梭梭种群分子生态学研究
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摘要
中国是受沙漠化影响最严重的国家之一。梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron
Bunge)是藜科梭梭属多年生小乔木或灌木，作为荒漠地区主要的建群种和优良
固沙植物，梭梭在维持荒漠生态系统的结构与功能、防止土地沙漠化、改善小气
候方面具有十分重要的作用。近年来，由于不合理地开发利用，大面积的天然梭
梭林衰退甚至死亡。然而，我们对于梭梭种群的空间分布和遗传结构所知甚少。
本文拟通过对自然梭梭种群的空间格局、遗传结构、遗传结构的空间分布、以及
种子种群与地面植被种群的遗传比较的研究，探讨种群的空间结构特征及成因，
评价种群遗传多样性水平，了解遗传多样性在种群内、种群间的分布情况以及在
空间上的分布格局，预测种群的遗传潜能，并为制定合理的保护、利用策略提供
理论依据。
1． 对古尔班通古特沙漠东南部地区处于不同演替阶段的四个梭梭种群的分
布格局和种群动态进行了考察。结果表明，不同样地中梭梭种群的幼苗(<0． 5m)
和幼树(0． 5-1m)均呈聚集分布，样地A、B、D中的成熟个体(>1m)也呈聚集
分布，样地C中的成熟个体呈随机分布，从整个种群来看，所有梭梭种群均呈聚
集分布。种群的龄级结构图表明样地A和C中的梭梭种群表现为稳定型结构，
可进行持续更新，虽然样地D中的种群幼苗和幼树数量较少，但这种现象是暂时
的，种群仍具有持续更新的能力，样地B中的种群表现为衰退型结构。
2． 利用空间自相关分析检测上述四个种群的空间遗传结构，结果表明，四
个种群中的成株均无显著的空间自相关。虽然梭梭的种子散布能力有限，但花粉
流有可能是空间遗传结构不显著的原因之一：另一个可能的解释是在种群更新和
发展过程中，由于种内竞争的增强而发生了自疏现象。
3． 利用ISSR标记对新疆和内蒙古境内共9个种群的遗传结构进行研究。8
个引物共扩增出219条带，其中184条(84%)具多态性，种群的遗传多样性水
平较高，通过AMOVA分析表明大部分遗传多样性分布在种群内，区域间、种群
间的遗传变异均很小。梭梭种群较高的遗传多样性水平可能源于对异质、高胁迫
环境的长期适应，而种群间遗传分异低的主要原因是种群间存在强大的基因流。
4.对5个梭梭种群的地面植被和种子库的遗传结构进行了比较分析，并调查
了其中3个种群地面植被和种子库的空间遗传结构。结果表明，在所有种群中，
地面植被和种子库的遗传多样性水平相似，而地面植被的遗传分异高于种子库的
遗传分异;二者在遗传结构的空间分布上也不相同，地面植被种群无显著的空间
自相关，而种子库种群在第一距离级上(0一10m)呈显著正相关。研究结果表明
梭梭种群的种子库有能力保持种群的遗传多样性并减弱种群的遗传分化。
5.研究结果建议，由于现存梭梭种群和其潜在种群(种子种群)仍保持了
较高的遗传多样性，种群间的基因交换并没有受到阻碍，因此对梭梭的保护可以
与生态恢复工作同时进行。在具体工作中，应充分考虑种群的遗传结构特征及其
空间格局，选取适合的种群或种子资源进行恢复与重建，并保持一定水平的种群
大小，才能实现种群的稳定发展以及在高胁迫环境中的长期存活。
荒漠生态系统植被结构简单，环境压力大，对荒漠地区主要建群种和优势种
植物的空间分布和遗传结构进行研究对于探讨在胁迫环境中各种进化力量(如选
择、突变、迁移、漂变)的作用机制有重要意义，并为荒漠生态系统的恢复与重
建工作提供了有价值的信息。在本文中，对荒漠植物在较大地理范围内的遗传结
构研究、通过空间自相关分析进行种群的空间遗传结构研究、地面植被种群与种
子库种群在遗传结构、空间遗传结构上的比较研究在国内均为首例。这些研究结
果为进一步深入探讨荒漠植物生态适应与进化的分子机制奠定了基础。
关键词:梭梭;IsSRs;空间格局;遗传结构;空间自相关;种子库:生态恢复
China was one of the most severely affected countries suffering from desertification. Haloxylon ammodendron (C. A. Mey.) Bunge (Chenopodiaceae) was an xerophytic desert shrub. As dominate desert plant, H. ammodendron played an important role in the maintenance of the structure and function of the whole ecosystem. During the last five decades, overall land reclamation and cultivation, over-grazing and over-cutting and digging had resulted in the destruction of H. ammodendron vegetation and development of mobile sand dunes. However, the spatial pattern and population genetic structure of H. ammodendron populations were largely unknown. In this paper, the spatial pattern and the genetic structure were investigated in the surface plants and seed banks of the nine natural populations of H. ammodendron. We aimed to detect the characteristics of the spatial distribution and dynamics, to evaluate the level of genetic diversity, to examine the distribution of genetic variation with and among populations and on space, to predict the genetic potential of the present populations, and to provide some suggestions for the practices of ecological conservation and restoration.1. The spatial distribution and population dynamics of Haloxylon ammodendron, were studied in four communities in the southeast of Gurban Tonggut desert. Clumped distributions appeared in most seedlings, saplings. Adults were also clumped in Plot A, B and D, while adults in Plot C showed random distribution. At the population level, a clump distribution was found irrespective of successional status. The class distribution of H. ammodendron was nearly reverse J-shape in Plot A and C, suggesting that the populations regenerated continuously. Despite declined class distribution in Plot D, the limit on regeneration was believed to be temporary. The highly disturbed population B still had the potential ability of regeneration.2. Spatial autocorrelation statistics were used to examine the spatial structure of genetic variation. No significant pattern was detected, which suggested extensive pollen flow. Alternatively, the failure to detect genetic structure within population may be due to intraspecific competition during recruitment and development process, resulting in "thinning effect" within populations.3. Genetic variation within and between nine populations of H, ammodendron
from two regions of China was investigated using ISSR markers. Eight primers used in this study amplified 219 reproducible bands with 184 (84%) polymorphic. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed high genetic variation within populations (97.63%) and low genetic differentiation between regions (0.62%) and among populations (1.75%). We suggested that the present genetic structure could have arisen by adaptation to highly heterogeneous and stressful environment and high levels of gene flow.4. Genetic diversities of both adults and soil seeds were investigated in five populations, while the comparison of spatial genetic structure was performed in three of the five populations of H. ammodendron. We found similar genetic diversity in both populations, but higher differentiation (Gst = 0.220) in surface plant populations (Gst = 0.103). The soil seeds were positively correlated in the first distance class (0-10 m), while no clear spatial pattern was revealed in surface plant populations. These results suggested that seed banks had the potential to maintain genetic diversity in populations and the effect of slowing differentiation of populations.5. Our studies show that the levels of genetic diversity of the present populations of H. ammodendron are still high, and the gene flows between regions, among and within populations are not obstructed. Therefore, we suggest that the ecological conservation of the species can be carried out in the process of ecological restoration. On selecting optimum populations or seeds in the practices of rehabilitation and afforestation, the genetic structure and its spatial pattern should be fully emphasized. Population size was also an important restoration c
Bunge)是藜科梭梭属多年生小乔木或灌木，作为荒漠地区主要的建群种和优良
固沙植物，梭梭在维持荒漠生态系统的结构与功能、防止土地沙漠化、改善小气
候方面具有十分重要的作用。近年来，由于不合理地开发利用，大面积的天然梭
梭林衰退甚至死亡。然而，我们对于梭梭种群的空间分布和遗传结构所知甚少。
本文拟通过对自然梭梭种群的空间格局、遗传结构、遗传结构的空间分布、以及
种子种群与地面植被种群的遗传比较的研究，探讨种群的空间结构特征及成因，
评价种群遗传多样性水平，了解遗传多样性在种群内、种群间的分布情况以及在
空间上的分布格局，预测种群的遗传潜能，并为制定合理的保护、利用策略提供
理论依据。
1． 对古尔班通古特沙漠东南部地区处于不同演替阶段的四个梭梭种群的分
布格局和种群动态进行了考察。结果表明，不同样地中梭梭种群的幼苗(<0． 5m)
和幼树(0． 5-1m)均呈聚集分布，样地A、B、D中的成熟个体(>1m)也呈聚集
分布，样地C中的成熟个体呈随机分布，从整个种群来看，所有梭梭种群均呈聚
集分布。种群的龄级结构图表明样地A和C中的梭梭种群表现为稳定型结构，
可进行持续更新，虽然样地D中的种群幼苗和幼树数量较少，但这种现象是暂时
的，种群仍具有持续更新的能力，样地B中的种群表现为衰退型结构。
2． 利用空间自相关分析检测上述四个种群的空间遗传结构，结果表明，四
个种群中的成株均无显著的空间自相关。虽然梭梭的种子散布能力有限，但花粉
流有可能是空间遗传结构不显著的原因之一：另一个可能的解释是在种群更新和
发展过程中，由于种内竞争的增强而发生了自疏现象。
3． 利用ISSR标记对新疆和内蒙古境内共9个种群的遗传结构进行研究。8
个引物共扩增出219条带，其中184条(84%)具多态性，种群的遗传多样性水
平较高，通过AMOVA分析表明大部分遗传多样性分布在种群内，区域间、种群
间的遗传变异均很小。梭梭种群较高的遗传多样性水平可能源于对异质、高胁迫
环境的长期适应，而种群间遗传分异低的主要原因是种群间存在强大的基因流。
4.对5个梭梭种群的地面植被和种子库的遗传结构进行了比较分析，并调查
了其中3个种群地面植被和种子库的空间遗传结构。结果表明，在所有种群中，
地面植被和种子库的遗传多样性水平相似，而地面植被的遗传分异高于种子库的
遗传分异;二者在遗传结构的空间分布上也不相同，地面植被种群无显著的空间
自相关，而种子库种群在第一距离级上(0一10m)呈显著正相关。研究结果表明
梭梭种群的种子库有能力保持种群的遗传多样性并减弱种群的遗传分化。
5.研究结果建议，由于现存梭梭种群和其潜在种群(种子种群)仍保持了
较高的遗传多样性，种群间的基因交换并没有受到阻碍，因此对梭梭的保护可以
与生态恢复工作同时进行。在具体工作中，应充分考虑种群的遗传结构特征及其
空间格局，选取适合的种群或种子资源进行恢复与重建，并保持一定水平的种群
大小，才能实现种群的稳定发展以及在高胁迫环境中的长期存活。
荒漠生态系统植被结构简单，环境压力大，对荒漠地区主要建群种和优势种
植物的空间分布和遗传结构进行研究对于探讨在胁迫环境中各种进化力量(如选
择、突变、迁移、漂变)的作用机制有重要意义，并为荒漠生态系统的恢复与重
建工作提供了有价值的信息。在本文中，对荒漠植物在较大地理范围内的遗传结
构研究、通过空间自相关分析进行种群的空间遗传结构研究、地面植被种群与种
子库种群在遗传结构、空间遗传结构上的比较研究在国内均为首例。这些研究结
果为进一步深入探讨荒漠植物生态适应与进化的分子机制奠定了基础。
关键词:梭梭;IsSRs;空间格局;遗传结构;空间自相关;种子库:生态恢复
China was one of the most severely affected countries suffering from desertification. Haloxylon ammodendron (C. A. Mey.) Bunge (Chenopodiaceae) was an xerophytic desert shrub. As dominate desert plant, H. ammodendron played an important role in the maintenance of the structure and function of the whole ecosystem. During the last five decades, overall land reclamation and cultivation, over-grazing and over-cutting and digging had resulted in the destruction of H. ammodendron vegetation and development of mobile sand dunes. However, the spatial pattern and population genetic structure of H. ammodendron populations were largely unknown. In this paper, the spatial pattern and the genetic structure were investigated in the surface plants and seed banks of the nine natural populations of H. ammodendron. We aimed to detect the characteristics of the spatial distribution and dynamics, to evaluate the level of genetic diversity, to examine the distribution of genetic variation with and among populations and on space, to predict the genetic potential of the present populations, and to provide some suggestions for the practices of ecological conservation and restoration.1. The spatial distribution and population dynamics of Haloxylon ammodendron, were studied in four communities in the southeast of Gurban Tonggut desert. Clumped distributions appeared in most seedlings, saplings. Adults were also clumped in Plot A, B and D, while adults in Plot C showed random distribution. At the population level, a clump distribution was found irrespective of successional status. The class distribution of H. ammodendron was nearly reverse J-shape in Plot A and C, suggesting that the populations regenerated continuously. Despite declined class distribution in Plot D, the limit on regeneration was believed to be temporary. The highly disturbed population B still had the potential ability of regeneration.2. Spatial autocorrelation statistics were used to examine the spatial structure of genetic variation. No significant pattern was detected, which suggested extensive pollen flow. Alternatively, the failure to detect genetic structure within population may be due to intraspecific competition during recruitment and development process, resulting in "thinning effect" within populations.3. Genetic variation within and between nine populations of H, ammodendron
from two regions of China was investigated using ISSR markers. Eight primers used in this study amplified 219 reproducible bands with 184 (84%) polymorphic. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed high genetic variation within populations (97.63%) and low genetic differentiation between regions (0.62%) and among populations (1.75%). We suggested that the present genetic structure could have arisen by adaptation to highly heterogeneous and stressful environment and high levels of gene flow.4. Genetic diversities of both adults and soil seeds were investigated in five populations, while the comparison of spatial genetic structure was performed in three of the five populations of H. ammodendron. We found similar genetic diversity in both populations, but higher differentiation (Gst = 0.220) in surface plant populations (Gst = 0.103). The soil seeds were positively correlated in the first distance class (0-10 m), while no clear spatial pattern was revealed in surface plant populations. These results suggested that seed banks had the potential to maintain genetic diversity in populations and the effect of slowing differentiation of populations.5. Our studies show that the levels of genetic diversity of the present populations of H. ammodendron are still high, and the gene flows between regions, among and within populations are not obstructed. Therefore, we suggest that the ecological conservation of the species can be carried out in the process of ecological restoration. On selecting optimum populations or seeds in the practices of rehabilitation and afforestation, the genetic structure and its spatial pattern should be fully emphasized. Population size was also an important restoration c
引文
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