裂缝性潜山油藏储气库注采机理研究
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摘要
裂缝性潜山油藏在环渤海湾地区的分布较为广泛，是现今我国重要的改建储气库目标库址之一。潜山油藏有别于常规单一孔隙介质储层，存在裂缝和岩块两套不连续介质，建库过程中油、气、水在储层裂缝孔隙网络系统中的渗流特征极为复杂。因此利用潜山油藏建库需要解决的核心问题是如何在复杂的多相渗流条件下，清楚地认识两套介质中多相流体宏观与微观的渗流机理，它是该类型储气库方案优化设计的基本前提和理论基础。本文以华北典型潜山油藏为实例，主要运用了油藏建库注采仿真物理模拟和数值模拟技术手段，研究了裂缝性双重介质油藏建库多次注采运行过程中气驱多相渗流机理、建库主要储渗空间、流体的宏观和微观运动规律、气库库容和注采气能力变化规律及其影响因素。由于国内外还没有利用裂缝性双重介质油藏改建储气库的先例，缺乏必要的理论与实践经验，为此本文提供了宝贵的理论依据。主要研究成果如下：
（1）建立一套裂缝性双重介质油藏建库注采仿真物理模拟和数值模拟技术手段。
（2）驱替力、重力、气水毛管力以及裂缝与岩块系统显著的渗透率级差是决定潜山油藏建库宏观和微观气驱效果的主控因素。
（3）裂缝系统是气驱作用的主要对象，而岩块系统无法受到有效驱替。同时由于裂缝系统的非均质性，也不可能被气体完全驱替，存在一定的死空间。
（4）建库注气速度应控制在较低的水平，并在次生气顶到达一定规模后，逐步转入循环过渡注采阶段，以有利于气驱波及效果的提高。
（5）优选合理的运行压力区间和工作气比例，以避免在气库强注、强采过程中，裂缝系统气液界面变化幅度过大，产生严重的注气气窜和采气油水锥进的风险。
（6）在建库及注采运行过程中，油气相接触溶解、扩散速度缓慢，导致注入气向残余油中的溶解、扩散损耗量有限。
Buried hill fracture oil reservoirs are mainly located in Circum-Bohai-Sea Region, andbecome one of the most important goals for our country in building underground gas storage(UGS). Buried hill oil reservoir is very different from conventional single-medium reservoir,because not only geometric complexity of2discontinuous mediums, fracture and rock, but alsoflow characteristic complexity of oil, gas and water in the system of fracture and porousnetworks. Therefore, during building UGS based on the fractured dual-media carbonatereservoirs, one of key technical problems to be solved in the first place is verifying clearly themacro and micro percolation mechanism of multi-phase fluids under complex multi-phasepercolation conditions in dual-media, for it is the precondition and theoretic foundation ofoptimal design of this UGS. Basing on the case of buried hill oil reservoir in Huabei oilfield,injection-production physical simulation and numerical simulation of buiding UGS are used inthis paper. It is intended to investigate the key issues during multiple injection-production cyclesof UGS based on the fractured dual-media oil reservoirs, including multiphase percolationmechanism during gas drive, main spaces for storage and percolation, macro and micromovement rules of fluids, change rules of capacity and injection-production capability, and theirinfluence factors. There are no precedents of UGS based on the fractured dual-media oilreservoirs at home, with the lack of necessary theory and practical experience, so the valuabletheoretic basis is provided in this paper. The main research achievements are as following:
(1) A set of physical and numerical simulation approaches were formed forinjection-production cycles of UGS based on the fractured dual-media oil reservoirs.
(2) The main control factors deciding macro and micro gas-drive effects in the UGS basedon the buried hill reservoirs include drive force, gravity, gas/water capillary force and evidentpermeability differences between fracture and rock system.
(3) Fracture system is the main gas-drive target, but effective gas-drive didn’t occur to rocksystem. Meanwhile, some dead spaces are left in the low gas-drive efficiency due to theheterogeneity of fracture system.
(4) Gas injection rate shall be kept comparatively low during building UGS. Aftersecondary gas cap reached a certain scale, UGS gradually moves into the transitional stage ofinjection-production cycle for enhancing gas-drive effect.
(5) Operating pressure range and working gas proportion should be optimized rationally, sothat excessive changes of gas-liquid interface in fracture system can be prevented during theintensive injection-production process of UGS, and the risks of serious gas channeling andconing of oil/water during the injection-production cycle can be under control.
(6) During the process of building UGS and injection-production operation, oil and gascontact, dissolution, then diffusion. Lost injection gas dissolving and diffusing in the residual oilis limited as this process occurs at a slower rate.
（1）建立一套裂缝性双重介质油藏建库注采仿真物理模拟和数值模拟技术手段。
（2）驱替力、重力、气水毛管力以及裂缝与岩块系统显著的渗透率级差是决定潜山油藏建库宏观和微观气驱效果的主控因素。
（3）裂缝系统是气驱作用的主要对象，而岩块系统无法受到有效驱替。同时由于裂缝系统的非均质性，也不可能被气体完全驱替，存在一定的死空间。
（4）建库注气速度应控制在较低的水平，并在次生气顶到达一定规模后，逐步转入循环过渡注采阶段，以有利于气驱波及效果的提高。
（5）优选合理的运行压力区间和工作气比例，以避免在气库强注、强采过程中，裂缝系统气液界面变化幅度过大，产生严重的注气气窜和采气油水锥进的风险。
（6）在建库及注采运行过程中，油气相接触溶解、扩散速度缓慢，导致注入气向残余油中的溶解、扩散损耗量有限。
Buried hill fracture oil reservoirs are mainly located in Circum-Bohai-Sea Region, andbecome one of the most important goals for our country in building underground gas storage(UGS). Buried hill oil reservoir is very different from conventional single-medium reservoir,because not only geometric complexity of2discontinuous mediums, fracture and rock, but alsoflow characteristic complexity of oil, gas and water in the system of fracture and porousnetworks. Therefore, during building UGS based on the fractured dual-media carbonatereservoirs, one of key technical problems to be solved in the first place is verifying clearly themacro and micro percolation mechanism of multi-phase fluids under complex multi-phasepercolation conditions in dual-media, for it is the precondition and theoretic foundation ofoptimal design of this UGS. Basing on the case of buried hill oil reservoir in Huabei oilfield,injection-production physical simulation and numerical simulation of buiding UGS are used inthis paper. It is intended to investigate the key issues during multiple injection-production cyclesof UGS based on the fractured dual-media oil reservoirs, including multiphase percolationmechanism during gas drive, main spaces for storage and percolation, macro and micromovement rules of fluids, change rules of capacity and injection-production capability, and theirinfluence factors. There are no precedents of UGS based on the fractured dual-media oilreservoirs at home, with the lack of necessary theory and practical experience, so the valuabletheoretic basis is provided in this paper. The main research achievements are as following:
(1) A set of physical and numerical simulation approaches were formed forinjection-production cycles of UGS based on the fractured dual-media oil reservoirs.
(2) The main control factors deciding macro and micro gas-drive effects in the UGS basedon the buried hill reservoirs include drive force, gravity, gas/water capillary force and evidentpermeability differences between fracture and rock system.
(3) Fracture system is the main gas-drive target, but effective gas-drive didn’t occur to rocksystem. Meanwhile, some dead spaces are left in the low gas-drive efficiency due to theheterogeneity of fracture system.
(4) Gas injection rate shall be kept comparatively low during building UGS. Aftersecondary gas cap reached a certain scale, UGS gradually moves into the transitional stage ofinjection-production cycle for enhancing gas-drive effect.
(5) Operating pressure range and working gas proportion should be optimized rationally, sothat excessive changes of gas-liquid interface in fracture system can be prevented during theintensive injection-production process of UGS, and the risks of serious gas channeling andconing of oil/water during the injection-production cycle can be under control.
(6) During the process of building UGS and injection-production operation, oil and gascontact, dissolution, then diffusion. Lost injection gas dissolving and diffusing in the residual oilis limited as this process occurs at a slower rate.
引文
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