坦也只是维持一种友好关系,对巴基斯坦提供了少量的经济援助。随着朝鲜战争的爆发,巴基斯坦对美国的战略重要性大大提高,美国对巴基斯坦的政策开始发生实质性的变化,积极支持英国的中东防御计划,扩大对巴基斯坦的经济援助。但在杜鲁门时期,美国终因顾虑到印度的强烈反应拒绝了巴基斯坦的军事援助请求。
第四章,重点阐述第一届艾森豪威尔时期美巴军事同盟政策。艾森豪威尔时期,美国更加关注巴基斯坦在遏制共产主义战略中的重要价值,扩大了对巴基斯坦的经济援助,并于1954年美国与巴基斯坦签定了“美巴共同防御协定”,军事援助巴基斯坦。此后,美国又使巴基斯坦先后加入东南亚集体防御协定和巴格达协定,由此巴基斯坦成为美国在亚洲最重要的联盟,双方的友好关系进入了历史上的“蜜月”时期。
结论中总结论述了美国对巴基斯坦政策的成因和特点。美国的巴基斯坦政策是受到美国的国家利益与冷战思维的影响的,其服从并服务于美国的南亚均势战略。
After the outbreak of the 9·11event, Pakistan actively helped the U.S. fighting against terrorism, US-Pakistan relations have abruptly warming, the research on United States foreign policy toward Pakistan and related issues of academic also caused great concern.
Pakistan has a special geographical advantage, in history, it has important strategic value for the United States to contain the former Soviet Union and China and to implement the Middle East strategy of the United States; while the Islamic attributes of its ideology and its influence in the Islamic world has important significance. This paper study the U.S. policy toward Pakistan in 1941-1957, it is divided into six parts: Introduction; the first chapter, the United States policy toward British India during World War II; second chapter, the United States and Pakistan movement; third chapter, the Truman administration’s policy toward the new Pakistan; fourth chapter,The first session of the Eisenhower era U.S. policy towards Pakistan;conclusion.
Introduction:In this part ,I have made a summarized introduction on some of the major domestic and international academic research, also explained and justified the topics of significance, research methods and data sources.
Chapter I: In the World War II, India's geographical advantage highlighted, the U. S. actively fight for India's participation in the war and began to get involved in India affairs. But in the face of sensitivity and stubbornness of British, the U. S. eventually compromise to the United Kingdom in order to maintain the alliance with Britain.
Chapter II: From the idea of Pakistan was proposed in the annual meeting of Lahore in 1940to the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the attitude of the U.S.to Pakistan has gone from strange, ignoring , denying to approving. The U.S.has opposed the partition of India and Pakistan, supported a united India, but when Pakistan's independence was a foregone conclusion, the U.S.gave approval and became the first country to establish diplomatic relations with it .
Chapter III: As the first United States president of post-war, Harry S. Truman’s policy toward Pakistan can be defined as "friends, but not Allies". The early postwar period, the entire South Asian region does not occupy an important strategic position in the U. S., therefore, the U.S. only maintained a friendly relationship with Pakistan and provided a small amount of financial assistance. With the outbreak of the Korean War, Pakistan's strategic importance to the U. S. has greatly improved, the policy of the U. S. to Pakistan substantially changed , it began to actively support the British in the Middle East defense plan and to expand economic aid to Pakistan. However, in the Truman period, the U. S. finally rejected Pakistan's request for military assistance in view of the strong reaction of India.
The fourth chapter focuses on the first session of the Eisenhower policy of US-Pakistan military alliance. the U. S. pay more attention to Pakistan's strategy of containing communism and the important value of expanding economic assistance to Pakistan., in 1954, the U.S. and Pakistan signed a mutual defense assistance agreement ,the U. S. gave military aid to Pakistan. Since then, the U.S.made Pakistan join Southeast Asia Treaty Organization and the Baghdad Pact, Pakistan became the United States the most allied in Asia, bilateral relations have entered a "honeymoon" period.
In Conclusion, Summarized the causes and characteristics of U.S. policy toward Pakistan. It was subject to U.S. national interests and was affected by the Cold War mentality, subordinated to and served the South Asian balance of power strategy in the United States.
巴基斯坦具有特殊的地缘优势,其在历史上对美国遏制前苏联和中国以及美国实施中东战略有着重要的战略价值;而其意识形态上的伊斯兰属性及其在伊斯兰世界的影响同样对美国实施中东战略有着重要的意义。本文把研究范围锁定在1941—1957年美国的巴基斯坦政策上,共分六个部分:绪论;第一章,二战中美国对英属印度的政策;第二章,美国与巴基斯坦立国运动;第三章,杜鲁门政府对新生巴基斯坦的政策;第四章,第一届艾森豪威尔政府时期美国的巴基斯坦政策;结语。
绪论部分主要对国内外学术界关于美国的巴基斯坦政策研究做了一个综述性的介绍,还对选题的意义、研究方法和资料来源作了说明和解释。
第一章追述了第二次世界大战中美国对英属印度的政策。第二次世界大战中印度地缘优势凸显,美国为积极争取印度参战,开始涉足印度事务。但面对英国对印度问题的敏感与固执,美国为了维持与英国的同盟关系而最终在印度问题上让步于英国。
第二章重点阐述美国对巴基斯坦立国运动的态度。从1940年拉合尔年会上提出建立巴基斯坦思想到1947年巴基斯坦建国,这期间美国对巴基斯坦的态度经历了从陌生、忽视、否定到认可的变化。美国一直反对印巴分治,支持一个统一的印度,但当巴基斯坦的独立已成定局时,美国又给予认可,并成为最早与之建立外交关系的国家。
第三章重点阐述杜鲁门政府对新生巴基斯坦的政策。杜鲁门作为战后美国第一位总统,其对巴基斯坦的政策总体上来说可以定义为“友好,非联盟”。战后初期,整个南亚地区在美国的战略中不占有重要地位,因此,美国对巴基斯坦也只是维持一种友好关系,对巴基斯坦提供了少量的经济援助。随着朝鲜战争的爆发,巴基斯坦对美国的战略重要性大大提高,美国对巴基斯坦的政策开始发生实质性的变化,积极支持英国的中东防御计划,扩大对巴基斯坦的经济援助。但在杜鲁门时期,美国终因顾虑到印度的强烈反应拒绝了巴基斯坦的军事援助请求。
第四章,重点阐述第一届艾森豪威尔时期美巴军事同盟政策。艾森豪威尔时期,美国更加关注巴基斯坦在遏制共产主义战略中的重要价值,扩大了对巴基斯坦的经济援助,并于1954年美国与巴基斯坦签定了“美巴共同防御协定”,军事援助巴基斯坦。此后,美国又使巴基斯坦先后加入东南亚集体防御协定和巴格达协定,由此巴基斯坦成为美国在亚洲最重要的联盟,双方的友好关系进入了历史上的“蜜月”时期。
结论中总结论述了美国对巴基斯坦政策的成因和特点。美国的巴基斯坦政策是受到美国的国家利益与冷战思维的影响的,其服从并服务于美国的南亚均势战略。
After the outbreak of the 9·11event, Pakistan actively helped the U.S. fighting against terrorism, US-Pakistan relations have abruptly warming, the research on United States foreign policy toward Pakistan and related issues of academic also caused great concern.
Pakistan has a special geographical advantage, in history, it has important strategic value for the United States to contain the former Soviet Union and China and to implement the Middle East strategy of the United States; while the Islamic attributes of its ideology and its influence in the Islamic world has important significance. This paper study the U.S. policy toward Pakistan in 1941-1957, it is divided into six parts: Introduction; the first chapter, the United States policy toward British India during World War II; second chapter, the United States and Pakistan movement; third chapter, the Truman administration’s policy toward the new Pakistan; fourth chapter,The first session of the Eisenhower era U.S. policy towards Pakistan;conclusion.
Introduction:In this part ,I have made a summarized introduction on some of the major domestic and international academic research, also explained and justified the topics of significance, research methods and data sources.
Chapter I: In the World War II, India's geographical advantage highlighted, the U. S. actively fight for India's participation in the war and began to get involved in India affairs. But in the face of sensitivity and stubbornness of British, the U. S. eventually compromise to the United Kingdom in order to maintain the alliance with Britain.
Chapter II: From the idea of Pakistan was proposed in the annual meeting of Lahore in 1940to the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the attitude of the U.S.to Pakistan has gone from strange, ignoring , denying to approving. The U.S.has opposed the partition of India and Pakistan, supported a united India, but when Pakistan's independence was a foregone conclusion, the U.S.gave approval and became the first country to establish diplomatic relations with it .
Chapter III: As the first United States president of post-war, Harry S. Truman’s policy toward Pakistan can be defined as "friends, but not Allies". The early postwar period, the entire South Asian region does not occupy an important strategic position in the U. S., therefore, the U.S. only maintained a friendly relationship with Pakistan and provided a small amount of financial assistance. With the outbreak of the Korean War, Pakistan's strategic importance to the U. S. has greatly improved, the policy of the U. S. to Pakistan substantially changed , it began to actively support the British in the Middle East defense plan and to expand economic aid to Pakistan. However, in the Truman period, the U. S. finally rejected Pakistan's request for military assistance in view of the strong reaction of India.
The fourth chapter focuses on the first session of the Eisenhower policy of US-Pakistan military alliance. the U. S. pay more attention to Pakistan's strategy of containing communism and the important value of expanding economic assistance to Pakistan., in 1954, the U.S. and Pakistan signed a mutual defense assistance agreement ,the U. S. gave military aid to Pakistan. Since then, the U.S.made Pakistan join Southeast Asia Treaty Organization and the Baghdad Pact, Pakistan became the United States the most allied in Asia, bilateral relations have entered a "honeymoon" period.
In Conclusion, Summarized the causes and characteristics of U.S. policy toward Pakistan. It was subject to U.S. national interests and was affected by the Cold War mentality, subordinated to and served the South Asian balance of power strategy in the United States.
引文
①Kenton J. Clymer, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Louis Johnson, India, and Anticolonialism: Another Look . Aug. 1988,p277.http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640705,2008-10-29.
②Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:disenchanted allies, London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001,pp.7-8.
①Sultana Afroz, U.S.-Pakistan Relations, 1947-1960, PhD.University of Kansas, 1985,AAT 8529056.
②Faroqui, Hossain Shahid, In the shadow of globalism: The United States, South Asia, and the cold war, 1939-1953. PhD. Cornell University, 1986. AAT 8607208.
③Azmi, Muhammad Raziullah, The United States , Pakistan and the Soviet Union,1947-1965:Problems of Security, Ideology and Geopolitics,PhD. MiaMi University 1987. AAT8709531.
④Husain and Leo E.Rose, eds, Beyond Afghanistan--The Emerging U.S.—Pakistan Relations,I Institute of East Asian Studies,Berkeley,1989.
⑤Gill, Sadiq Ali,Anglo-American diplomacy and the emergence of pakistan,1940-1947,PhD .University of Kansas ,1984, AAT 8513747.
①Shirin Tahir-Kheli, The United States and Pakistan: The Evolution of an Influence Relationship, New York:Praeger Publishers,1982.
②Robert J. McMahon, The Cold War on the Periphery: the United States, India, and Pakistan, New York: Columbia University Press, 1994.
③Williams, Russell Ryan, What do we get from Pakistan? Major shifts in United States-Pakistan relations, 1947—1982, Ma Clemson University, 2007 AAT 1441659.
①Iftikhar Malik ,U.S.—South Asian Relations,1940—47:American Attitudes towards the Pakistan Movement,Basingstoke : Macmillan, 1991.
②Roert G.Wirsing, India, Pakistan, and the Kashmir dispute: on regional conflict and its resolution, Robert G. Wirsing , St. Martin’s Press, New York,1994.
③Dennis Kux, The United States and Pakistan, 1947-2000:disenchanted allies, London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.
④Rashmi Jain, The United States and Pakistan, 1947-2006: A Documentary Study, New Delhi : Radiant Publishers, 2007.
①吴兆礼:《美国南亚政策演变:1947—2006》,《南亚研究》,2007年第1期。
②王克东:《试析美国南亚战略变化的四个阶段》,《攀枝花学院学报》,2008年第1期。
③胡志勇:《冷战时期南亚国际关系》,新华出版社,2009年4月。
①兰江:《阿尤布·汗执政时期的美巴关系》,四川大学硕士学位论文,2005年。
②王琛:《美国与克什米尔问题:1947-1953》,《历史教学》,2005年第1期。
③陈延琪:《印巴分立:克什米尔冲突的滥觞》,新疆人民出版社,2003年版。
①马荣升:《美国南亚战略建构下的克什米尔政策》,《国际论坛》,2005年第4期。
②常县宾:《约翰逊政府与1965年印巴战争》,《学术论坛》,2008年第1期。
③戴超武:《1965印巴战争与美国的反应和政策》,《世界历史》,2008年第2期。
④刘研研:《尼克松政府对1971年南亚危机的政策》,东北师大硕士学位论文,2006年。
⑤行心明:《论美国对1971年南亚危机的政策》,陕西师范大学硕士学位论文,2006年。
⑥张世均:《巴基斯坦为何抛弃与美国结盟的外交政策》,忻州师范学院学报,2005年4期。
①何慧:《从美巴结盟看美国在中东的冷战策略》,华南师范大学学报(社会科学版),1995年第1期。
②兰江毛德金:《1954-1965年美国对巴基斯坦的军事援助及其影响》,《南亚研究季刊》,2004年第2期。
③刘春耀:《后冷战时期的美巴战略关系》,四川大学硕士学位论文,2007年。
④马加力:《浅析美、印、巴三角关系的变化》,《现代国际关系》,2001年第11期。
⑤韩旭东吕恒远:《山姆大叔的南亚平衡术》,《瞭望》,2003年第26期。
⑥江亦丽:《印巴核试验与美国的南亚政策》,《当代亚太》,1998年第8期。
①[印度]尼赫鲁著,齐文译:《印度的发现》,世界知识出版社1956年版,第564页。
②Atlantic Charter参见:http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/atlantic.asp.
③Kenton J. Clymer, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Louis Johnson, India, and Anticolonialism: Another Look , Aug. 1988, p.263.http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640705,2008-10-29
④[印度]尼赫鲁著,齐文译:《印度的发现》,世界知识出版社,1956年版,第580页。
⑤伯利是美国政府内部支持印度独立的重要代表之一。
⑥Foreign relations of the United States(FRUS) 1941,Vol.Ⅲ,p. 177.
⑦the Office of Coordinator of Information( OCOI)情报协调办公室,1941年7月罗斯福成立的,主要任务是收集情报.
⑧Kenton J. Clymer, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Louis Johnson, India, and Anticolonialism: Another Look , Aug. 1988,p277.http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640705,2008-10-29
⑨Ibid.
⑩Foreign Relations of the United States(FRUS),1942,Vol.1,p.605.
①FRUS,1942,Vol.1,p.617.
②FRUS, 1942, Vol.1, p.629.
③转引自Kenton J. Clymer, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Louis Johnson, India, and Anticolonialism: Another Look,Aug.1988, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640705,2008-10-29.
④Keith D.Mcfarland and David L.Roll., Louis Johnson and the arming of America:the Roosevelt and Truman adminstrations, Bloomington:Indiana University Press.2005 ,p118.
⑤Iftikhar Malik, U.S.—South Asian Relations,1940—47:American Attitudes towards the Pakistan Movement,Macmilan Press Ltd, 1991,p79.
⑥Christine Dobbin,Basic Documents in the Development of Modern India and Pakistan 1835-1947, London: Van Nostrand Reinhold,1970.p140.
①FRUS, 1942, Vol. 1,p.633.
②[加拿大]布莱克著,张帆等译,罗斯福传:坐在轮椅上转动世界的巨人,中信出版社2005年版,第302页。
③FRUS, 1942, Vol.1,p.631.
①Christine Dobbin, Basic Documents in the Development of Modern India and Pakistan 1835-1947, London: Van Nostrand Reinhold,1970, p.142.
②Ibid. P.143.
③Ibid.
④Ibid.
①Venkatramani and Shrivastava,A merica and the Indian Political Crisis,July-August 1942,International Studies 6(July 1964),11-12转引自M. Srinivas Chary,The Eagle and the Peacock: U.S. foreign policy toward India since independence, Conn.:Greenwood Press,1995.
②FRUS,1942,Vol.1, pp.677-78.
③FRUS,1942 Vol 1, p.729.
④FRUS,1942 Vol 1, p.717.
⑤参见Iftikhar H. Malik,US-South Asian Relations,1940-47:American Attitudes toward the Pakistan movement,p.145.
①FRUS,1942, Vol 1,p.741.
②FRUS, 1942, Vol 1,p.744.
③FRUS, 1942, Vol 1,p.747.
④Telegram: The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in the United Kingdom (Winant),November 20,1942,FRUS,1942,Vol.1,pp746-747.
①Mr.William Phillips,Personal Representative of President Roosevelt to India,to the Secretary of State,December 19,1942, FRUS,1943,Vol IV,p178.
②FRUS, 1943,Vol.IV, p.181.
③Mr.William Phillips,Personal Representative of President Roosevelt to India,to the Secretary of State,December 19,1942, FRUS,1943,Vol IV,p182.
④FRUS,1943 Vol.IV, p.183.
⑤Mr.William Phillips,Personal Representative of President Roosevelt in India,to the President,January 22,1943.FRUS,1943,Vol IV,p182.
①FRUS, 1943,VolIV,p. 201.
②FRUS, 1943,VolIV,p. 202.
③FRUS, 1943,VolIV,pp. 193-194.
④FRUS, 1943,VolIV,p. 195.
⑤FRUS,1943,VolIV,p. 197.
⑥Linlithgow to Amery,12 February 1943,The Transfer of Power,III,PP.687-90.
⑦Ibid.
①FRUS,1943,Vol.IV,p.199-200.
②Halifax to Foreign Office and Amery To Linlithgow,21 February 1943,The Transfer of Power,III,pp.709-10.
③FRUS,1943,Vol.IV,p. 206-207.
④FRUS,1943,Vol.IV,p.212.
⑤FRUS,1943, Vol.IV,p. 217.
①FRUS, 1943, VolIV,p. 192.
②FRUS, 1943, VolIV,p. 183.
③Iftikhar H. Malik, US-South Asian Relations,1940-47:American Attitudes toward the Pakistan movement,p.158.
①FRUS ,1943,Vol.IV,P.214.
②FRUS,1943,Vol.IV,P.221.
③FRUS,1943,Vol.IV,P.222.
④Telegram,The Secretary of State to the Consul General at Calcutta(Patton),September 4,1943,FRUS, FRUS,1943,Vol.IV,p299.
①Mansergh, Nicholas, The Transfer of Power,IV, London, HMSO,1973. p.939.
②Telegram,The Officer in Charge at New Delhil (Merrell)to the Secretary of State,August 26,1943,FRUS,1943,Vol.IV,pp296-297.
③Memorandum by the Adviser on Political Relations (Murray)to the Chief of the War Commodities Division(Cissel),August 28,1943, FRUS,1943,Vol.IV,p297.
④Telegram,The Secretary of State to the Consul General at Calcutta(Patton),September 4,1943,FRUS, FRUS,1943,Vol.IV,pp299-300.
①Telegram,The Secretary of State to the Officer in Charge at New Delhi (Merrell),October 9,1943, FRUS,1943,Vol.IV,p304.
②Klaus Knor,Military Power and Potential,Lexington,MA:D.C.Health,1970.
③Kate L. Mitchell,United States Technical Mission to India,Mar. 23, 1942,http://www.jstor.org/stable/3022862,2008-10-8.
④Anita Inder Singh ,Keeping India in the Commonwealth: British Political and Military Aims, 1947-49,Journal of Contemporary History, Jan 1985; vol. 20: pp. 469 - 481.
①转引自韩永利著:《战时美国大战略与中国抗日战场:1941-1945》,武汉大学出版社,2003年10月版,第160-161页。
②(英)达杜特德:《不列颠的帝国危机》,第37页。
③转引自[美]沃尔特·拉塞尔·米德著,曹化银译:《美国外交政策及其如何影响了世界》,中信出版社2003年版,第134页。
①参见V.D.纳塔拉詹《美国阴影笼罩印度》(V.D. Chopra:Pentagon Shadow Over Idia, New Delhi;Patriot Publishers,1985).
②罗斯·拉塞尔:《联合国宪章》,华盛顿1958年版,第83页。
③Scott L. Bills , Empire and Cold War : The Roots of US– Third World and Antagonism , 1945 - 1947 . New York : St .Martin’s,Press ,1990, p. 204.
①伊利奥·罗斯福:《罗斯福见闻秘录》,新群出版社1949年版,第32—36页。
②美国国务院:《美国对外关系文件集:开罗会议和德黑兰会议,1943年》( The U. S. Department of States , ForeignRelations of the United States , Diplomatic Papers : The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran , 1943) ,美国政府印刷局1961年版,第887页。
③President Roosevelt to the British Prime Minister (Churchill),March 10,1942,FRUS,1942,Vol.1,P616.
④Telegram:The Secretary of State to the Personal Representative of the President in India(Johnson),May 8,1942,FRUS,1942,Vol.1,p.650.
①王缉思:《(译序)摩根索理论的现实性与非现实性》,《国家间政治》第七版,北京大学出版社,第5页。
②王缉思:《(译序)摩根索理论的现实性与非现实性》,《国家间政治》第七版,北京大学出版社,第6页。
①辛哈、班纳吉:《印度通史》,北京:商务印书馆,1973年,第四册,第1071页。
②[巴基斯坦]G.阿拉纳著,《伟大领袖真纳—一个民族的经历》,袁维学译,商务印书馆,1983,第273页。
①Telegram Churchill to Roosevelt,July 31,1942,Nicholas Mansergh,E.W.R.Lumby and Panderal Moon(eds.),Constitutional Relations Bewteen Britain and India:The Transfer of Power,1942-47,Vol.II,Quit India,30 April-21 September 1942(London:His Majesty’s Stationery Office,1971),p.533.
②Iftikhar H.Malik,US-South Asian Relations,1940-47,American Attitudes towards the Pakistan Movement,P.152.
③How Strong Is Muslim Hostility to A Self-Governing India?’Hopkins Papers,Hyde Park,New York,pp.1-2.
④Sir Ronald Campbell to Alexsnder Cadogan,August 5,1942,quoted in Nicholas Mansergh,ed.,The Transfer of Power (London:Her Majesty’s Stationery Office,1970-83),Vol.1,576-77.
①陈延琪:《印巴分立-克什米尔冲突的滥觞》,乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,2003年10月。
②辛哈、班纳吉:《印度通史》,北京:商务印书馆,1973年,第四册,第1083页。
③库雷希主编:《巴基斯坦简史》第四卷,成都:四川人民出版社,1978年,第356页。
④陈延琪:《印巴分立克什米尔冲突的滥觞》,新疆人民出版社,2003年10月,第145页。
①Office of Near Eastern and African Affairs memorandum to Undersecretary of State Acheson ,March 27,1946,845.00/5-2746,DSR,NA.
②前国务卿助手,1942年担任驻印战时经济大使。
③FRUS,1946,Vol.V,pp. 99-100.
④FRUS,1947,Vol III,p.137.
①FRUS,1947,Vol. III,p.138.
②United States. Dept. of State. Office of Media Services;United States. Dept. of State. Office of Public Communication., Department of State Bulletin,March7,1947,450.
③Macdond(consul-general in Bombay)to the Secretary of State,FRUS,1947,p.149.
④Dean Acheson(acting Secretary of State),to Amercian embassy in the UK,4 April 1947,FRUS,pp.151-152.
①Iftikhar H. Malik,US-South Asian Relations,1940-47:American Attitudes toward the Pakistan movement , p.216.
②U.S.Senate and Department of State, A Decade of Foreign Policy ,Washington:Government Printing Office,1950,pp.782-783.
①Robert J. McMahon,The Cold War on the Periphery: the United States, India, and Pakistan,New York: Columbia University Press, 1994,P.13.
②Ibid.
①Williams, Russell Ryan, What do we get from Pakistan? Major shifts in United States-Pakistan relations, 1947—1982, Ma Clemson University, 2007 AAT 1441659.p.4
②赵伯乐:《当代南亚国际关系》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2003年版,第75页。
③FRUS ,1946 Vol.VII.pp.1-6.
④Karl E.Meyer, The Dust of Empire:The Race for Mastery in the Asian Heartland,Public Affairs,2003,p.xi.
⑤何慧:《从美巴结盟看美国在中东的冷战策略》,《华南师范大学学报(社会科学版)》,1995年第1期。
⑥Memcon between Eisenhower and Ayub,December 8,1959,FRUS,1958-1960,15:781-92.
①F.H.欣斯利编:《新编剑桥近代史----物质进步与世界范围问题(1870-1898)》(第11卷),中国社会科学出版社,1999年版,第546页。
②Williams, Russell Ryan, What do we get from Pakistan? Major shifts in United States-Pakistan relations, 1947—1982, Ma Clemson University, 2007 AAT 1441659. p.3.
③Alexander DeConde,Richard Dean Burns,and Fredrik Logeall,eds., Encyclopedia ofAmerican Foreign Policy,Second Edition,Volume2,p.188.
④周琪:《意识形态与美国外交》,上海人民出版社,2006年7月,第11页。
⑤同上,第451页。
⑥J.艾捷尔编:《美国赖以立国的文本》,赵一凡等译,海南出版社2000年版,第634-635页。
①FRUS,1950,Vol.I,p.288.
②NSC-68,“A Report to the President Pursuant to the President’s Directive of January 31,1950,”7 April 1950,in Drew,NSC-68:Forging the Strategy of Containment,p.39.
③鲁金安:《试论巴基斯坦对外政策中的伊斯兰因素》,《南亚研究》,2003年第1期。
①胡志勇:《冷战时期南亚国际关系》,新华出版社,2009年4月版,第55页。
②Hafeez Malik ,Soviet-Pakistan Relations and Post-Soviet Dynamics,1947-92,Basingstoke,Hampshire:Macmillan,1994,p.108.
③NSC98号文件关于南亚的政策建议草稿陈述,FRUS,1951,Vol.VI,Part two,p.1651.
④刘同舜编:《“冷战”、“遏制”和大西洋联盟----1945-1950年美国战略决策资料选编》,复旦大学出版社,1993年版,第172-174页。
①[印度]翁卡·马瓦:《印度的国家安全与军事政策》,载时事出版社选遍:《南亚战略态势》,时事出版社,1986年版,第32页。
②Robert J,Mcmahon,Food as Diplomatic Weapon:The Inida Wheat Loan of 1951,Pacific Historical Review 56(August,1987)pp.349-377.
③Norman D.Palmer, The United States and India:Dimensions of Influence,New York:Praeger,1984,p.21.
④Robert MaMahon,United States Cold War Strategy in South Asia:Making a Military Commitment to Pakistan,1947-1954,pp.819-20.
①Brands,India and the United States,p.65.转引自Paula Banerjee,Neither Antagonist Nor Ally-Indo-American Relations Between 1954and 1966,B.A.,University of Calxutta,1987.
②C.L.Sulzberger,A Long Row of Candles:Memoirs and Diaries,1934-1954,New York,1969,p.791.
③[美]肯尼斯·华尔兹:《无政府秩序和均势》。载[美]罗伯特·基欧汉(Robert O.Keohane)编:《新现实主义及其批判》,郭树勇译,秦亚青校,北京大学出版社,2002年版,第116页。
④陈延琪:《印巴分立---克什米尔冲突的滥觞》,新疆人民出版社,2003年10月版,第154页。
①United States Department of State Bulletin,August7,1961,参见S.M.Burke and Lawerence Ziring, Pakistan’s Foreign Policy,New York:Oxford University Press,1990,pp.126-127.
②Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:disenchanted allies, London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.p.35.
③Ibid.P36
④[印]Shivaji Ganguly,U.S.Policy Toward South Asia[M],Westview Press,boulder,1990,P.31.
⑤U.S.House of Representatives,Committee on Foreign Affairs,Mutual Security Act of 1955,Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Affairs,84th Congress,Ist session,p.111.转引自Aftab Alam,U.S.Policy towards South Asia,Delhi:Raj Publications,1988,p.31.
①Willianm A.Brown Jr. and Redvers Opie,American Foreign Assistance,The Brookings Institution,1953,p.389转引自资中筠:《战后美国外交史》,世界知识出版社,1994年版,第185页。.
②The genesis of the point four program, FRUS,1949,Vol.1,pp.777-778.
③资中筠:《战后美国外交史》,世界知识出版社,1994年版,第185-186页。
④Thomas A.Bailey,A Diplomatic History The American People,New York,1964,p.804.转引自资中筠:《战后美国外交史》,世界知识出版社,1994年版,第186页。
⑤参见FRUS,1949,Vol.I,pp.754-756.
⑥“Request of SouthAsia Countries for U.S.Military Material and Assistance:Pakistan,”FRUS,1949,Vol,VI,P.26.
①Policy of the United States with respect to Pakistan,FRUS,1950,VolV,pp.1493-1494.
②Afroz,Sultana,U.S.-Pakistan Relations, 1947-1960, PhD.University of Kansas, 1985,AAT 8529056.p.285.
③他曾在印度工作过20年,做过博帕尔行政长官(Nawab of Bhopal)的顾问。
④“The Strategic and Political Importance of Pakistan in the Event of War with the U.S.S.R.,”from Howard Donovan to Secretary of State,Nes Delhi,845F.00/5-2948,Box 6014,DSNA.
①“United States Strategic Interests in South Asia,”in South Asia Regional Conference of U.S.Diplomatic and Consular Officers,February 26-March2,1951,George C.Mcghee Papers at the Harry S.Truman Presidential Library cited in McMahon,Cold War on the Periphery,132.
②“Memorandum of Informal United States-United Kingdom Talks, April2,1951,”FRUS,1951,VolumeV,p.106.
③“Pakistan Contribution to Near East Defence”,Memorandum of Informal US-UK Discussions in Connection with the Visit to London of McGhee,London,April 3,1951,FRUS,1951,Vol.VI,pt.2,p.1689.
④Williams, Russell Ryan, What do we get from Pakistan? Major shifts in United States-Pakistan relations, 1947—1982, Ma Clemson University, 2007 AAT 1441659. p.43.
①Embassy Washington to Foreign Office,November 15,1952,DO35/6650,PRO;and State Department to Embassies Karachi,London,and New Delhi,November 13,1952,FRUS,1952-54,Vol.9,pt.1,315-17.
②Minutes of November 28,1952,State/Defense meeting,FRUS,1952-54,Vol.9,pt.1,323-24.
①FRUS,1950,Vol.V,p.1491.
②Ibid.p.1492.
③State Department Background memoranda on the visit to the United States of Liaquat Ali Khan,April 14,1950,President’sFile,HSTL.
④State Department Background memoranda on the visit to the United States of Liaquat Ali Khan,April 14,1950,President’sFile,HSTL.
①Memorandum of conversation between M.IkramullahAND Assistant Secretary George McGhee,October18,1951,FRUS,1951,Vol.6,pt.2,2220-21.
②Report of the State-Defense Working Group to the Secretry of State and the Secretry of Defense,April 15,1952,CD 092(Middle East),Records of AdminSec,OSD.转引自Robert J. McMahon.The Cold War on the Periphery: the United States, India, and Pakistan[M].New York: Columbia University Press, 1994p.145.
①FRUS, 1951,Volume VI, Part 2.pp.1651-1652.
②FRUS,1951,Vol.VI,p.2208.
③G.W.Choudhury,Pakistan’s Relations with India,1947-1966,London,1968,p.90.
①罗梅希·昌德拉:《避难权》,孟买,1946年,第14页。
②陈延琪:《印巴分立---克什米尔冲突的滥觞》,新疆人民出版社,2003年10月版,第159页。
③FRUS,1950,Vol.V,P.1496.
①陈延琪:《印巴分立---克什米尔冲突的滥觞》,新疆人民出版社,2003年10月版,第184页。
①S·A.Quddus,Afghanistan and Pakistan ,a Geopolitical Study,Ferozsons Ltd.Lahore,Pakistan ,1982.P.99.
②FRUS,1951,Vol.VI,p.1659.
①“The Pushtunistan Dispute:Interest of the United States in Preserving Peaceful Relations Between Afghanistan and Pakistan with Respect to Jurisdiction over the North-West FARONTIER Province,”Editorial Note,FRUS,1951,Vol.VI,p.1929.
②“Position of the United States with Respece to South Asia,”NSC 98,Box65,092 Asia TS(Section II-A)(Case 11 Only),(Book I )(Sub Nos.1-),RG319 Records of the Army Staff,Decimal File 1950-1951,Military Records Division,NA.
③Telegram:”North-West Frontier Province,”Secretary of State to the Embassy at Kabul,Washinton,November 2,1950,FRUS,1950,Vol.V,p.1455.
④杨翠柏刘成琼:《巴基斯坦》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005年版,第252页。
①G.w.Choudhury,India,Pakistan,Bangladesh,and the Major Powers,London:Collier Macmillan Publishers,1975,p.12.
②Hafeez Malik, Soviet-Pakistan Relations and Post-Soviet Dynamics, 1947-92,Basingstoke,Hampshire:Macmillan,1994.P.109.
③苏联对外贸易部编:《苏联与亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲各国的对外贸易》,世界知识出版社1960年版,第57页。
①资中筠:《战后美国外交政策史》,世界知识出版社,1994年5月版,第238页。
②Thomas J.Hamilton,Dulles Will Visit India and Pakistan for Defense Talks,New York Times,January 12,1953.转引自Dennis KUX,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:Disenchanted Allies, London:Johns Hopkins University Press,2001.
③“Mr.Dulles to Asia”(editorial),New York Times,January13,1953.Syed Amjad Ali,at various times in the 1950s and Pakistan’s finance minister,ambassador to the United States,and representative at the United Nations,told the author that he had made a sustained and successful effort to cultivate the Times’s editoral board.Interview with Syed Amjad Ali,Lahore,January 21,1996.
④Memorandum of conversation of meeting between Foreign Minister Zafrullah Khan,Ambassador Mohammed Ali Bogra,and John M.Ohley,Office of the Director for Mutual Security,January28,1953,FRUS,1952-54,Vol.11,pt.2,1822-24.
①FRUS,1952-54, Vol.9 p.126.
②“Emerson to Secretary of State,April20,1953,”RG84,Box42,File350,DSR,NA Cited in Jalal,State of Martial Rule,179and“National Intelligence Estimate 79,June30,1953,”FRUS,1952-54,Volume XI,p.1081-1082
③A Report to the National Security Council by the Secretaries of State and Defense and the Director of Mutual Security:“Reexaminaton of the United States Programs for National Security,”January 19,1953,as quoted in M.S.Venkataramani,American Role in Pakistan ,1947-1958(New Delhi,1982),p.201.
①Memo of discussion at NSC meeting,June 1,1953,FRUS,1952-54.pp.379-86.
②See Department of State Bulletin,June15,1953,835,for text of Dulles’.
③Dulles testimony,June 2,1953,U.S.House Committee on Foreign Affairs,Selected Executive Session Hearings,10,96.
④Briefing memorandum for the President from Dulles,November 11,1953,International Series,Pakistan,WF,DDEL.
⑤R.McMahon,United States and Cold War Strategy in South Asia:Making a Military Commitment to Pakistan,1947-1954,Journal of American History,75(December,1988)p.829.
①Mike Gravel,The Pentagon Papers:The Defense Department History of U.S.Decisionmaking in Vitnam[M],Vol.1,Boston:Beacon,1971.pp.385-390.
②Afroz, Sultana, U.S.-Pakistan Relations, 1947-1960, PhD.University of Kansas, 1985,AAT 8529056.p.253 For text of the Manila Pact,see Goerge Modelski,SEATO(Melbourne:F.W.Cheschire,1964),p.289.
①胡志勇:《冷战时期南亚国际关系》,新华出版社,2009年4月,第86页。
②Telegram No.586“pakistan and Middle East Defense,”from Ankara to Foreign Office,Ankara,December 17,1951,FO 371/92876,F1 1027/28,PRO.
③Ibid.
④Progress Report on NSC 5409;United States Policy Towards South Asia,”February 23,1955,P.4,NSCSeries Records,1952-1961,Box 9,DDEL.
①FRUS,1955-1957,Vol.VIII,p.2.
②Hans Morgenthau,Jr.,The Impasse of American Policy,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1962,p.260.
③赵伯乐:《当代南亚国际关系》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2003版,第66页。
④Pakistan Contribution to Near East Defence,”Memorandum of Informal US-UK Discussions in Connection with the Visit to London of McGhee,London,April 3,1951,FRUS,1951,Vol.VI,pt.2,p.1689.
①Ralph de Toledano,Nixon ,New York:Henry Holt,1956,p.164.
②[美]汉斯·摩根索,《国家间政治—权力斗争与和平》第七版,北京大学出版社,第221页。
①Reprot of the January 3,1957,NSC meeting,FRUS,1955-57,Vol.8,25-26.
②Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:disenchanted allies,London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.P.84.
③“U.S.Policy Toward South Asia,”NSC5617,dated December 7,1956,White House Office of the Special Assistant for National Security Affairs:Records,NSC Series,Policy Papers Subseries,DDEL.转引自Banerjee,Paula,Neither antagonist nor ally:Indo-American relations between 1954 and 1966.p.55.
①胡志勇:《冷战时期南亚国际关系》,新华出版社,2009年4月,第84页。
②兰江毛德金:《1954-1965年美国对巴基斯坦的军事援助及其影响》,《南亚研究季刊》,2004年第2期。
③Dawn,April 13,1954.转引自Afroz,S.,Afghanistan in US-Pakistan Relations,1947---1960,Central Asian Survey,1989.p.343.
①FRUS, Volume IX, Part 1 (1952-1954), P.127.
②Ibid.
③FRUS, Volume IX, Part 1 (1952-1954), P.122.
④FRUS, Volume IX, Part 1 (1952-1954), P.122.
⑤Afroz,Sultana,U.S.-Pakistan Relations, 1947-1960, PhD.University of Kansas, 1985,AAT 8529056.p.358.
⑥New York Times,March 8,1956,p.1.转引自Huque, Mahmudul,Quest for stability: The role of the United States in the India-Pakistan conflict, 1947-1971.,PhD.University of Houston, 1988, AAT 8901125.p.175.
①FRUS, Volume IX, Part 1 (1952-1954), P.134.
②FRUS,1952-1954,Vol.XI.p.1460.
③Memorandum from Byroade to Dulles,July 26,1954,689.90D/7-2654,and State Department telegram to Embassy Kabul,July 28,1954,689.90D/7-2854,DSR,NA.
④Memorandum from Conversation between Dulles and Ambassdor Ludin,December 28,1954,FRUS,1952-54,Vol,11,pt.2,1442-43.
⑤FRUS,1952-1954,Vol.XI.p.1496.
①Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:disenchanted allies, London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.P.17.
①“Pakistan Contribution to Near East Defence,”Memorandum of Informal US-UK Discussions in Connection with the Visit to London of McGhee,London,April 3,1951,FRUS,1951,Vol.VI,pt.2,p.1689.
②吴兆礼:《疏远与接近:冷战期间印美关系评析》,《南亚研究》2006年第1期。
③刘同舜编:《“冷战”、“遏制”和大西洋联盟---1945-1950年美国战略决策资料选编》,复旦大学出版社,1993年版,第172-174页。
④177th Meeting of the National Security Council (NSC),Wednesday,December 23,1953,DDE Papers,NSC Series,Box5,DDEL.
①邱永辉:《美国的南亚政策试析》,《南亚研究》, 2000年第2期。
①Stephen P.Cohen,India and the Amercian:An Emerging Relationship,A Paper Presented to the Conference on The Nation-State System and Transnational Forces in South Asia ,December 8-10,2000,Kyoto ,Japan,p.5.
②USUN cable to State Department ,January17,1952,FRUS,1952-54,Vol. 9, pp.1172-73.
[1]Declassified Documents Reference System, Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group, 2003.(DDRS是美国Gale公司开发的数据库,其中的解密外交文件来自白宫、中央情报局、联邦调查局、国务院等处,共计约75000份文件,465000页。)
[2]DNSA (Digital National Security Archive, Data Copyright ? 2003 The National Security Archive; Software Copyright ? 2003 ProQuest Information and Learning Company) www.proquestchina.com UMI ProQuest– Digital Dissertations www.proquestumi.com
[1]《美国对外关系文件》(Foreign Relations of the United States)
FRUS 1941,Volume III, The British Commonwealth,the Near East and Africa(1959) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1941v03)
FRUS1941, Volume IV, the Far East(1956) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1941v04)
FRUS1941,Volume V, the Far East(1956) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1941v05)
FRUS1942, Volume I, General ,The British Commonwealth,the Far East(1960) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1942v01)
FRUS1943, Volume IV, The Near East and Africa(1964) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1943v05)
FRUS1943, Volume III, The British Commonwealth,Eastern Europe, the Far East(1963) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1943v03)
FRUS1944, Volume V,The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, the Far East(1965) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1944v05)
FRUS1945,VolumeⅡ, General:political and economic matters(1967) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1945v02)
FRUS1945,Volume VI, The British Commonwealth, the Far East(1969) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1945v06)
FRUS1945,Volume VII,The Far East,China(1969) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1945v07)
FRUS1946,Volume V, The British of Commonwealth, Western and Central Europe(1969) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1946v05)
FRUS1947,Volume I, General; The United Nations(1973) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1947v01)
FRUS1947,Volume III, The British Commonwealth of Nations, (1972) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1947v03)
FRUS1947,Volume V, The Near East and Africa(1971) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1947v05)
FRUS1948,Volume I, General; the United Nations(1976) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1948v01p1
FRUS1948,Volume V ,The Near East, South Asia, and Africa (1975) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1948v05p1)
FRUS1949,Volume VI, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa(1977) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1949v06)
FRUS1949,Volume VIII, The Far East: China(1978) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1949v08)
FRUS1950,Volume I, National security affairs; foreign economic policy(1977) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1950v01)
FRUS1950,Volume II, The United Nations; the Western Hemisphere(1976) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1950v02)
FRUS1950,Volume V, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa(1978) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1950v05)
FRUS1950,Volume VI, East Asia and the Pacific(1976) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1950v06)
FRUS1951,Volume II, The United Nations; the Western Hemisphere(1979) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1951v02)
FRUS1951,Volume VI, Asia and the Pacific(1977) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1951v06p1)
FRUS1952-1954,Volume I, General: economic and political matters,Part 1 (1983) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS195254v01p1)
FRUS1952-1954,Volume I, General: economic and political matters,Part 2 (1983) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS195254v01p2)
FRUS 1952-1954. Volume XI, Africa and South Asia (in two parts), Part 1(1983) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS195254v11p1)
FRUS 1952-1954. Volume XI, Africa and South Asia (in two parts), Part2(1983) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS195254v11p2)
FRUS 1955-1957. Volume VIII,South Asia,(1992) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS195557v08)
[2]美国各总统图书馆拥有的非常详尽的解密文件、公开的总统文件、国情咨文以及总统的日记。
杜鲁门图书馆: http://www.trumanlibrary.org/photos/av-photo.htm
艾森豪威尔图书馆: http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/
肯尼迪图书馆: http://www.jfklibrary.org/
[1]《美国对外关系文件》FRUS1952-1954, vol. II, National Security Affairs, Government Printing Office, 1984.
FRUS1955-1957, vol. XIX, National Security Policy, 1990.
FRUS 1955-1957, vol. XI, United Nations and General International Matters,1988.
[2]《美国总统公开文件集》Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, United States Government Printing Office, available at http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/.提供从1789年到2005年,美国历届总统的国情咨文、预算报告、就职演说、新闻发布等公开文件的全文本。
[1]Microfilm: NSC Meeting Records 1947-1960, Reel 3.(国图缩微胶片,卷号3289)
[2]Records of the Department of State Relating to internal affairs of Pakistan,1945—1949.[microform]:decimal file 845F.
[1]EBSCOhost系列数据库:当今全世界最大的多学科学术期刊全文数据库。专为研究机构所设计,提供丰富的学术全文期刊资源。这个数据库提供了4455种学术期刊的全文;其中100多种全文期刊回溯到1975年或更早;大多数期刊有PDF格式的全文。
[2]Academic Research Library学术研究数据库:本数据库为综合性学术期刊数据库,其中1955种是全文期刊(内含全文延期上网期刊477种),包括SCI收录的核心全文刊174种,SSCI收录的核心全文刊424种类。
[3]Expanded Academic ASAP International:是第一个包含所有学科的数据库,但主要是人文及社会科学的期刊库,收录超过2335种的索引资料及超过1166种的全文资料。
[4]CIAO(Columbia International Affairs Online)数据库:内容包括有关国际政治学、国际关系方面的电子图书、期刊、研究报告和个案研究的全文本。如1996年以来的《美国外交》(American Diplomacy),1998年以来的《安全研究》(Security Studies),1996年以来的《美国外交政策概览》(US Foreign Policy Agenda)等。
[5]PQDD博硕士论文数据库(全文和文摘):PQDD收集有170万篇国外高校博硕士论文的文摘索引及近10万篇全文。
[6]NetLibrary电子图书:它整合了来自350多家出版机构的5万多册电子图书,其中大部分内容是针对大学及以上读者层的。
[7]JSTOR (Journal Storage)电子期刊数据库:JSTOR是对过刊进行数字化的全文数据库。目前,JSTOR是以政治学、经济学、哲学、历史等人文社会学科主题为中心,兼有一般科学性主题共十几个领域的代表性学术期刊的全文库。
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[1] [巴基斯坦]阿尔塔夫·高哈:《阿尤布·汗——巴基斯坦首位军人统治者》[M].世界知识出版社,北京,2002年版。
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[4][巴基斯坦]库雷希主编:《巴基斯坦简史》[M].成都:四川人民出版社,1978年,第四卷。
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[8] [加拿大]布莱克著,张帆等译:《罗斯福传:坐在轮椅上转动世界的巨人》,中信出版社2005年版。
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[13][美]迈克尔·H·亨特:《意识形态与美国外交政策》[M].世界知识出版社1999年版。
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②Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:disenchanted allies, London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001,pp.7-8.
①Sultana Afroz, U.S.-Pakistan Relations, 1947-1960, PhD.University of Kansas, 1985,AAT 8529056.
②Faroqui, Hossain Shahid, In the shadow of globalism: The United States, South Asia, and the cold war, 1939-1953. PhD. Cornell University, 1986. AAT 8607208.
③Azmi, Muhammad Raziullah, The United States , Pakistan and the Soviet Union,1947-1965:Problems of Security, Ideology and Geopolitics,PhD. MiaMi University 1987. AAT8709531.
④Husain and Leo E.Rose, eds, Beyond Afghanistan--The Emerging U.S.—Pakistan Relations,I Institute of East Asian Studies,Berkeley,1989.
⑤Gill, Sadiq Ali,Anglo-American diplomacy and the emergence of pakistan,1940-1947,PhD .University of Kansas ,1984, AAT 8513747.
①Shirin Tahir-Kheli, The United States and Pakistan: The Evolution of an Influence Relationship, New York:Praeger Publishers,1982.
②Robert J. McMahon, The Cold War on the Periphery: the United States, India, and Pakistan, New York: Columbia University Press, 1994.
③Williams, Russell Ryan, What do we get from Pakistan? Major shifts in United States-Pakistan relations, 1947—1982, Ma Clemson University, 2007 AAT 1441659.
①Iftikhar Malik ,U.S.—South Asian Relations,1940—47:American Attitudes towards the Pakistan Movement,Basingstoke : Macmillan, 1991.
②Roert G.Wirsing, India, Pakistan, and the Kashmir dispute: on regional conflict and its resolution, Robert G. Wirsing , St. Martin’s Press, New York,1994.
③Dennis Kux, The United States and Pakistan, 1947-2000:disenchanted allies, London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.
④Rashmi Jain, The United States and Pakistan, 1947-2006: A Documentary Study, New Delhi : Radiant Publishers, 2007.
①吴兆礼:《美国南亚政策演变:1947—2006》,《南亚研究》,2007年第1期。
②王克东:《试析美国南亚战略变化的四个阶段》,《攀枝花学院学报》,2008年第1期。
③胡志勇:《冷战时期南亚国际关系》,新华出版社,2009年4月。
①兰江:《阿尤布·汗执政时期的美巴关系》,四川大学硕士学位论文,2005年。
②王琛:《美国与克什米尔问题:1947-1953》,《历史教学》,2005年第1期。
③陈延琪:《印巴分立:克什米尔冲突的滥觞》,新疆人民出版社,2003年版。
①马荣升:《美国南亚战略建构下的克什米尔政策》,《国际论坛》,2005年第4期。
②常县宾:《约翰逊政府与1965年印巴战争》,《学术论坛》,2008年第1期。
③戴超武:《1965印巴战争与美国的反应和政策》,《世界历史》,2008年第2期。
④刘研研:《尼克松政府对1971年南亚危机的政策》,东北师大硕士学位论文,2006年。
⑤行心明:《论美国对1971年南亚危机的政策》,陕西师范大学硕士学位论文,2006年。
⑥张世均:《巴基斯坦为何抛弃与美国结盟的外交政策》,忻州师范学院学报,2005年4期。
①何慧:《从美巴结盟看美国在中东的冷战策略》,华南师范大学学报(社会科学版),1995年第1期。
②兰江毛德金:《1954-1965年美国对巴基斯坦的军事援助及其影响》,《南亚研究季刊》,2004年第2期。
③刘春耀:《后冷战时期的美巴战略关系》,四川大学硕士学位论文,2007年。
④马加力:《浅析美、印、巴三角关系的变化》,《现代国际关系》,2001年第11期。
⑤韩旭东吕恒远:《山姆大叔的南亚平衡术》,《瞭望》,2003年第26期。
⑥江亦丽:《印巴核试验与美国的南亚政策》,《当代亚太》,1998年第8期。
①[印度]尼赫鲁著,齐文译:《印度的发现》,世界知识出版社1956年版,第564页。
②Atlantic Charter参见:http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/atlantic.asp.
③Kenton J. Clymer, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Louis Johnson, India, and Anticolonialism: Another Look , Aug. 1988, p.263.http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640705,2008-10-29
④[印度]尼赫鲁著,齐文译:《印度的发现》,世界知识出版社,1956年版,第580页。
⑤伯利是美国政府内部支持印度独立的重要代表之一。
⑥Foreign relations of the United States(FRUS) 1941,Vol.Ⅲ,p. 177.
⑦the Office of Coordinator of Information( OCOI)情报协调办公室,1941年7月罗斯福成立的,主要任务是收集情报.
⑧Kenton J. Clymer, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Louis Johnson, India, and Anticolonialism: Another Look , Aug. 1988,p277.http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640705,2008-10-29
⑨Ibid.
⑩Foreign Relations of the United States(FRUS),1942,Vol.1,p.605.
①FRUS,1942,Vol.1,p.617.
②FRUS, 1942, Vol.1, p.629.
③转引自Kenton J. Clymer, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Louis Johnson, India, and Anticolonialism: Another Look,Aug.1988, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640705,2008-10-29.
④Keith D.Mcfarland and David L.Roll., Louis Johnson and the arming of America:the Roosevelt and Truman adminstrations, Bloomington:Indiana University Press.2005 ,p118.
⑤Iftikhar Malik, U.S.—South Asian Relations,1940—47:American Attitudes towards the Pakistan Movement,Macmilan Press Ltd, 1991,p79.
⑥Christine Dobbin,Basic Documents in the Development of Modern India and Pakistan 1835-1947, London: Van Nostrand Reinhold,1970.p140.
①FRUS, 1942, Vol. 1,p.633.
②[加拿大]布莱克著,张帆等译,罗斯福传:坐在轮椅上转动世界的巨人,中信出版社2005年版,第302页。
③FRUS, 1942, Vol.1,p.631.
①Christine Dobbin, Basic Documents in the Development of Modern India and Pakistan 1835-1947, London: Van Nostrand Reinhold,1970, p.142.
②Ibid. P.143.
③Ibid.
④Ibid.
①Venkatramani and Shrivastava,A merica and the Indian Political Crisis,July-August 1942,International Studies 6(July 1964),11-12转引自M. Srinivas Chary,The Eagle and the Peacock: U.S. foreign policy toward India since independence, Conn.:Greenwood Press,1995.
②FRUS,1942,Vol.1, pp.677-78.
③FRUS,1942 Vol 1, p.729.
④FRUS,1942 Vol 1, p.717.
⑤参见Iftikhar H. Malik,US-South Asian Relations,1940-47:American Attitudes toward the Pakistan movement,p.145.
①FRUS,1942, Vol 1,p.741.
②FRUS, 1942, Vol 1,p.744.
③FRUS, 1942, Vol 1,p.747.
④Telegram: The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in the United Kingdom (Winant),November 20,1942,FRUS,1942,Vol.1,pp746-747.
①Mr.William Phillips,Personal Representative of President Roosevelt to India,to the Secretary of State,December 19,1942, FRUS,1943,Vol IV,p178.
②FRUS, 1943,Vol.IV, p.181.
③Mr.William Phillips,Personal Representative of President Roosevelt to India,to the Secretary of State,December 19,1942, FRUS,1943,Vol IV,p182.
④FRUS,1943 Vol.IV, p.183.
⑤Mr.William Phillips,Personal Representative of President Roosevelt in India,to the President,January 22,1943.FRUS,1943,Vol IV,p182.
①FRUS, 1943,VolIV,p. 201.
②FRUS, 1943,VolIV,p. 202.
③FRUS, 1943,VolIV,pp. 193-194.
④FRUS, 1943,VolIV,p. 195.
⑤FRUS,1943,VolIV,p. 197.
⑥Linlithgow to Amery,12 February 1943,The Transfer of Power,III,PP.687-90.
⑦Ibid.
①FRUS,1943,Vol.IV,p.199-200.
②Halifax to Foreign Office and Amery To Linlithgow,21 February 1943,The Transfer of Power,III,pp.709-10.
③FRUS,1943,Vol.IV,p. 206-207.
④FRUS,1943,Vol.IV,p.212.
⑤FRUS,1943, Vol.IV,p. 217.
①FRUS, 1943, VolIV,p. 192.
②FRUS, 1943, VolIV,p. 183.
③Iftikhar H. Malik, US-South Asian Relations,1940-47:American Attitudes toward the Pakistan movement,p.158.
①FRUS ,1943,Vol.IV,P.214.
②FRUS,1943,Vol.IV,P.221.
③FRUS,1943,Vol.IV,P.222.
④Telegram,The Secretary of State to the Consul General at Calcutta(Patton),September 4,1943,FRUS, FRUS,1943,Vol.IV,p299.
①Mansergh, Nicholas, The Transfer of Power,IV, London, HMSO,1973. p.939.
②Telegram,The Officer in Charge at New Delhil (Merrell)to the Secretary of State,August 26,1943,FRUS,1943,Vol.IV,pp296-297.
③Memorandum by the Adviser on Political Relations (Murray)to the Chief of the War Commodities Division(Cissel),August 28,1943, FRUS,1943,Vol.IV,p297.
④Telegram,The Secretary of State to the Consul General at Calcutta(Patton),September 4,1943,FRUS, FRUS,1943,Vol.IV,pp299-300.
①Telegram,The Secretary of State to the Officer in Charge at New Delhi (Merrell),October 9,1943, FRUS,1943,Vol.IV,p304.
②Klaus Knor,Military Power and Potential,Lexington,MA:D.C.Health,1970.
③Kate L. Mitchell,United States Technical Mission to India,Mar. 23, 1942,http://www.jstor.org/stable/3022862,2008-10-8.
④Anita Inder Singh ,Keeping India in the Commonwealth: British Political and Military Aims, 1947-49,Journal of Contemporary History, Jan 1985; vol. 20: pp. 469 - 481.
①转引自韩永利著:《战时美国大战略与中国抗日战场:1941-1945》,武汉大学出版社,2003年10月版,第160-161页。
②(英)达杜特德:《不列颠的帝国危机》,第37页。
③转引自[美]沃尔特·拉塞尔·米德著,曹化银译:《美国外交政策及其如何影响了世界》,中信出版社2003年版,第134页。
①参见V.D.纳塔拉詹《美国阴影笼罩印度》(V.D. Chopra:Pentagon Shadow Over Idia, New Delhi;Patriot Publishers,1985).
②罗斯·拉塞尔:《联合国宪章》,华盛顿1958年版,第83页。
③Scott L. Bills , Empire and Cold War : The Roots of US– Third World and Antagonism , 1945 - 1947 . New York : St .Martin’s,Press ,1990, p. 204.
①伊利奥·罗斯福:《罗斯福见闻秘录》,新群出版社1949年版,第32—36页。
②美国国务院:《美国对外关系文件集:开罗会议和德黑兰会议,1943年》( The U. S. Department of States , ForeignRelations of the United States , Diplomatic Papers : The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran , 1943) ,美国政府印刷局1961年版,第887页。
③President Roosevelt to the British Prime Minister (Churchill),March 10,1942,FRUS,1942,Vol.1,P616.
④Telegram:The Secretary of State to the Personal Representative of the President in India(Johnson),May 8,1942,FRUS,1942,Vol.1,p.650.
①王缉思:《(译序)摩根索理论的现实性与非现实性》,《国家间政治》第七版,北京大学出版社,第5页。
②王缉思:《(译序)摩根索理论的现实性与非现实性》,《国家间政治》第七版,北京大学出版社,第6页。
①辛哈、班纳吉:《印度通史》,北京:商务印书馆,1973年,第四册,第1071页。
②[巴基斯坦]G.阿拉纳著,《伟大领袖真纳—一个民族的经历》,袁维学译,商务印书馆,1983,第273页。
①Telegram Churchill to Roosevelt,July 31,1942,Nicholas Mansergh,E.W.R.Lumby and Panderal Moon(eds.),Constitutional Relations Bewteen Britain and India:The Transfer of Power,1942-47,Vol.II,Quit India,30 April-21 September 1942(London:His Majesty’s Stationery Office,1971),p.533.
②Iftikhar H.Malik,US-South Asian Relations,1940-47,American Attitudes towards the Pakistan Movement,P.152.
③How Strong Is Muslim Hostility to A Self-Governing India?’Hopkins Papers,Hyde Park,New York,pp.1-2.
④Sir Ronald Campbell to Alexsnder Cadogan,August 5,1942,quoted in Nicholas Mansergh,ed.,The Transfer of Power (London:Her Majesty’s Stationery Office,1970-83),Vol.1,576-77.
①陈延琪:《印巴分立-克什米尔冲突的滥觞》,乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,2003年10月。
②辛哈、班纳吉:《印度通史》,北京:商务印书馆,1973年,第四册,第1083页。
③库雷希主编:《巴基斯坦简史》第四卷,成都:四川人民出版社,1978年,第356页。
④陈延琪:《印巴分立克什米尔冲突的滥觞》,新疆人民出版社,2003年10月,第145页。
①Office of Near Eastern and African Affairs memorandum to Undersecretary of State Acheson ,March 27,1946,845.00/5-2746,DSR,NA.
②前国务卿助手,1942年担任驻印战时经济大使。
③FRUS,1946,Vol.V,pp. 99-100.
④FRUS,1947,Vol III,p.137.
①FRUS,1947,Vol. III,p.138.
②United States. Dept. of State. Office of Media Services;United States. Dept. of State. Office of Public Communication., Department of State Bulletin,March7,1947,450.
③Macdond(consul-general in Bombay)to the Secretary of State,FRUS,1947,p.149.
④Dean Acheson(acting Secretary of State),to Amercian embassy in the UK,4 April 1947,FRUS,pp.151-152.
①Iftikhar H. Malik,US-South Asian Relations,1940-47:American Attitudes toward the Pakistan movement , p.216.
②U.S.Senate and Department of State, A Decade of Foreign Policy ,Washington:Government Printing Office,1950,pp.782-783.
①Robert J. McMahon,The Cold War on the Periphery: the United States, India, and Pakistan,New York: Columbia University Press, 1994,P.13.
②Ibid.
①Williams, Russell Ryan, What do we get from Pakistan? Major shifts in United States-Pakistan relations, 1947—1982, Ma Clemson University, 2007 AAT 1441659.p.4
②赵伯乐:《当代南亚国际关系》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2003年版,第75页。
③FRUS ,1946 Vol.VII.pp.1-6.
④Karl E.Meyer, The Dust of Empire:The Race for Mastery in the Asian Heartland,Public Affairs,2003,p.xi.
⑤何慧:《从美巴结盟看美国在中东的冷战策略》,《华南师范大学学报(社会科学版)》,1995年第1期。
⑥Memcon between Eisenhower and Ayub,December 8,1959,FRUS,1958-1960,15:781-92.
①F.H.欣斯利编:《新编剑桥近代史----物质进步与世界范围问题(1870-1898)》(第11卷),中国社会科学出版社,1999年版,第546页。
②Williams, Russell Ryan, What do we get from Pakistan? Major shifts in United States-Pakistan relations, 1947—1982, Ma Clemson University, 2007 AAT 1441659. p.3.
③Alexander DeConde,Richard Dean Burns,and Fredrik Logeall,eds., Encyclopedia ofAmerican Foreign Policy,Second Edition,Volume2,p.188.
④周琪:《意识形态与美国外交》,上海人民出版社,2006年7月,第11页。
⑤同上,第451页。
⑥J.艾捷尔编:《美国赖以立国的文本》,赵一凡等译,海南出版社2000年版,第634-635页。
①FRUS,1950,Vol.I,p.288.
②NSC-68,“A Report to the President Pursuant to the President’s Directive of January 31,1950,”7 April 1950,in Drew,NSC-68:Forging the Strategy of Containment,p.39.
③鲁金安:《试论巴基斯坦对外政策中的伊斯兰因素》,《南亚研究》,2003年第1期。
①胡志勇:《冷战时期南亚国际关系》,新华出版社,2009年4月版,第55页。
②Hafeez Malik ,Soviet-Pakistan Relations and Post-Soviet Dynamics,1947-92,Basingstoke,Hampshire:Macmillan,1994,p.108.
③NSC98号文件关于南亚的政策建议草稿陈述,FRUS,1951,Vol.VI,Part two,p.1651.
④刘同舜编:《“冷战”、“遏制”和大西洋联盟----1945-1950年美国战略决策资料选编》,复旦大学出版社,1993年版,第172-174页。
①[印度]翁卡·马瓦:《印度的国家安全与军事政策》,载时事出版社选遍:《南亚战略态势》,时事出版社,1986年版,第32页。
②Robert J,Mcmahon,Food as Diplomatic Weapon:The Inida Wheat Loan of 1951,Pacific Historical Review 56(August,1987)pp.349-377.
③Norman D.Palmer, The United States and India:Dimensions of Influence,New York:Praeger,1984,p.21.
④Robert MaMahon,United States Cold War Strategy in South Asia:Making a Military Commitment to Pakistan,1947-1954,pp.819-20.
①Brands,India and the United States,p.65.转引自Paula Banerjee,Neither Antagonist Nor Ally-Indo-American Relations Between 1954and 1966,B.A.,University of Calxutta,1987.
②C.L.Sulzberger,A Long Row of Candles:Memoirs and Diaries,1934-1954,New York,1969,p.791.
③[美]肯尼斯·华尔兹:《无政府秩序和均势》。载[美]罗伯特·基欧汉(Robert O.Keohane)编:《新现实主义及其批判》,郭树勇译,秦亚青校,北京大学出版社,2002年版,第116页。
④陈延琪:《印巴分立---克什米尔冲突的滥觞》,新疆人民出版社,2003年10月版,第154页。
①United States Department of State Bulletin,August7,1961,参见S.M.Burke and Lawerence Ziring, Pakistan’s Foreign Policy,New York:Oxford University Press,1990,pp.126-127.
②Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:disenchanted allies, London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.p.35.
③Ibid.P36
④[印]Shivaji Ganguly,U.S.Policy Toward South Asia[M],Westview Press,boulder,1990,P.31.
⑤U.S.House of Representatives,Committee on Foreign Affairs,Mutual Security Act of 1955,Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Affairs,84th Congress,Ist session,p.111.转引自Aftab Alam,U.S.Policy towards South Asia,Delhi:Raj Publications,1988,p.31.
①Willianm A.Brown Jr. and Redvers Opie,American Foreign Assistance,The Brookings Institution,1953,p.389转引自资中筠:《战后美国外交史》,世界知识出版社,1994年版,第185页。.
②The genesis of the point four program, FRUS,1949,Vol.1,pp.777-778.
③资中筠:《战后美国外交史》,世界知识出版社,1994年版,第185-186页。
④Thomas A.Bailey,A Diplomatic History The American People,New York,1964,p.804.转引自资中筠:《战后美国外交史》,世界知识出版社,1994年版,第186页。
⑤参见FRUS,1949,Vol.I,pp.754-756.
⑥“Request of SouthAsia Countries for U.S.Military Material and Assistance:Pakistan,”FRUS,1949,Vol,VI,P.26.
①Policy of the United States with respect to Pakistan,FRUS,1950,VolV,pp.1493-1494.
②Afroz,Sultana,U.S.-Pakistan Relations, 1947-1960, PhD.University of Kansas, 1985,AAT 8529056.p.285.
③他曾在印度工作过20年,做过博帕尔行政长官(Nawab of Bhopal)的顾问。
④“The Strategic and Political Importance of Pakistan in the Event of War with the U.S.S.R.,”from Howard Donovan to Secretary of State,Nes Delhi,845F.00/5-2948,Box 6014,DSNA.
①“United States Strategic Interests in South Asia,”in South Asia Regional Conference of U.S.Diplomatic and Consular Officers,February 26-March2,1951,George C.Mcghee Papers at the Harry S.Truman Presidential Library cited in McMahon,Cold War on the Periphery,132.
②“Memorandum of Informal United States-United Kingdom Talks, April2,1951,”FRUS,1951,VolumeV,p.106.
③“Pakistan Contribution to Near East Defence”,Memorandum of Informal US-UK Discussions in Connection with the Visit to London of McGhee,London,April 3,1951,FRUS,1951,Vol.VI,pt.2,p.1689.
④Williams, Russell Ryan, What do we get from Pakistan? Major shifts in United States-Pakistan relations, 1947—1982, Ma Clemson University, 2007 AAT 1441659. p.43.
①Embassy Washington to Foreign Office,November 15,1952,DO35/6650,PRO;and State Department to Embassies Karachi,London,and New Delhi,November 13,1952,FRUS,1952-54,Vol.9,pt.1,315-17.
②Minutes of November 28,1952,State/Defense meeting,FRUS,1952-54,Vol.9,pt.1,323-24.
①FRUS,1950,Vol.V,p.1491.
②Ibid.p.1492.
③State Department Background memoranda on the visit to the United States of Liaquat Ali Khan,April 14,1950,President’sFile,HSTL.
④State Department Background memoranda on the visit to the United States of Liaquat Ali Khan,April 14,1950,President’sFile,HSTL.
①Memorandum of conversation between M.IkramullahAND Assistant Secretary George McGhee,October18,1951,FRUS,1951,Vol.6,pt.2,2220-21.
②Report of the State-Defense Working Group to the Secretry of State and the Secretry of Defense,April 15,1952,CD 092(Middle East),Records of AdminSec,OSD.转引自Robert J. McMahon.The Cold War on the Periphery: the United States, India, and Pakistan[M].New York: Columbia University Press, 1994p.145.
①FRUS, 1951,Volume VI, Part 2.pp.1651-1652.
②FRUS,1951,Vol.VI,p.2208.
③G.W.Choudhury,Pakistan’s Relations with India,1947-1966,London,1968,p.90.
①罗梅希·昌德拉:《避难权》,孟买,1946年,第14页。
②陈延琪:《印巴分立---克什米尔冲突的滥觞》,新疆人民出版社,2003年10月版,第159页。
③FRUS,1950,Vol.V,P.1496.
①陈延琪:《印巴分立---克什米尔冲突的滥觞》,新疆人民出版社,2003年10月版,第184页。
①S·A.Quddus,Afghanistan and Pakistan ,a Geopolitical Study,Ferozsons Ltd.Lahore,Pakistan ,1982.P.99.
②FRUS,1951,Vol.VI,p.1659.
①“The Pushtunistan Dispute:Interest of the United States in Preserving Peaceful Relations Between Afghanistan and Pakistan with Respect to Jurisdiction over the North-West FARONTIER Province,”Editorial Note,FRUS,1951,Vol.VI,p.1929.
②“Position of the United States with Respece to South Asia,”NSC 98,Box65,092 Asia TS(Section II-A)(Case 11 Only),(Book I )(Sub Nos.1-),RG319 Records of the Army Staff,Decimal File 1950-1951,Military Records Division,NA.
③Telegram:”North-West Frontier Province,”Secretary of State to the Embassy at Kabul,Washinton,November 2,1950,FRUS,1950,Vol.V,p.1455.
④杨翠柏刘成琼:《巴基斯坦》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005年版,第252页。
①G.w.Choudhury,India,Pakistan,Bangladesh,and the Major Powers,London:Collier Macmillan Publishers,1975,p.12.
②Hafeez Malik, Soviet-Pakistan Relations and Post-Soviet Dynamics, 1947-92,Basingstoke,Hampshire:Macmillan,1994.P.109.
③苏联对外贸易部编:《苏联与亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲各国的对外贸易》,世界知识出版社1960年版,第57页。
①资中筠:《战后美国外交政策史》,世界知识出版社,1994年5月版,第238页。
②Thomas J.Hamilton,Dulles Will Visit India and Pakistan for Defense Talks,New York Times,January 12,1953.转引自Dennis KUX,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:Disenchanted Allies, London:Johns Hopkins University Press,2001.
③“Mr.Dulles to Asia”(editorial),New York Times,January13,1953.Syed Amjad Ali,at various times in the 1950s and Pakistan’s finance minister,ambassador to the United States,and representative at the United Nations,told the author that he had made a sustained and successful effort to cultivate the Times’s editoral board.Interview with Syed Amjad Ali,Lahore,January 21,1996.
④Memorandum of conversation of meeting between Foreign Minister Zafrullah Khan,Ambassador Mohammed Ali Bogra,and John M.Ohley,Office of the Director for Mutual Security,January28,1953,FRUS,1952-54,Vol.11,pt.2,1822-24.
①FRUS,1952-54, Vol.9 p.126.
②“Emerson to Secretary of State,April20,1953,”RG84,Box42,File350,DSR,NA Cited in Jalal,State of Martial Rule,179and“National Intelligence Estimate 79,June30,1953,”FRUS,1952-54,Volume XI,p.1081-1082
③A Report to the National Security Council by the Secretaries of State and Defense and the Director of Mutual Security:“Reexaminaton of the United States Programs for National Security,”January 19,1953,as quoted in M.S.Venkataramani,American Role in Pakistan ,1947-1958(New Delhi,1982),p.201.
①Memo of discussion at NSC meeting,June 1,1953,FRUS,1952-54.pp.379-86.
②See Department of State Bulletin,June15,1953,835,for text of Dulles’.
③Dulles testimony,June 2,1953,U.S.House Committee on Foreign Affairs,Selected Executive Session Hearings,10,96.
④Briefing memorandum for the President from Dulles,November 11,1953,International Series,Pakistan,WF,DDEL.
⑤R.McMahon,United States and Cold War Strategy in South Asia:Making a Military Commitment to Pakistan,1947-1954,Journal of American History,75(December,1988)p.829.
①Mike Gravel,The Pentagon Papers:The Defense Department History of U.S.Decisionmaking in Vitnam[M],Vol.1,Boston:Beacon,1971.pp.385-390.
②Afroz, Sultana, U.S.-Pakistan Relations, 1947-1960, PhD.University of Kansas, 1985,AAT 8529056.p.253 For text of the Manila Pact,see Goerge Modelski,SEATO(Melbourne:F.W.Cheschire,1964),p.289.
①胡志勇:《冷战时期南亚国际关系》,新华出版社,2009年4月,第86页。
②Telegram No.586“pakistan and Middle East Defense,”from Ankara to Foreign Office,Ankara,December 17,1951,FO 371/92876,F1 1027/28,PRO.
③Ibid.
④Progress Report on NSC 5409;United States Policy Towards South Asia,”February 23,1955,P.4,NSCSeries Records,1952-1961,Box 9,DDEL.
①FRUS,1955-1957,Vol.VIII,p.2.
②Hans Morgenthau,Jr.,The Impasse of American Policy,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1962,p.260.
③赵伯乐:《当代南亚国际关系》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2003版,第66页。
④Pakistan Contribution to Near East Defence,”Memorandum of Informal US-UK Discussions in Connection with the Visit to London of McGhee,London,April 3,1951,FRUS,1951,Vol.VI,pt.2,p.1689.
①Ralph de Toledano,Nixon ,New York:Henry Holt,1956,p.164.
②[美]汉斯·摩根索,《国家间政治—权力斗争与和平》第七版,北京大学出版社,第221页。
①Reprot of the January 3,1957,NSC meeting,FRUS,1955-57,Vol.8,25-26.
②Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:disenchanted allies,London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.P.84.
③“U.S.Policy Toward South Asia,”NSC5617,dated December 7,1956,White House Office of the Special Assistant for National Security Affairs:Records,NSC Series,Policy Papers Subseries,DDEL.转引自Banerjee,Paula,Neither antagonist nor ally:Indo-American relations between 1954 and 1966.p.55.
①胡志勇:《冷战时期南亚国际关系》,新华出版社,2009年4月,第84页。
②兰江毛德金:《1954-1965年美国对巴基斯坦的军事援助及其影响》,《南亚研究季刊》,2004年第2期。
③Dawn,April 13,1954.转引自Afroz,S.,Afghanistan in US-Pakistan Relations,1947---1960,Central Asian Survey,1989.p.343.
①FRUS, Volume IX, Part 1 (1952-1954), P.127.
②Ibid.
③FRUS, Volume IX, Part 1 (1952-1954), P.122.
④FRUS, Volume IX, Part 1 (1952-1954), P.122.
⑤Afroz,Sultana,U.S.-Pakistan Relations, 1947-1960, PhD.University of Kansas, 1985,AAT 8529056.p.358.
⑥New York Times,March 8,1956,p.1.转引自Huque, Mahmudul,Quest for stability: The role of the United States in the India-Pakistan conflict, 1947-1971.,PhD.University of Houston, 1988, AAT 8901125.p.175.
①FRUS, Volume IX, Part 1 (1952-1954), P.134.
②FRUS,1952-1954,Vol.XI.p.1460.
③Memorandum from Byroade to Dulles,July 26,1954,689.90D/7-2654,and State Department telegram to Embassy Kabul,July 28,1954,689.90D/7-2854,DSR,NA.
④Memorandum from Conversation between Dulles and Ambassdor Ludin,December 28,1954,FRUS,1952-54,Vol,11,pt.2,1442-43.
⑤FRUS,1952-1954,Vol.XI.p.1496.
①Dennis Kux,The United States and Pakistan,1947-2000:disenchanted allies, London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.P.17.
①“Pakistan Contribution to Near East Defence,”Memorandum of Informal US-UK Discussions in Connection with the Visit to London of McGhee,London,April 3,1951,FRUS,1951,Vol.VI,pt.2,p.1689.
②吴兆礼:《疏远与接近:冷战期间印美关系评析》,《南亚研究》2006年第1期。
③刘同舜编:《“冷战”、“遏制”和大西洋联盟---1945-1950年美国战略决策资料选编》,复旦大学出版社,1993年版,第172-174页。
④177th Meeting of the National Security Council (NSC),Wednesday,December 23,1953,DDE Papers,NSC Series,Box5,DDEL.
①邱永辉:《美国的南亚政策试析》,《南亚研究》, 2000年第2期。
①Stephen P.Cohen,India and the Amercian:An Emerging Relationship,A Paper Presented to the Conference on The Nation-State System and Transnational Forces in South Asia ,December 8-10,2000,Kyoto ,Japan,p.5.
②USUN cable to State Department ,January17,1952,FRUS,1952-54,Vol. 9, pp.1172-73.
[1]Declassified Documents Reference System, Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group, 2003.(DDRS是美国Gale公司开发的数据库,其中的解密外交文件来自白宫、中央情报局、联邦调查局、国务院等处,共计约75000份文件,465000页。)
[2]DNSA (Digital National Security Archive, Data Copyright ? 2003 The National Security Archive; Software Copyright ? 2003 ProQuest Information and Learning Company) www.proquestchina.com UMI ProQuest– Digital Dissertations www.proquestumi.com
[1]《美国对外关系文件》(Foreign Relations of the United States)
FRUS 1941,Volume III, The British Commonwealth,the Near East and Africa(1959) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1941v03)
FRUS1941, Volume IV, the Far East(1956) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1941v04)
FRUS1941,Volume V, the Far East(1956) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1941v05)
FRUS1942, Volume I, General ,The British Commonwealth,the Far East(1960) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1942v01)
FRUS1943, Volume IV, The Near East and Africa(1964) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1943v05)
FRUS1943, Volume III, The British Commonwealth,Eastern Europe, the Far East(1963) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1943v03)
FRUS1944, Volume V,The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, the Far East(1965) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1944v05)
FRUS1945,VolumeⅡ, General:political and economic matters(1967) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1945v02)
FRUS1945,Volume VI, The British Commonwealth, the Far East(1969) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1945v06)
FRUS1945,Volume VII,The Far East,China(1969) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1945v07)
FRUS1946,Volume V, The British of Commonwealth, Western and Central Europe(1969) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1946v05)
FRUS1947,Volume I, General; The United Nations(1973) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1947v01)
FRUS1947,Volume III, The British Commonwealth of Nations, (1972) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1947v03)
FRUS1947,Volume V, The Near East and Africa(1971) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1947v05)
FRUS1948,Volume I, General; the United Nations(1976) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1948v01p1
FRUS1948,Volume V ,The Near East, South Asia, and Africa (1975) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1948v05p1)
FRUS1949,Volume VI, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa(1977) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1949v06)
FRUS1949,Volume VIII, The Far East: China(1978) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1949v08)
FRUS1950,Volume I, National security affairs; foreign economic policy(1977) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1950v01)
FRUS1950,Volume II, The United Nations; the Western Hemisphere(1976) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1950v02)
FRUS1950,Volume V, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa(1978) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1950v05)
FRUS1950,Volume VI, East Asia and the Pacific(1976) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1950v06)
FRUS1951,Volume II, The United Nations; the Western Hemisphere(1979) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1951v02)
FRUS1951,Volume VI, Asia and the Pacific(1977) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1951v06p1)
FRUS1952-1954,Volume I, General: economic and political matters,Part 1 (1983) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS195254v01p1)
FRUS1952-1954,Volume I, General: economic and political matters,Part 2 (1983) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS195254v01p2)
FRUS 1952-1954. Volume XI, Africa and South Asia (in two parts), Part 1(1983) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS195254v11p1)
FRUS 1952-1954. Volume XI, Africa and South Asia (in two parts), Part2(1983) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS195254v11p2)
FRUS 1955-1957. Volume VIII,South Asia,(1992) (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS195557v08)
[2]美国各总统图书馆拥有的非常详尽的解密文件、公开的总统文件、国情咨文以及总统的日记。
杜鲁门图书馆: http://www.trumanlibrary.org/photos/av-photo.htm
艾森豪威尔图书馆: http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/
肯尼迪图书馆: http://www.jfklibrary.org/
[1]《美国对外关系文件》FRUS1952-1954, vol. II, National Security Affairs, Government Printing Office, 1984.
FRUS1955-1957, vol. XIX, National Security Policy, 1990.
FRUS 1955-1957, vol. XI, United Nations and General International Matters,1988.
[2]《美国总统公开文件集》Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, United States Government Printing Office, available at http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/.提供从1789年到2005年,美国历届总统的国情咨文、预算报告、就职演说、新闻发布等公开文件的全文本。
[1]Microfilm: NSC Meeting Records 1947-1960, Reel 3.(国图缩微胶片,卷号3289)
[2]Records of the Department of State Relating to internal affairs of Pakistan,1945—1949.[microform]:decimal file 845F.
[1]EBSCOhost系列数据库:当今全世界最大的多学科学术期刊全文数据库。专为研究机构所设计,提供丰富的学术全文期刊资源。这个数据库提供了4455种学术期刊的全文;其中100多种全文期刊回溯到1975年或更早;大多数期刊有PDF格式的全文。
[2]Academic Research Library学术研究数据库:本数据库为综合性学术期刊数据库,其中1955种是全文期刊(内含全文延期上网期刊477种),包括SCI收录的核心全文刊174种,SSCI收录的核心全文刊424种类。
[3]Expanded Academic ASAP International:是第一个包含所有学科的数据库,但主要是人文及社会科学的期刊库,收录超过2335种的索引资料及超过1166种的全文资料。
[4]CIAO(Columbia International Affairs Online)数据库:内容包括有关国际政治学、国际关系方面的电子图书、期刊、研究报告和个案研究的全文本。如1996年以来的《美国外交》(American Diplomacy),1998年以来的《安全研究》(Security Studies),1996年以来的《美国外交政策概览》(US Foreign Policy Agenda)等。
[5]PQDD博硕士论文数据库(全文和文摘):PQDD收集有170万篇国外高校博硕士论文的文摘索引及近10万篇全文。
[6]NetLibrary电子图书:它整合了来自350多家出版机构的5万多册电子图书,其中大部分内容是针对大学及以上读者层的。
[7]JSTOR (Journal Storage)电子期刊数据库:JSTOR是对过刊进行数字化的全文数据库。目前,JSTOR是以政治学、经济学、哲学、历史等人文社会学科主题为中心,兼有一般科学性主题共十几个领域的代表性学术期刊的全文库。
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[1] Ahmad, Hanan Mian, The Media-Foreign Policy Relationship: Pakistan's Media Image and United States Foreign Policy[D]. PhD .York University, 2005.
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[1] [巴基斯坦]阿尔塔夫·高哈:《阿尤布·汗——巴基斯坦首位军人统治者》[M].世界知识出版社,北京,2002年版。
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[1]崔丕:《美国的冷战战略与巴黎统筹委员会、中国委员会(1945—1994)》[M].东北师范大学出版社2000年版。
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