高分辨波达方向估计关键技术研究
|
摘要
阵列天线的高分辨DOA估计技术在雷达、通信、声呐、地震勘探、射电天文等领域都有广泛的应用前景。目前，它已成为无源阵列雷达、智能天线空分多址和声源定位探测等热点领域中的关键技术之一。在其三十多年的发展过程中，国内外学者提出了许多性能优良的方法，取得了丰硕的成果。但是，该领域的研究并不完善，特别是实用性方面的研究还相对落后，仍有很多难题尚待解决。本文着重研究实用化过程亟待解决的相干源问题和阵列校正问题。论文的主要工作概括如下：
1．针对相干信号源间的相干系数为1的背景下，提出了一种基于互相关矢量的解相干(CVT)算法和一种基于最大特征矢量的ECVT算法。该类方法相比空间平滑类算法，它不损失阵列孔径，这样它可以保证充分利用阵列孔径来提高相干信号源的DOA估计精度。
2．针对CVT算法的局限性，提出了基于广义导向矢量的扩展CVT(GCV)算法，并将其思想进一步推广到广义似然算法(GML)、广义信号子空间拟合(GSSF)和广义噪声子空间拟合(GNSF)算法，这些算法可以实现相干信号源的高精度估计，同时在相干源组数小于阵元数的情况下，算法分辨的信源数大于阵元数。将GCV算法应用到米波阵列雷达上，通过实测数据分析表明GCV算法可以用来进行米波雷达的测高，其估计性能要优于常规空间谱估计解相干算法，如空间平滑算法等。
3．针对无源阵列雷达背景，研究了在干扰背景下特殊区间目标的空间信号源分辨问题，提出了利用干扰阻塞和波束空间两种思路来解决强干扰抑制与感兴趣区间目标的检测问题。提出了一种可以抑制固定强干扰的DOA估计方法——干扰阻塞法(IJM)。提出了一种波束空间的解相干算法——BCVT算法，该算法采用解相干与波束形成级联处理方式，其中在波束形成时可以采用自适权或者采用固定深加权的方式来抑制感兴趣区域之外的信号／干扰。
4．针对某实际阵列雷达研究了互耦校正问题，提出了一种针对平行线阵的方位估计及互耦自校正算法。该方法可以实现平行线阵在未知互耦参数的情况下，精确且独立估计信号源的方位，然后再估计互耦参数，从而实现了阵列的互耦校正。另外，由于算法的波达方向估计只需一维谱峰搜索，避免了多维联合估计，可明显降低运算量，且算法的估计精度高、互耦校正能力好。最后，通过分析给出了平行线阵解互耦的一些应用条件和特性。
5．针对某实际阵列雷达研究了阵列误差的综合校正问题，提出了基于辅助阵元结合辅助信源的综合校正算法，并结合不同误差情况给出了相应的误差校正算法。在阵元位置误差或通道不一致误差存在的情况下，采用ISCP方法可以实现无误差的导向矢量与方位依赖误差的解耦合，从而实现角度与误差的高精度级联估计。在同时存在阵元位置误差和通道不一致误差的情况，可以采用ISCPG方法实现导向矢量与误差的解耦合，从而实现方位估计、阵元位置误差和通道不一致误差的联合估计。分别探讨了多种误差情况下对设置辅助信号源及辅助阵元数的要求。对于米波段的阵列天线，研究了应用ISCG算法来校正阵列天线的通道不一致误差，通过实测数据表明算法可以在未知误差的情况下精确估计信号的角度，从而实现了强干扰背景下的微弱目标检测。
High resolution Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA) estimation techniques with arrayantenna have wide applications in a variety of fields ranging from radar,communication,sonar,seismology to radio astronomy.Especially,they become a key technique in thepassive detection of array radar,SDMA of smart antenna system and detection soundsource.Since early 1980s,high resolution DOA estimation techniques have receivedconsiderable attention and a lot of significant progresses have been achieved in this field.However,there are still important and urgent problems that have not been solved perfectlyin their engineering practice.This thesis centers on two problems in practice.One is theDOA estimation of coherent sources and another is array calibration.The maincontributions can be summarized as follows:
An algorithm for DOA estimation of coherent source,called correlation vectorToeplitz (CVT) algorithm,is proposed with the correlation coefficient is 1.And anotherECVT algorithm is proposed using maximum eigen-vector based CVT.Compared withspatial smooth algorithms,the new methods have no loss array aperture,and have lowcomputational complexity.Therefore,the new methods have higher estimationperformance.
Based on the CVT algorithm,the new Generalized Maximum Likelihood (GML),Generalized Signal Subspace Fitting (GSSF) and Generalized Noise Subspace Fitting(GNSF) are derived.This kind algorithm uses generalized steering vector substitutes forthe conventional steering vector.Therefore,the number of sources resolved by newalgorithm can be larger than the number of sensors as long as the number of the coherentgroup is smaller than the number of sensors.The GCV method was applied to meter radarverify system.The DOA estimation performance was compared using experimental data,demonstrating the effectiveness of new method.
Passive radar has attracted great research interest given their importance in amilitary application field.The new interference jamming method (IJM) is presented toestimate the weak target under the condition of presence large power interference of known direction.The method use the information of the strong jamming is known toconstruct a jam matrix,and then estimate signal DOA of the low signal noise ratio in onesector.The method can be applied to the passive array radar based civil broadcastingstation.And the relation of the transform matrix and the restrained interference noisematrix is analyzed.
A new orientation estimation and mutual coupling auto-adjust algorithm is proposedto solve the elements mutual coupling problem based on subspace theory and the specialstructure of parallel linear array in this paper.The proposed algorithm can estimateaccurately DOA of signal sources without known the mutual coupling parameters of array.Then the estimated orientation can be used to estimate mutual coupling parameters,whichcan adjust the mutual coupling problem of array.The estimation of DOA only needs onedimension spectrum peak value searching,which avoid the multidimensional jointestimation.The algorithm decreases the computational load,and it has high estimationprecision and good mutual coupling adjusting ability.
Based on parallel linear array,a novel Instrumental Sensors Calibration Position(ISCP) method is proposed to estimate the sensor position error or channel gain error.Andanother new method of Instrumental Sensors Calibration Position and Gain (ISCPG) canestimate the sensor position error and channel error same time.The DOA and errorparameter can be completed just using a one-dimensional search or polynomial rooting,with no high-dimensional nonlinear search and convergence burden involved.Another,theISCG method was applied to passive array radar verify system.The proposed algorithmcan estimate accurately target without known the channel gain error of array usingexperiment data were processed to verify systems.
1．针对相干信号源间的相干系数为1的背景下，提出了一种基于互相关矢量的解相干(CVT)算法和一种基于最大特征矢量的ECVT算法。该类方法相比空间平滑类算法，它不损失阵列孔径，这样它可以保证充分利用阵列孔径来提高相干信号源的DOA估计精度。
2．针对CVT算法的局限性，提出了基于广义导向矢量的扩展CVT(GCV)算法，并将其思想进一步推广到广义似然算法(GML)、广义信号子空间拟合(GSSF)和广义噪声子空间拟合(GNSF)算法，这些算法可以实现相干信号源的高精度估计，同时在相干源组数小于阵元数的情况下，算法分辨的信源数大于阵元数。将GCV算法应用到米波阵列雷达上，通过实测数据分析表明GCV算法可以用来进行米波雷达的测高，其估计性能要优于常规空间谱估计解相干算法，如空间平滑算法等。
3．针对无源阵列雷达背景，研究了在干扰背景下特殊区间目标的空间信号源分辨问题，提出了利用干扰阻塞和波束空间两种思路来解决强干扰抑制与感兴趣区间目标的检测问题。提出了一种可以抑制固定强干扰的DOA估计方法——干扰阻塞法(IJM)。提出了一种波束空间的解相干算法——BCVT算法，该算法采用解相干与波束形成级联处理方式，其中在波束形成时可以采用自适权或者采用固定深加权的方式来抑制感兴趣区域之外的信号／干扰。
4．针对某实际阵列雷达研究了互耦校正问题，提出了一种针对平行线阵的方位估计及互耦自校正算法。该方法可以实现平行线阵在未知互耦参数的情况下，精确且独立估计信号源的方位，然后再估计互耦参数，从而实现了阵列的互耦校正。另外，由于算法的波达方向估计只需一维谱峰搜索，避免了多维联合估计，可明显降低运算量，且算法的估计精度高、互耦校正能力好。最后，通过分析给出了平行线阵解互耦的一些应用条件和特性。
5．针对某实际阵列雷达研究了阵列误差的综合校正问题，提出了基于辅助阵元结合辅助信源的综合校正算法，并结合不同误差情况给出了相应的误差校正算法。在阵元位置误差或通道不一致误差存在的情况下，采用ISCP方法可以实现无误差的导向矢量与方位依赖误差的解耦合，从而实现角度与误差的高精度级联估计。在同时存在阵元位置误差和通道不一致误差的情况，可以采用ISCPG方法实现导向矢量与误差的解耦合，从而实现方位估计、阵元位置误差和通道不一致误差的联合估计。分别探讨了多种误差情况下对设置辅助信号源及辅助阵元数的要求。对于米波段的阵列天线，研究了应用ISCG算法来校正阵列天线的通道不一致误差，通过实测数据表明算法可以在未知误差的情况下精确估计信号的角度，从而实现了强干扰背景下的微弱目标检测。
High resolution Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA) estimation techniques with arrayantenna have wide applications in a variety of fields ranging from radar,communication,sonar,seismology to radio astronomy.Especially,they become a key technique in thepassive detection of array radar,SDMA of smart antenna system and detection soundsource.Since early 1980s,high resolution DOA estimation techniques have receivedconsiderable attention and a lot of significant progresses have been achieved in this field.However,there are still important and urgent problems that have not been solved perfectlyin their engineering practice.This thesis centers on two problems in practice.One is theDOA estimation of coherent sources and another is array calibration.The maincontributions can be summarized as follows:
An algorithm for DOA estimation of coherent source,called correlation vectorToeplitz (CVT) algorithm,is proposed with the correlation coefficient is 1.And anotherECVT algorithm is proposed using maximum eigen-vector based CVT.Compared withspatial smooth algorithms,the new methods have no loss array aperture,and have lowcomputational complexity.Therefore,the new methods have higher estimationperformance.
Based on the CVT algorithm,the new Generalized Maximum Likelihood (GML),Generalized Signal Subspace Fitting (GSSF) and Generalized Noise Subspace Fitting(GNSF) are derived.This kind algorithm uses generalized steering vector substitutes forthe conventional steering vector.Therefore,the number of sources resolved by newalgorithm can be larger than the number of sensors as long as the number of the coherentgroup is smaller than the number of sensors.The GCV method was applied to meter radarverify system.The DOA estimation performance was compared using experimental data,demonstrating the effectiveness of new method.
Passive radar has attracted great research interest given their importance in amilitary application field.The new interference jamming method (IJM) is presented toestimate the weak target under the condition of presence large power interference of known direction.The method use the information of the strong jamming is known toconstruct a jam matrix,and then estimate signal DOA of the low signal noise ratio in onesector.The method can be applied to the passive array radar based civil broadcastingstation.And the relation of the transform matrix and the restrained interference noisematrix is analyzed.
A new orientation estimation and mutual coupling auto-adjust algorithm is proposedto solve the elements mutual coupling problem based on subspace theory and the specialstructure of parallel linear array in this paper.The proposed algorithm can estimateaccurately DOA of signal sources without known the mutual coupling parameters of array.Then the estimated orientation can be used to estimate mutual coupling parameters,whichcan adjust the mutual coupling problem of array.The estimation of DOA only needs onedimension spectrum peak value searching,which avoid the multidimensional jointestimation.The algorithm decreases the computational load,and it has high estimationprecision and good mutual coupling adjusting ability.
Based on parallel linear array,a novel Instrumental Sensors Calibration Position(ISCP) method is proposed to estimate the sensor position error or channel gain error.Andanother new method of Instrumental Sensors Calibration Position and Gain (ISCPG) canestimate the sensor position error and channel error same time.The DOA and errorparameter can be completed just using a one-dimensional search or polynomial rooting,with no high-dimensional nonlinear search and convergence burden involved.Another,theISCG method was applied to passive array radar verify system.The proposed algorithmcan estimate accurately target without known the channel gain error of array usingexperiment data were processed to verify systems.
引文
[1]S．Haykin，J．P．Reilly，V．Kezys and E．Vertatschitsch．Some aspects of array signal processing．IEE Proceedings-F，1992，139(1)：1～26．
[2]H．Krim and M．Viberg．Two decades of array signal processing research：the parametric approach．IEEE Signal Processing Magazine，1996：13(4)：67～94．
[3]L．C．Godara．Application of antenna arrays to mobile communications，part Ⅱ：beam-forming and direction-of-arrival considerations．Proceedings of the IEEE，1997，85(8)：1195～1245．
[4]S．Haykin，J．P．Reilly，V．Kezys and E．Vertatschitsch．Some aspects of array signal processing．IEE Proceedings-F，1992，139(1)：1～26．
[5]王永良，陈辉，彭应宁，万群．空间谱估计理论与算法．清华大学出版社，2004：56～150．
[6]P．E．Howland．Target tracking using television-based bistatic radar．IEE Proceedings-Radar，Sonar Navig，1999，146(3)：166～174．
[7]B．D．Nordwall．“Silent Sentry” a new type of radar．Aviation Week & Space Technology，1998．
[8]Zhu Jiabing，Tao Liang，Hong yi．Study on moving target detection to passive radar based on FM broadcast transmitter．Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics．2007，18(3)：462～468．
[9]M．Chryssomallis．Smart antennas．IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine．2000，42(3)：129～136．
[10]L．C．Godara．Application of antenna arrays to mobile communications，part Ⅰ：performance improvement，feasibility，and system considerations．Proceedings of the IEEE，1997，85(7)：1031-1060．
[11]C．E．Shannon．A mathematical theory of communication．Bell System Technical Journal，1948．27：379～423，623～656．
[12]P．M．Woodward and I．L．D．A theory of radar information．Phil．Mag．，1951．41：1101～1117．
[13]P．M．Woodward．Probability and Information Theory with Application to Radar，1953，MA：Artech House．
[14]Y．Yang and R．S．Blum．MIMO radar waveform design based on mutual information and minimum mean-square error estimation．IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems，43(1)：330-343．
[15]Mark．R．Bell．Information Theory and Radar Waveform Design．IEEE TRANSACTIONS on IT，1993．39(5)：1578～1597．
[16]G．J．Foschini and M．J．G．On limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas，Wireless Personal Commun．Mag，Mar．1998．6(2)：311～335．
[17]E．Telatar．Capacity of multi-antenna Gaussian channels．Tech，memo．，AT&T Bell Labs，1995，27(6)：648～665．
[18]E．Fishler，A．Haimovich，etc．Performance of MIMO radar systems：advantages of angular diversity．Conference Record of the Thirty-Eighth Asilomar Conference on Signals，Systems and Computers，2004，305～309．
[19]E．Fishler，A．Haimovich，etc．MIMO radar：an idea whose time has come．Proceedings of the IEEE Radar Conference，2004，1～78．
[20]A．Manikas，H．R．Karimi and I．Dacos．Study of the detection and resolution compatibilities of a one-dimensional array of sensors by using differential geometry．IEE Proceedings-Radar，Sonar Navig，1994，141(2)：83～92．
[21]A．Manikas，A．Alexiou and H．R．Karimi．Comparison of the ultimate direction-finding capabilities of a number of planar array geometries．IEE Proceedings-Radar，Sonar Navig，1997，144(6)：321～329．
[22]C．M．Tan，S．E．Foo，M．A．Beach and A．R．Nix．Ambiguity in MUSIC and ESPRIT for direction of arrival estimation．IEE Electronics Letters，2002，38(24)：1598～1600．
[23]Y．I．Abramovich，D．A．Gray，D．A，N．K．Spencer，and A．Y．Gorokhov．Ambiguities In Direction-Of-Arrival Estimation for Nonuniform Linear Antenna Arrays．Fourth International Symposium on Signal Processing and Its Applications，1996：630～633．
[24]Moffet A T．Minimum-redundancy linear arrays．IEEE Trans．on Antennas Propagat，1968，16：172～175．
[25]Chambers C，Tozer T C，Sharman K C，Durrani T S．Temporal and spatial sampling influence on the estimates of superimposed narrowband signals：when less can mean more．IEEE Trans．on Signal Processing，1996，44(12)：3085～3098．
[26]Abramovich Y I，Spencer N K，Gorokhov A Y．Positivedefinite Toeplitz completion in DOA estimation for nonuniform linear antenna arrays—Part Ⅱ：Partially-augmentable arrays．IEEE Trans．on Signal Processing，1999，47(6)：1502～1521．
[27]K．C．Tan，S．S．Goh and E．C．Tan．A study of the rank-ambiguity issues in direction-of-arrival estimation．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing，1996，44(4)：880～887．
[28]Y．I．Abramovich，N．K．Spencer and A．Y．Gorokhov．Resolving manifold ambiguities in direction-of-arrival estimation for nonuniform linear antenna arrays．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing，1999，47(10)：2629～2643．
[29]D．M．Wilkes and H．Alnajjar．Critical distance and the performance of sensor array geometries．IEE Proceedings-Radar，Sonar Navig，1994，141(6)：333～336．
[30]M．D．Zoltowski，S．D．Silverstein and C．P．Mathews．Beamspace root-MUSIC for minimum redundancy linear arrays．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing，1993，41(7)：2502～2507．
[31]N．Dowlut and A．Manikas．A polynominal rooting approach to super-resolution array design．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing，2000，48(6)：1559～1569．
[32]U．Oktel，R．L．Moses．A bayesian approach to array geometry design．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2005，53(5)：1919～1923．
[33]M．Rubsamen，A．B．Gershman．Direction-of-Arrival Estimation for Nonuniform Sensor Arrays：From Manifold Separation to Fourier Domain MUSIC Methods．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2009，57(2)：588～599．
[34]F．Belloni，A．Richter，V．Koivunen．DoA Estimation Via Manifold Separation for Arbitrary Array Structures．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2007，55(10)：4800～4810．
[35]Yuan Qiaowei，Chen Qiang，K．Sawaya．Accurate DOA estimation using array antenna with arbitrary geometry．IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation．2005，53(4)：1352～1357．
[36]R．Eiges and H．D．Griffiths．Mode-space spatial spectral estimation for circular arrays．IEE Proceedings-Radar，Sonar Navig，1994，141(6)：300～306．
[37]M．Wax and J．Sheinvaid．Direction finding for coherent signals via spatial smoothing for uniform circular arrays．IEEE Trans．Antennas and Propagation，1994，42(3)：613～620．
[38]王永良，陈辉，万山虎．一种有效的超分辨空间谱估计方法—虚拟阵列变换法．中国科学E，1999，26(6)：518～524．
[39]P．Hyberg，M．Jansson and B．Ottersten．Array mapping：optimal transformation matrix design．Proceedings of the IEEE ICASSP，2002，5：2905～2908．
[40]M．Pesavento，A．B．Gershman and Z．Q．Luo．Robust array interpolation using second-order cone programming．IEEE Signal Processing Letters，2002，9(1)：8～11．
[41]P．Hyberg，M．Jansson，B．Ottersten．Array interpolation and DOA MSE reduction．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2005，53(12)：4464～4471．
[42]F．Belloni，V．Koivunen．Beamspace Transform for UCA：Error Analysis and Bias Reduction．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2006，54(8)：3078～3089．
[43]J．Lecadre．Parametric methods for spatial signal processing in the presence of unknown colored noise fields．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1989，37(7)：965～983．
[44]B．Friedlander and A．J．Weiss．Direction finding using noise covariance modeling．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing，1995，43(7)：1557～1567．
[45]B．Goransson and B．Ottersten．Direction estimation in partially unknown noise fields．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing，1999，45(9)：2375～2384．
[46]A．L．Matveyev，A．B．Gershman and J．F．Bohme．On the direction estimation Cramer-Rao bounds in the presence of uncorrelated unknown noise．Circuits，Syst．，Signal Process，1999，18(5)：479～487．
[47]B．C．Ng and C．M．S．See．Sensor-array calibration using a maximum-likelihood approach．IEEE Trans．Antennas and Propagation，1996，44(4)：827～835．
[48]K．Stavropoulos and A．Manikas．Array calibration in the presence of unknown sensor characteristics and mutual coupling．Proceedings of the European Signal Processing Conference，2000，3，1417～1420．
[49]I．J．Gupta，J．R．Baxter，S．W．Ellingson and H．G．Park．An experimental study of antenna array calibration．IEEE Trans．Antennas and Propagation，2003，51(3)：664～667．
[50]M．Viberg and A．L．Swindlehurst．A Bayesian approach to auto-calibration for parametric array signal processing．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing，1994，42(12)：3495～3507．
[51]B．Friedlander and A．J．Weiss．Direction finding in the presence of mutual coupling．IEEE Trans．Antennas and Propagation，1991，39(3)：273～284．
[52]A．G．Jaffer．Constrained mutual coupling estimation for array calibration．Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth Asilomar Conference on Signals，Systems and Computers，2001，1273～1277．
[53]A．G．Jaffer．Sparse mutual coupling matrix and sensor gain/phase estimation for array auto-calibration．Proceedings of IEEE Radar Conference，2002，294～297．
[54]B．H．Wang，Y．L．Wang and H．Chen．A robust DOA estimation algorithm for uniform linear array in the presence of mutual coupling．IEEE antennas and propagation society international symposium，2003，3：924～927．
[55]J．Pierre and M．Kaveh．Experimental performance of calibration and direction finding algorithms．Proceedings of IEEE ICASSP，1991，1365～1368．
[56]E．Hung．A critical study of a self-calibration direction-finding method for arrays．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing，1994，42(2)：471～474．
[57]J．A．Cadzow．Signal enhancement-a composite property mapping algorithm．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1988，36(1)：49～62．
[58]王布宏，王永良，陈辉．利用局域子空间投影提高子空间类DOA估计算法的谱分辨力．电子学报，2003，31(3)：459～463．
[59]K．M．Buckley and X．L．Xu．Spatial-spectrum estimation in a location sector．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1990，38(11)：1842～1852．
[60]X．L．Xu and K．Buckley．An analysis of beam-space source localization．IEEE Trans Signal Processing，1993，41(1)：501～504．
[61]F．Li and H．Liu．Statistical analysis of beam-space estimation for direction-of-arrivals．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing，1994，42(3)：601～604．
[62]Wang Nanyan，P．Agathoklis，A．Antoniou．A new DOA estimation technique based on subarray beamforming．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2006，54(9)：3279～3290．
[63]R．Goossens，H．Rogier，S．Werbrouck．UCA Root-MUSIC With Sparse Uniform Circular Arrays．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2008，56(8)：4095～4099．
[64]R．D．Degroat，E．M．Dowling and D．A．Linebarger．The constrained MUSIC problem．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing，1993，41(3)：1445～1449．
[65]路鸣．用投影算子改善信号子空间方向估计算法的稳健性．电子学报，1994，22(1)：74～77．
[66]吴云韬，廖桂生，陈建峰．一种色噪声环境下的DOA估计新算法．电子学报，2001，29(12)：1605～1607．
[67]H．Hung and M．Kaveh．Focussing matrices for coherent signal-subspace processing．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1988，36(8)：1272～1281．
[68]M．A．Doron and A．J．Weiss．On focusing matrices for wide-band array processing．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing，1992，40(6)：1295～1302．
[69]W．Ng，J．P．Reilly，T．Kirubarajan，J．R．Larocque．Wideband array signal processing using MCMC methods．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2006，53(2)：411～426．
[70]Gardner W A．Simplification of MUSIC and ESPRIT by exploitation of cyclostationarity．Proc．IEEE，1988，76(7)：845～847．
[71]Lee Y T，Lee J H．Direction-Finding Methods for Cyclostationary Signals in the Presence of Coherent Sources．IEEE Trans．on Antennas and Propagation，2001，49(12)：1821～1826．
[72]T．Trump，B．Ottersten，Estimation of nominal direction of arrival and angular spread using an array of sensors，Signal Processing，1996，50：57～69．
[73]Y．U．Lee，J．Choi，I．Song，S．R．Lee．Distributed source modeling and direction-of-arrival estimation techniques，IEEE Trans-SP，1997，45(4)：960～969．
[74]L．Jooshik，J．Jingon，K．D．Jik．A Method for the Direction-of-Arrival Estimation of Incoherently Distributed Sources．IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology，2008，57(5)：2885～2893．
[75]Feifei Gao，A．Nallanathan，Yide Wang．Improved MUSIC Under the Coexistence of Both Circular and Noncircular Sources．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2008，56(7)：3033～3028．
[76]H．Abeida，J．P．Delmas．MUSIC-like estimation of direction of arrival for noncircular sources．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2006，54(7)：2678～2690．
[77]Ma Ning，Joo Thiam Goh．Ambiguity-function-based techniques to estimate DOA of broadband chirp signals．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2006，54(5)：1826～1839．
[78]J．P．Delmas，H．Abeida．Cramer-Rao bounds of DOA estimates for BPSK and QPSK Modulated signals．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing．2006，54(1)：117～126．
[79]Lie Suwandi，A．R．Leyman，Yong Huat Chew．Fourth-Order and Weighted Mixed Order Direction-of-Arrival Estimators．IEEE Signal Processing Letters，2006，13(11)：691～694．
[80]S．Marano，V．Matta，P．Willett，L．Tong．Support-based and ML approaches to DOA estimation in a dumb sensor network．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2006，54(4)：1563～1567．
[81]R．O．Schmidt．Multiple emitter location and signal parameter estimation．IEEE Trans．AP，1986，34(3)：276～280．
[82]R．Roy and T．Kailath．ESPRIT—Estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1989，37(7)：984～995．
[83]R．Roy，A．Paulraj，T．Kailath．ESPRIT-a subspace rotation approach to estimation of parameters of cisoids in noise．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1986，34(5)：1340～1342．
[84]T．J．Shan，M．Wax and T．Kailath．On spatial smoothing for direction-of-arrival estimation of coherent signals．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1985，33(4)：806～811．
[85]S．U．Pillai and B．H．Kwon．Forward-backward spatial smoothing techniques for the coherent signal identification．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1989，137(1)：8～15．
[86]Di A．Multiple sources location-a matrix decomposition approach．IEEE Trans．ASSP，1985，33(4)：1086～1091．
[87]高世伟，保铮．利用数据矩阵分解实现对空间相干源的超分辨处理．通信学报，1988，9 (1)：4～13．
[88]Chen Y M，Lee J H，Yeh C C．Bearing estimation without calibration for randomly perturbed arrays．IEEE Trans．on SP，39(1)：194～197．
[89]Stoica P，Nehorai A．MUSIC，Maximum likelihood，and Cramer-Rao bound．In Proc．ICASSP，1988：2296～2299．
[90]R．Hamza，K．Buckley．Second-order statistical analysis of totally weighted subspace fitting methods．IEEE Trans．On SP，1994，42(9)：2520～2524．
[91]Akaike H．A new look at the statistical model identification．IEEE Trans．on AC，1974，19(6)：716～723．
[92]Schwartz G．Estimation the dimension of a model．Ann．Stat，1978，6：461～464．
[93]B．Ottersten，M．Viberg，P．Stoica，A．Nehorai．Exact and large sample ML techniques for parameter estimation and detection in array processing．In havkin，Litva，Shepherd，editors，Radar array processing，1993：99～151．
[94]W．B．Bishop，P．M．Djuric．Model order selection of damped sinusoids in noise by predictive densities．IEEE Trans．SP，1996，44(3)：611～619．
[95]Shan T J，Paulray A，Kailath T，On Smoothed Rand Profile Tests in Eigen structure Methods for Directions-of-Arrival Estimation，IEEE Trans．on ASSP，1987，35(10)：1377～1385．
[96]Wu H T，Yang J，Chen F K．Source number estimation using transformed gerschgorin radii．IEEE Trans．on SP，1995，43(6)：1325～1333．
[97]Chen W，Reilly J P，Detection of the Number of Signals in Noise with Banded Covariance Matrices，IEEE Trans．on SP，1992，42(5)：377-380．
[98]B．D．V．Veen and K．M．Buckley．Beamforming：a versatile approach to spatial filtering．IEEE ASSP Magazine，1988 5(2)：4～24．
[99]J．Capon．High-resolution frequency-wavenumber spectrum analysis．Proceedings of the IEEE，1969，57(8)：1408～1418．
[100]J．P．Burg．Maximum entropy spectral analysis．Proc．of the 37th meeting of the Annual Int．SEG Meeting，1967．
[101]D．H．Johnson．The application of spectral estimation methods to bearing estimation problems．Proceedings of the IEEE，1982，70(9)：1018～1028．
[102]D．W．Tufts and R．Kumaresan．Estimation of frequencies of multiple sinusoids：making linear prediction performance like maximum likelihood．Proceedings of the IEEE，1982，70(9)：975～989．
[103]Kay S M，Marple S L．Sources of and remedies for spectral line splitting in autoregressive spectrum analysis．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，IEEE International Conference on ICASSP '79．Volume：4：151～154．
[104]Ng B P．Constraints for linear predictive and minimum-norm methods in bearing estimation．IEE Proc．-F1990，137(3)：187～192．
[105]R．Kumaresan and D．W．Tufts．Estimating the angle of arrival of multiple plane waves．IEEE Trans．Aerospace and Electronic Systems．1983，19(1)：134～139．
[106]F．Li，R．J．Vaccaro and D．W．Tufts．Performance analysis of the state space realization (TAM) and ESPRIT algorithms for DOA estimation．IEEE Trans．Antennas and Propagation，1993，39(3)：418～423．
[107]F．Gao，A．B．Gershman．A generalized ESPRIT approach to direction-of-arrival estimation．IEEE Signal Processing Letters，2005，12(3)：254～257．
[108]B．D．Rao and K．V．S．Hari．Performance analysis of root-MUSIC．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1989，37(2)：1939～1949．
[109]Viberg M，Ottersten B．Sensor array processing based on subspace fitting．IEEE Trans．on SP，1991，39 (5)：1110～1121．
[110]Viberg M，Ottersten B，Kailath T．Detection and estimation in sensor arrays using weighted subspace fitting．IEEE Trans．on SP，1991，39 (11)：2436～2449．
[111]Cadzow J A．A high resolution direction-of-arrival algorithm for narrow-band coherent and incoherent sources．IEEE Trans．on ASSP，1988．36 (7)：965～979．
[112]Clergeot H，Tressens S，Ouamri A．Performance of high resolution frequencies estimation methods compared to the Cramer-Rao bounds．IEEE Trans．on ASSP，1989，37 (11)：1703～1720．
[113]P．Stoica and K．C．Sharman．Novel eigen-analysis method for direction estimation．IEE Proceedings-F，1990，1371)：19～26．
[114]P．Stoica and K．C．Sharman．Maximum likelihood methods for direction-of-arrival estimation．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1990，38(7)：1132～1143．
[115]M．I．Miller and D．R．Fuhrmann．Maximum-likelihood narrow-band direction finding and the EM algorithm．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1990，38(5)：1560～1577．
[116]J．A．Fessler and A．O．Hero．Space alternating generalized expectation maximization algorithm．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing，1994，42(10)：2664～2677．
[117]P．J．Chung and J．F．Bohme．Comparative convergence analysis of EM and SAGE algorithm in DOA estimation．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing，2001，49(12)：2940～2949．
[118]Y．Bresler and A．Macovski．Exact maximum likelihood parameter estimation of superimposed exponential signals in noise．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1986，34(5)：1081～1089．
[119]Papadopoulos C K，Nikias C L．Parameter estimation of exponentially damped sinusoids using higher order statistics．IEEE Trans．on ASSP，1998，38(8)：1424～1436．
[120]Poral B，Friedlander B．Direction finding algorithms based on high-order statistics．IEEE Trans．on SP，1991，39(9)：2016～2023．
[121]M．D．Zoltowski and C．P．Mathews．Real-time frequency and 2-D angle estimation with sub-Nyquist spatio-temporal sampling．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing，1994，42(10)：2781～2797．
[122]M．Haardt and J．A．Nossek．3-D unitary ESPRIT for joint 2-D angle and carrier estimation．Proceedings of ICASSP，1997：255～258．
[123]叶中付，沈凤麟．基于空间差分技术的测向方法．电子学报，1996，24(7)：38～43．
[124]叶中付．空间平滑差分方法．通信学报，1997，18(9)：1～7．
[125]Chongying Qi，Yongliang Wang，Yongshun Zhang．Spatial Difference smoothing for DOA estimation of coherent signals [J]．IEEE Signal Processing Letters．2005，12(11)：800～802．
[126]Y．Zhang，Z．Ye．Efficient Method of DOA Estimation for Uncorrelated and Coherent Signals．IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters，2008，7：799～802．
[127]Y．H．Choi．Subspace-based coherent source localization with forward/backward covariance matrices [J]．Porc．Inst．Elect．Eng．，Radar Sonar Navigat，2002，19(3)：145～151．
[128]E．M．Al-Ardi，R．M．Shubair，and M．E．Al-Mualla．Computationally efficient high-resolution DOA estimation in multipath environment [J]．Electron．Lett．，2004，40(14)：908～910．
[129]Wang BuHong，Wang YongLiang，Chen Hui．Weighted spatial smoothing for direction-of-arrival estimation of coherent signals [A]．Proceedings of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium[C]，2002，668～671．
[130]J．A．Cadzow，Y．S．Kim，D．C．Shiue．General direction-of-arrival estimation：a signal subspace approach．IEEE Trans．on AES，1989，25(1)：31～46．
[131]P．Stoica and A．Nehorai．MUSIC，Maximum likelihood，and Cramer-Rao bound．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1989，3 7(5)：720～741．
[132]P．Stoica and A．Nehorai．MUSIC，Maximum likelihood，and Cramer-Rao bound：further results and comparisons．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1990，3 8(12)：2140～2150．
[133]T．J．Shan，A．Paulray and T．Kailath．On smoothed rank profile tests in eigenstructure methods for directions-of-arrival estimation．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1987，35(10)：1377～1385．
[134]S．Prasad and B．Chandna．An augmented smoothed rank profile algorithm for determinnation of source coherency structure．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1989，37(7)：1144～1146．
[135]马常霖，彭应宁，田立生．基于均匀圆阵的信源相干结构估计．清华大学学报．1998，38(3)：45～48．
[136]Jian Li，P Stoica．Efficient mixed-spectrum estimation with applications to target feature extraction [J]．IEEE Trans．on Signal Processing，1996，44(2)：281～295．
[137]Jian Li，Guoqing Liu，Nanzhi Jiang，P Stoica．Airborne phased array radar：clutter and jamming suppression and moving target detection and feature extraction [A]．IEEE 2000 Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop，240～244．
[138]J．Tsao，B．steinberg．Reduction of sidelobe and speckel artifacts in microwave imaging：the CLEAN technique [J]．IEEE Trans．on Antennas and Propagation，1988，36(4)：543～556．
[139]P．T．Gough．A fast spectral estimation algorithm based on the FFT [J]．IEEE Trans．on Signal Processing，1994，42(6)：1317～1322．
[140]I．Ziskind and M．Wax．Maximum likelihood localization of multiple sources by alternation projection．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1988，36(5)：1553～1560．
[141]C．L．Nikias，J．M．Mendel．Signal processing with higher-order spectra [J]．IEEE Signal Processing magazine，July，1993，10～36．
[142]J．F．Cardoso，E．Moulines．Asymptotic performance analysis of direction-finding algorithms based on fourth-order cumulants [J]．IEEE Trans．，SP，1995，43(1)：214～224．
[143]S．V．Schell．Performance Analysis of the Cyclic MUSIC Method of Direction Estimation for Cyclostationary Signals [J]．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing．1994，42(11)：3043～3050．
[144]G．Xu，T．Kailath．Direction-of-Arrival Estimation via Exploitation of Cyclostationarity —A Combination of Temporal and Spatial Processing [J]．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing．1992，40(7)：1775～1785．
[145]王布宏，王永良，陈辉．相干信源波达方向估计的加权空间平滑算法[J]．通信学报．2003，24 (4)：31-40．
[146]I．J．Gupta and A．K．Ksienski．Effect of mutual coupling in the performance of adaptive arrays．IEEE Trans．Antennas and Propagation，1983，31(6)：785～791．
[147]C．Yeh，M．Leou and D．R．Ucci．Bearing estimations with mutual coupling present．IEEE Trans．Antennas and Propagation，1989，37(10)：1332～1335．
[148]Bao Qimeng，C．C．Ko，Wanjun Zhi．DOA estimation under unknown mutual coupling and multipath．IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems．2005，41(2)：565～573．
[149]T．T．Zhang，Y．L．Lu，H．T．Hui．Compensation for the mutual coupling effect in uniform circular arrays for 2D DOA estimations employing the maximum likelihood technique．IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems，2008，44(3)：1215～1221．
[150]Ye．Zhongfu，Liu．Chao．2-D DOA Estimation in the Presence of Mutual Coupling．IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation，2008，56(10)：3150～3158．
[151]Y．Zhongfu，L．Chao．On the Resiliency of MUSIC Direction Finding Against Antenna Sensor Coupling．IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation，2008，56(2)：371～380．
[152]L．Xiang，Z．Ye，X．Xu，C．Chang．Direction of arrival estimation for uniform circular array based on fourth-order cumulants in the presence of unknown mutual coupling．IET Microwaves，Antennas & Propagation，2008，2(3)：281～287．
[153]王布宏，王永良，陈辉．均匀线阵互耦条件下的鲁棒DOA估计及互耦自校正．中国科学E辑．2004，34(2)：229～240．
[154]Qi，C．，Wang，Y．，Zhang，Y．，Chen，H．DOA estimation and self-calibration algorithm for uniform circular array．Electronics Letters．2005，41(20)：1092～1094．
[155]A．Paulraj．Direction of arrival estimation by eigenstructure methods with unknown sensor gain and phase [A]．Proc．IEEE ICASSP[C]，1985，640～643．
[156]Y．Rockah，et al．Array shape calibration using sources in unknown locations-Part Ⅰ：Far-field sources[J]．IEEE ASSP，1987，35(3) ：286～299．
[157]万明坚、肖先赐．处理天线阵各通道增益和相位不一致性的一种超分辨率测向新技术[J]．通信学报，1991 ，12 (6) ：77～82．
[158]万明坚、肖先赐．用信号子空间法校准天线阵各通道增益和相位的不一致性[J]．电子学报，1992，20 (6)：93-96．
[159]A．．Kisliansky，R．Shavit，J．Tabrikian．Direction of Arrival Estimation in the Presence of Noise Coupling in Antenna Arrays．IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation，2007，55(7)：1940～1947．
[160]S．A．Vorobyov， A．B．Gershman， K．M．Wong． Maximum likelihood direction-of-arrival estimation in unknown noise fields using sparse sensor arrays．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2005，53(1)：34～43．
[161]Minghui Li，Yilong Lu．Maximum likelihood DOA estimation in unknown colored noise fields．IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems，2008，44(3)：1079～1090．
[162]M．Pardini，F．Lombardini，F．Gini．The Hybrid Cram(?)r-Rao Bound on Broadside DOA Estimation of Extended Sources in Presence of Array Errors．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2008，56(4)：1726～1730．
[163]Chen Chiao En，F．Lorenzelli，R．E．Hudson，Yao Kung．Stochastic Maximum-Likelihood DOA Estimation in the Presence of Unknown Nonuniform Noise．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2008，56(7)：3038～3044．
[164]A．Ferreol，P．Larzabal，M．Viberg．Performance Prediction of Maximum-Likelihood Direction-of-Arrival Estimation in the Presence of Modeling Errors．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2008，56(10)：4785～4793．
[165]A．Ferreol，P．Larzabal，M．Viberg．On the asymptotic performance analysis of subspace DOA estimation in the presence of modeling errors：case of MUSIC．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2006，54(3)：907～920．
[166]Li．Youming，M．H．Er．Theoretical analyses of gain and phase error calibration with optimal implementation for linear equispaced array．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2006，54(2)：712～723．
[167]S．Vigneshwaran，S．Narasimhan，P．Saratchandran．Direction of Arrival (DoA) Estimation Under Array Sensor Failures Using a Minimal Resource Allocation Neural Network．IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation，2007，55(2)：334～343．
[2]H．Krim and M．Viberg．Two decades of array signal processing research：the parametric approach．IEEE Signal Processing Magazine，1996：13(4)：67～94．
[3]L．C．Godara．Application of antenna arrays to mobile communications，part Ⅱ：beam-forming and direction-of-arrival considerations．Proceedings of the IEEE，1997，85(8)：1195～1245．
[4]S．Haykin，J．P．Reilly，V．Kezys and E．Vertatschitsch．Some aspects of array signal processing．IEE Proceedings-F，1992，139(1)：1～26．
[5]王永良，陈辉，彭应宁，万群．空间谱估计理论与算法．清华大学出版社，2004：56～150．
[6]P．E．Howland．Target tracking using television-based bistatic radar．IEE Proceedings-Radar，Sonar Navig，1999，146(3)：166～174．
[7]B．D．Nordwall．“Silent Sentry” a new type of radar．Aviation Week & Space Technology，1998．
[8]Zhu Jiabing，Tao Liang，Hong yi．Study on moving target detection to passive radar based on FM broadcast transmitter．Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics．2007，18(3)：462～468．
[9]M．Chryssomallis．Smart antennas．IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine．2000，42(3)：129～136．
[10]L．C．Godara．Application of antenna arrays to mobile communications，part Ⅰ：performance improvement，feasibility，and system considerations．Proceedings of the IEEE，1997，85(7)：1031-1060．
[11]C．E．Shannon．A mathematical theory of communication．Bell System Technical Journal，1948．27：379～423，623～656．
[12]P．M．Woodward and I．L．D．A theory of radar information．Phil．Mag．，1951．41：1101～1117．
[13]P．M．Woodward．Probability and Information Theory with Application to Radar，1953，MA：Artech House．
[14]Y．Yang and R．S．Blum．MIMO radar waveform design based on mutual information and minimum mean-square error estimation．IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems，43(1)：330-343．
[15]Mark．R．Bell．Information Theory and Radar Waveform Design．IEEE TRANSACTIONS on IT，1993．39(5)：1578～1597．
[16]G．J．Foschini and M．J．G．On limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas，Wireless Personal Commun．Mag，Mar．1998．6(2)：311～335．
[17]E．Telatar．Capacity of multi-antenna Gaussian channels．Tech，memo．，AT&T Bell Labs，1995，27(6)：648～665．
[18]E．Fishler，A．Haimovich，etc．Performance of MIMO radar systems：advantages of angular diversity．Conference Record of the Thirty-Eighth Asilomar Conference on Signals，Systems and Computers，2004，305～309．
[19]E．Fishler，A．Haimovich，etc．MIMO radar：an idea whose time has come．Proceedings of the IEEE Radar Conference，2004，1～78．
[20]A．Manikas，H．R．Karimi and I．Dacos．Study of the detection and resolution compatibilities of a one-dimensional array of sensors by using differential geometry．IEE Proceedings-Radar，Sonar Navig，1994，141(2)：83～92．
[21]A．Manikas，A．Alexiou and H．R．Karimi．Comparison of the ultimate direction-finding capabilities of a number of planar array geometries．IEE Proceedings-Radar，Sonar Navig，1997，144(6)：321～329．
[22]C．M．Tan，S．E．Foo，M．A．Beach and A．R．Nix．Ambiguity in MUSIC and ESPRIT for direction of arrival estimation．IEE Electronics Letters，2002，38(24)：1598～1600．
[23]Y．I．Abramovich，D．A．Gray，D．A，N．K．Spencer，and A．Y．Gorokhov．Ambiguities In Direction-Of-Arrival Estimation for Nonuniform Linear Antenna Arrays．Fourth International Symposium on Signal Processing and Its Applications，1996：630～633．
[24]Moffet A T．Minimum-redundancy linear arrays．IEEE Trans．on Antennas Propagat，1968，16：172～175．
[25]Chambers C，Tozer T C，Sharman K C，Durrani T S．Temporal and spatial sampling influence on the estimates of superimposed narrowband signals：when less can mean more．IEEE Trans．on Signal Processing，1996，44(12)：3085～3098．
[26]Abramovich Y I，Spencer N K，Gorokhov A Y．Positivedefinite Toeplitz completion in DOA estimation for nonuniform linear antenna arrays—Part Ⅱ：Partially-augmentable arrays．IEEE Trans．on Signal Processing，1999，47(6)：1502～1521．
[27]K．C．Tan，S．S．Goh and E．C．Tan．A study of the rank-ambiguity issues in direction-of-arrival estimation．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing，1996，44(4)：880～887．
[28]Y．I．Abramovich，N．K．Spencer and A．Y．Gorokhov．Resolving manifold ambiguities in direction-of-arrival estimation for nonuniform linear antenna arrays．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing，1999，47(10)：2629～2643．
[29]D．M．Wilkes and H．Alnajjar．Critical distance and the performance of sensor array geometries．IEE Proceedings-Radar，Sonar Navig，1994，141(6)：333～336．
[30]M．D．Zoltowski，S．D．Silverstein and C．P．Mathews．Beamspace root-MUSIC for minimum redundancy linear arrays．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing，1993，41(7)：2502～2507．
[31]N．Dowlut and A．Manikas．A polynominal rooting approach to super-resolution array design．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing，2000，48(6)：1559～1569．
[32]U．Oktel，R．L．Moses．A bayesian approach to array geometry design．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2005，53(5)：1919～1923．
[33]M．Rubsamen，A．B．Gershman．Direction-of-Arrival Estimation for Nonuniform Sensor Arrays：From Manifold Separation to Fourier Domain MUSIC Methods．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2009，57(2)：588～599．
[34]F．Belloni，A．Richter，V．Koivunen．DoA Estimation Via Manifold Separation for Arbitrary Array Structures．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2007，55(10)：4800～4810．
[35]Yuan Qiaowei，Chen Qiang，K．Sawaya．Accurate DOA estimation using array antenna with arbitrary geometry．IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation．2005，53(4)：1352～1357．
[36]R．Eiges and H．D．Griffiths．Mode-space spatial spectral estimation for circular arrays．IEE Proceedings-Radar，Sonar Navig，1994，141(6)：300～306．
[37]M．Wax and J．Sheinvaid．Direction finding for coherent signals via spatial smoothing for uniform circular arrays．IEEE Trans．Antennas and Propagation，1994，42(3)：613～620．
[38]王永良，陈辉，万山虎．一种有效的超分辨空间谱估计方法—虚拟阵列变换法．中国科学E，1999，26(6)：518～524．
[39]P．Hyberg，M．Jansson and B．Ottersten．Array mapping：optimal transformation matrix design．Proceedings of the IEEE ICASSP，2002，5：2905～2908．
[40]M．Pesavento，A．B．Gershman and Z．Q．Luo．Robust array interpolation using second-order cone programming．IEEE Signal Processing Letters，2002，9(1)：8～11．
[41]P．Hyberg，M．Jansson，B．Ottersten．Array interpolation and DOA MSE reduction．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2005，53(12)：4464～4471．
[42]F．Belloni，V．Koivunen．Beamspace Transform for UCA：Error Analysis and Bias Reduction．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2006，54(8)：3078～3089．
[43]J．Lecadre．Parametric methods for spatial signal processing in the presence of unknown colored noise fields．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1989，37(7)：965～983．
[44]B．Friedlander and A．J．Weiss．Direction finding using noise covariance modeling．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing，1995，43(7)：1557～1567．
[45]B．Goransson and B．Ottersten．Direction estimation in partially unknown noise fields．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing，1999，45(9)：2375～2384．
[46]A．L．Matveyev，A．B．Gershman and J．F．Bohme．On the direction estimation Cramer-Rao bounds in the presence of uncorrelated unknown noise．Circuits，Syst．，Signal Process，1999，18(5)：479～487．
[47]B．C．Ng and C．M．S．See．Sensor-array calibration using a maximum-likelihood approach．IEEE Trans．Antennas and Propagation，1996，44(4)：827～835．
[48]K．Stavropoulos and A．Manikas．Array calibration in the presence of unknown sensor characteristics and mutual coupling．Proceedings of the European Signal Processing Conference，2000，3，1417～1420．
[49]I．J．Gupta，J．R．Baxter，S．W．Ellingson and H．G．Park．An experimental study of antenna array calibration．IEEE Trans．Antennas and Propagation，2003，51(3)：664～667．
[50]M．Viberg and A．L．Swindlehurst．A Bayesian approach to auto-calibration for parametric array signal processing．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing，1994，42(12)：3495～3507．
[51]B．Friedlander and A．J．Weiss．Direction finding in the presence of mutual coupling．IEEE Trans．Antennas and Propagation，1991，39(3)：273～284．
[52]A．G．Jaffer．Constrained mutual coupling estimation for array calibration．Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth Asilomar Conference on Signals，Systems and Computers，2001，1273～1277．
[53]A．G．Jaffer．Sparse mutual coupling matrix and sensor gain/phase estimation for array auto-calibration．Proceedings of IEEE Radar Conference，2002，294～297．
[54]B．H．Wang，Y．L．Wang and H．Chen．A robust DOA estimation algorithm for uniform linear array in the presence of mutual coupling．IEEE antennas and propagation society international symposium，2003，3：924～927．
[55]J．Pierre and M．Kaveh．Experimental performance of calibration and direction finding algorithms．Proceedings of IEEE ICASSP，1991，1365～1368．
[56]E．Hung．A critical study of a self-calibration direction-finding method for arrays．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing，1994，42(2)：471～474．
[57]J．A．Cadzow．Signal enhancement-a composite property mapping algorithm．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1988，36(1)：49～62．
[58]王布宏，王永良，陈辉．利用局域子空间投影提高子空间类DOA估计算法的谱分辨力．电子学报，2003，31(3)：459～463．
[59]K．M．Buckley and X．L．Xu．Spatial-spectrum estimation in a location sector．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1990，38(11)：1842～1852．
[60]X．L．Xu and K．Buckley．An analysis of beam-space source localization．IEEE Trans Signal Processing，1993，41(1)：501～504．
[61]F．Li and H．Liu．Statistical analysis of beam-space estimation for direction-of-arrivals．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing，1994，42(3)：601～604．
[62]Wang Nanyan，P．Agathoklis，A．Antoniou．A new DOA estimation technique based on subarray beamforming．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2006，54(9)：3279～3290．
[63]R．Goossens，H．Rogier，S．Werbrouck．UCA Root-MUSIC With Sparse Uniform Circular Arrays．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2008，56(8)：4095～4099．
[64]R．D．Degroat，E．M．Dowling and D．A．Linebarger．The constrained MUSIC problem．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing，1993，41(3)：1445～1449．
[65]路鸣．用投影算子改善信号子空间方向估计算法的稳健性．电子学报，1994，22(1)：74～77．
[66]吴云韬，廖桂生，陈建峰．一种色噪声环境下的DOA估计新算法．电子学报，2001，29(12)：1605～1607．
[67]H．Hung and M．Kaveh．Focussing matrices for coherent signal-subspace processing．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1988，36(8)：1272～1281．
[68]M．A．Doron and A．J．Weiss．On focusing matrices for wide-band array processing．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing，1992，40(6)：1295～1302．
[69]W．Ng，J．P．Reilly，T．Kirubarajan，J．R．Larocque．Wideband array signal processing using MCMC methods．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2006，53(2)：411～426．
[70]Gardner W A．Simplification of MUSIC and ESPRIT by exploitation of cyclostationarity．Proc．IEEE，1988，76(7)：845～847．
[71]Lee Y T，Lee J H．Direction-Finding Methods for Cyclostationary Signals in the Presence of Coherent Sources．IEEE Trans．on Antennas and Propagation，2001，49(12)：1821～1826．
[72]T．Trump，B．Ottersten，Estimation of nominal direction of arrival and angular spread using an array of sensors，Signal Processing，1996，50：57～69．
[73]Y．U．Lee，J．Choi，I．Song，S．R．Lee．Distributed source modeling and direction-of-arrival estimation techniques，IEEE Trans-SP，1997，45(4)：960～969．
[74]L．Jooshik，J．Jingon，K．D．Jik．A Method for the Direction-of-Arrival Estimation of Incoherently Distributed Sources．IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology，2008，57(5)：2885～2893．
[75]Feifei Gao，A．Nallanathan，Yide Wang．Improved MUSIC Under the Coexistence of Both Circular and Noncircular Sources．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2008，56(7)：3033～3028．
[76]H．Abeida，J．P．Delmas．MUSIC-like estimation of direction of arrival for noncircular sources．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2006，54(7)：2678～2690．
[77]Ma Ning，Joo Thiam Goh．Ambiguity-function-based techniques to estimate DOA of broadband chirp signals．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2006，54(5)：1826～1839．
[78]J．P．Delmas，H．Abeida．Cramer-Rao bounds of DOA estimates for BPSK and QPSK Modulated signals．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing．2006，54(1)：117～126．
[79]Lie Suwandi，A．R．Leyman，Yong Huat Chew．Fourth-Order and Weighted Mixed Order Direction-of-Arrival Estimators．IEEE Signal Processing Letters，2006，13(11)：691～694．
[80]S．Marano，V．Matta，P．Willett，L．Tong．Support-based and ML approaches to DOA estimation in a dumb sensor network．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2006，54(4)：1563～1567．
[81]R．O．Schmidt．Multiple emitter location and signal parameter estimation．IEEE Trans．AP，1986，34(3)：276～280．
[82]R．Roy and T．Kailath．ESPRIT—Estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1989，37(7)：984～995．
[83]R．Roy，A．Paulraj，T．Kailath．ESPRIT-a subspace rotation approach to estimation of parameters of cisoids in noise．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1986，34(5)：1340～1342．
[84]T．J．Shan，M．Wax and T．Kailath．On spatial smoothing for direction-of-arrival estimation of coherent signals．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1985，33(4)：806～811．
[85]S．U．Pillai and B．H．Kwon．Forward-backward spatial smoothing techniques for the coherent signal identification．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1989，137(1)：8～15．
[86]Di A．Multiple sources location-a matrix decomposition approach．IEEE Trans．ASSP，1985，33(4)：1086～1091．
[87]高世伟，保铮．利用数据矩阵分解实现对空间相干源的超分辨处理．通信学报，1988，9 (1)：4～13．
[88]Chen Y M，Lee J H，Yeh C C．Bearing estimation without calibration for randomly perturbed arrays．IEEE Trans．on SP，39(1)：194～197．
[89]Stoica P，Nehorai A．MUSIC，Maximum likelihood，and Cramer-Rao bound．In Proc．ICASSP，1988：2296～2299．
[90]R．Hamza，K．Buckley．Second-order statistical analysis of totally weighted subspace fitting methods．IEEE Trans．On SP，1994，42(9)：2520～2524．
[91]Akaike H．A new look at the statistical model identification．IEEE Trans．on AC，1974，19(6)：716～723．
[92]Schwartz G．Estimation the dimension of a model．Ann．Stat，1978，6：461～464．
[93]B．Ottersten，M．Viberg，P．Stoica，A．Nehorai．Exact and large sample ML techniques for parameter estimation and detection in array processing．In havkin，Litva，Shepherd，editors，Radar array processing，1993：99～151．
[94]W．B．Bishop，P．M．Djuric．Model order selection of damped sinusoids in noise by predictive densities．IEEE Trans．SP，1996，44(3)：611～619．
[95]Shan T J，Paulray A，Kailath T，On Smoothed Rand Profile Tests in Eigen structure Methods for Directions-of-Arrival Estimation，IEEE Trans．on ASSP，1987，35(10)：1377～1385．
[96]Wu H T，Yang J，Chen F K．Source number estimation using transformed gerschgorin radii．IEEE Trans．on SP，1995，43(6)：1325～1333．
[97]Chen W，Reilly J P，Detection of the Number of Signals in Noise with Banded Covariance Matrices，IEEE Trans．on SP，1992，42(5)：377-380．
[98]B．D．V．Veen and K．M．Buckley．Beamforming：a versatile approach to spatial filtering．IEEE ASSP Magazine，1988 5(2)：4～24．
[99]J．Capon．High-resolution frequency-wavenumber spectrum analysis．Proceedings of the IEEE，1969，57(8)：1408～1418．
[100]J．P．Burg．Maximum entropy spectral analysis．Proc．of the 37th meeting of the Annual Int．SEG Meeting，1967．
[101]D．H．Johnson．The application of spectral estimation methods to bearing estimation problems．Proceedings of the IEEE，1982，70(9)：1018～1028．
[102]D．W．Tufts and R．Kumaresan．Estimation of frequencies of multiple sinusoids：making linear prediction performance like maximum likelihood．Proceedings of the IEEE，1982，70(9)：975～989．
[103]Kay S M，Marple S L．Sources of and remedies for spectral line splitting in autoregressive spectrum analysis．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，IEEE International Conference on ICASSP '79．Volume：4：151～154．
[104]Ng B P．Constraints for linear predictive and minimum-norm methods in bearing estimation．IEE Proc．-F1990，137(3)：187～192．
[105]R．Kumaresan and D．W．Tufts．Estimating the angle of arrival of multiple plane waves．IEEE Trans．Aerospace and Electronic Systems．1983，19(1)：134～139．
[106]F．Li，R．J．Vaccaro and D．W．Tufts．Performance analysis of the state space realization (TAM) and ESPRIT algorithms for DOA estimation．IEEE Trans．Antennas and Propagation，1993，39(3)：418～423．
[107]F．Gao，A．B．Gershman．A generalized ESPRIT approach to direction-of-arrival estimation．IEEE Signal Processing Letters，2005，12(3)：254～257．
[108]B．D．Rao and K．V．S．Hari．Performance analysis of root-MUSIC．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1989，37(2)：1939～1949．
[109]Viberg M，Ottersten B．Sensor array processing based on subspace fitting．IEEE Trans．on SP，1991，39 (5)：1110～1121．
[110]Viberg M，Ottersten B，Kailath T．Detection and estimation in sensor arrays using weighted subspace fitting．IEEE Trans．on SP，1991，39 (11)：2436～2449．
[111]Cadzow J A．A high resolution direction-of-arrival algorithm for narrow-band coherent and incoherent sources．IEEE Trans．on ASSP，1988．36 (7)：965～979．
[112]Clergeot H，Tressens S，Ouamri A．Performance of high resolution frequencies estimation methods compared to the Cramer-Rao bounds．IEEE Trans．on ASSP，1989，37 (11)：1703～1720．
[113]P．Stoica and K．C．Sharman．Novel eigen-analysis method for direction estimation．IEE Proceedings-F，1990，1371)：19～26．
[114]P．Stoica and K．C．Sharman．Maximum likelihood methods for direction-of-arrival estimation．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1990，38(7)：1132～1143．
[115]M．I．Miller and D．R．Fuhrmann．Maximum-likelihood narrow-band direction finding and the EM algorithm．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1990，38(5)：1560～1577．
[116]J．A．Fessler and A．O．Hero．Space alternating generalized expectation maximization algorithm．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing，1994，42(10)：2664～2677．
[117]P．J．Chung and J．F．Bohme．Comparative convergence analysis of EM and SAGE algorithm in DOA estimation．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing，2001，49(12)：2940～2949．
[118]Y．Bresler and A．Macovski．Exact maximum likelihood parameter estimation of superimposed exponential signals in noise．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1986，34(5)：1081～1089．
[119]Papadopoulos C K，Nikias C L．Parameter estimation of exponentially damped sinusoids using higher order statistics．IEEE Trans．on ASSP，1998，38(8)：1424～1436．
[120]Poral B，Friedlander B．Direction finding algorithms based on high-order statistics．IEEE Trans．on SP，1991，39(9)：2016～2023．
[121]M．D．Zoltowski and C．P．Mathews．Real-time frequency and 2-D angle estimation with sub-Nyquist spatio-temporal sampling．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing，1994，42(10)：2781～2797．
[122]M．Haardt and J．A．Nossek．3-D unitary ESPRIT for joint 2-D angle and carrier estimation．Proceedings of ICASSP，1997：255～258．
[123]叶中付，沈凤麟．基于空间差分技术的测向方法．电子学报，1996，24(7)：38～43．
[124]叶中付．空间平滑差分方法．通信学报，1997，18(9)：1～7．
[125]Chongying Qi，Yongliang Wang，Yongshun Zhang．Spatial Difference smoothing for DOA estimation of coherent signals [J]．IEEE Signal Processing Letters．2005，12(11)：800～802．
[126]Y．Zhang，Z．Ye．Efficient Method of DOA Estimation for Uncorrelated and Coherent Signals．IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters，2008，7：799～802．
[127]Y．H．Choi．Subspace-based coherent source localization with forward/backward covariance matrices [J]．Porc．Inst．Elect．Eng．，Radar Sonar Navigat，2002，19(3)：145～151．
[128]E．M．Al-Ardi，R．M．Shubair，and M．E．Al-Mualla．Computationally efficient high-resolution DOA estimation in multipath environment [J]．Electron．Lett．，2004，40(14)：908～910．
[129]Wang BuHong，Wang YongLiang，Chen Hui．Weighted spatial smoothing for direction-of-arrival estimation of coherent signals [A]．Proceedings of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium[C]，2002，668～671．
[130]J．A．Cadzow，Y．S．Kim，D．C．Shiue．General direction-of-arrival estimation：a signal subspace approach．IEEE Trans．on AES，1989，25(1)：31～46．
[131]P．Stoica and A．Nehorai．MUSIC，Maximum likelihood，and Cramer-Rao bound．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1989，3 7(5)：720～741．
[132]P．Stoica and A．Nehorai．MUSIC，Maximum likelihood，and Cramer-Rao bound：further results and comparisons．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1990，3 8(12)：2140～2150．
[133]T．J．Shan，A．Paulray and T．Kailath．On smoothed rank profile tests in eigenstructure methods for directions-of-arrival estimation．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1987，35(10)：1377～1385．
[134]S．Prasad and B．Chandna．An augmented smoothed rank profile algorithm for determinnation of source coherency structure．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1989，37(7)：1144～1146．
[135]马常霖，彭应宁，田立生．基于均匀圆阵的信源相干结构估计．清华大学学报．1998，38(3)：45～48．
[136]Jian Li，P Stoica．Efficient mixed-spectrum estimation with applications to target feature extraction [J]．IEEE Trans．on Signal Processing，1996，44(2)：281～295．
[137]Jian Li，Guoqing Liu，Nanzhi Jiang，P Stoica．Airborne phased array radar：clutter and jamming suppression and moving target detection and feature extraction [A]．IEEE 2000 Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop，240～244．
[138]J．Tsao，B．steinberg．Reduction of sidelobe and speckel artifacts in microwave imaging：the CLEAN technique [J]．IEEE Trans．on Antennas and Propagation，1988，36(4)：543～556．
[139]P．T．Gough．A fast spectral estimation algorithm based on the FFT [J]．IEEE Trans．on Signal Processing，1994，42(6)：1317～1322．
[140]I．Ziskind and M．Wax．Maximum likelihood localization of multiple sources by alternation projection．IEEE Trans．Acoustics，Speech，and Signal Processing，1988，36(5)：1553～1560．
[141]C．L．Nikias，J．M．Mendel．Signal processing with higher-order spectra [J]．IEEE Signal Processing magazine，July，1993，10～36．
[142]J．F．Cardoso，E．Moulines．Asymptotic performance analysis of direction-finding algorithms based on fourth-order cumulants [J]．IEEE Trans．，SP，1995，43(1)：214～224．
[143]S．V．Schell．Performance Analysis of the Cyclic MUSIC Method of Direction Estimation for Cyclostationary Signals [J]．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing．1994，42(11)：3043～3050．
[144]G．Xu，T．Kailath．Direction-of-Arrival Estimation via Exploitation of Cyclostationarity —A Combination of Temporal and Spatial Processing [J]．IEEE Trans．Signal Processing．1992，40(7)：1775～1785．
[145]王布宏，王永良，陈辉．相干信源波达方向估计的加权空间平滑算法[J]．通信学报．2003，24 (4)：31-40．
[146]I．J．Gupta and A．K．Ksienski．Effect of mutual coupling in the performance of adaptive arrays．IEEE Trans．Antennas and Propagation，1983，31(6)：785～791．
[147]C．Yeh，M．Leou and D．R．Ucci．Bearing estimations with mutual coupling present．IEEE Trans．Antennas and Propagation，1989，37(10)：1332～1335．
[148]Bao Qimeng，C．C．Ko，Wanjun Zhi．DOA estimation under unknown mutual coupling and multipath．IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems．2005，41(2)：565～573．
[149]T．T．Zhang，Y．L．Lu，H．T．Hui．Compensation for the mutual coupling effect in uniform circular arrays for 2D DOA estimations employing the maximum likelihood technique．IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems，2008，44(3)：1215～1221．
[150]Ye．Zhongfu，Liu．Chao．2-D DOA Estimation in the Presence of Mutual Coupling．IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation，2008，56(10)：3150～3158．
[151]Y．Zhongfu，L．Chao．On the Resiliency of MUSIC Direction Finding Against Antenna Sensor Coupling．IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation，2008，56(2)：371～380．
[152]L．Xiang，Z．Ye，X．Xu，C．Chang．Direction of arrival estimation for uniform circular array based on fourth-order cumulants in the presence of unknown mutual coupling．IET Microwaves，Antennas & Propagation，2008，2(3)：281～287．
[153]王布宏，王永良，陈辉．均匀线阵互耦条件下的鲁棒DOA估计及互耦自校正．中国科学E辑．2004，34(2)：229～240．
[154]Qi，C．，Wang，Y．，Zhang，Y．，Chen，H．DOA estimation and self-calibration algorithm for uniform circular array．Electronics Letters．2005，41(20)：1092～1094．
[155]A．Paulraj．Direction of arrival estimation by eigenstructure methods with unknown sensor gain and phase [A]．Proc．IEEE ICASSP[C]，1985，640～643．
[156]Y．Rockah，et al．Array shape calibration using sources in unknown locations-Part Ⅰ：Far-field sources[J]．IEEE ASSP，1987，35(3) ：286～299．
[157]万明坚、肖先赐．处理天线阵各通道增益和相位不一致性的一种超分辨率测向新技术[J]．通信学报，1991 ，12 (6) ：77～82．
[158]万明坚、肖先赐．用信号子空间法校准天线阵各通道增益和相位的不一致性[J]．电子学报，1992，20 (6)：93-96．
[159]A．．Kisliansky，R．Shavit，J．Tabrikian．Direction of Arrival Estimation in the Presence of Noise Coupling in Antenna Arrays．IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation，2007，55(7)：1940～1947．
[160]S．A．Vorobyov， A．B．Gershman， K．M．Wong． Maximum likelihood direction-of-arrival estimation in unknown noise fields using sparse sensor arrays．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2005，53(1)：34～43．
[161]Minghui Li，Yilong Lu．Maximum likelihood DOA estimation in unknown colored noise fields．IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems，2008，44(3)：1079～1090．
[162]M．Pardini，F．Lombardini，F．Gini．The Hybrid Cram(?)r-Rao Bound on Broadside DOA Estimation of Extended Sources in Presence of Array Errors．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2008，56(4)：1726～1730．
[163]Chen Chiao En，F．Lorenzelli，R．E．Hudson，Yao Kung．Stochastic Maximum-Likelihood DOA Estimation in the Presence of Unknown Nonuniform Noise．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2008，56(7)：3038～3044．
[164]A．Ferreol，P．Larzabal，M．Viberg．Performance Prediction of Maximum-Likelihood Direction-of-Arrival Estimation in the Presence of Modeling Errors．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2008，56(10)：4785～4793．
[165]A．Ferreol，P．Larzabal，M．Viberg．On the asymptotic performance analysis of subspace DOA estimation in the presence of modeling errors：case of MUSIC．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2006，54(3)：907～920．
[166]Li．Youming，M．H．Er．Theoretical analyses of gain and phase error calibration with optimal implementation for linear equispaced array．IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing，2006，54(2)：712～723．
[167]S．Vigneshwaran，S．Narasimhan，P．Saratchandran．Direction of Arrival (DoA) Estimation Under Array Sensor Failures Using a Minimal Resource Allocation Neural Network．IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation，2007，55(2)：334～343．
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |