多孔形状记忆合金的相变机理和力学性能研究
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摘要
智能材料是信息科学与材料科学相结合的产物,是材料科学领域一个非常重要的分支。由于形状记忆合金具有伪弹性和形状记忆效应等许多特有的性能,形状记忆合金及其复合材料引起了智能材料研究领域的广泛关注,并提出了智能形状记忆合金复合材料的概念。
本构关系的研究是应用与发展这类材料的关键性问题,本文基于复合材料力学和细观力学的基本理论,分别对功能梯度形状记忆合金和多孔形状记忆合金的相变机理和力学性能进行研究。具体工作如下：
将功能梯度形状记忆合金材料考虑为如下两种情况：一种是陶瓷和形状记忆合金组成的梯度复合材料,该材料既具有陶瓷材料的耐热性能又具有形状记忆合金的特殊力学特性；另一种是本身具有梯度特性的形状记忆合金材料。本文首先结合复合材料平均化理论和已有形状记忆合金的本构关系,分析了变温作用下陶瓷形状记忆合金功能梯度材料的力学性能。结果表明,与纯弹性金属陶瓷功能梯度复合材料相比,梯度形状记忆合金材料的最大应力明显降低,从而提高了材料的力学性能。对于本身具有梯度性能的形状记忆合金材料,则是采用Tresca屈服准则与实体形状记忆合金的本构关系相结合,分析了内压力作用下的功能梯度形状记忆合金筒的相变过程和力学性能,所得结果与有限元模拟吻合很好,能够为功能梯度形状记忆合金的设计和应用提供理论基础。
静水压力对实体形状记忆合金材料的变形和相变影响很小且可以忽略。然而对于多孔形状记忆合金,由于材料内部有孔隙的存在,在受到外力作用时会产生应力集中现象,这样就会导致材料内部的孔隙附近会产生应力集中,突变的应力值可使其孔隙附近提前发生相变。本文首先对多孔SMA相变机理进行研究,分析了静水压力和偏应力单独作用于多孔形状记忆合金的情况,得到了多孔形状记忆合金的相变点分布位置和马氏体体积分数的变化规律。基于J2-I1理论,提出了一种近似的多孔形状记忆合金屈服方程和本构模型。基于Gurson理论和塑性扩展理论,推导了一种考虑静水压力下的多孔形状记忆合金的屈服方程和本构关系。两种方法的模拟结果均与实验吻合很好,且与已有细观力学模型相比,初始相变点更接近实验值。
As one of the important parts of the material science, intelligent material is developed by the combination of information and material. Shape memory alloy (SMA) has attracted great interest in the field of composite materials for the native abilities including pseudoelasticity and shape memory effect. What's more, the concept of 'intelligent SMA composite' has been proposed recently.
The constitutive relations of these materials have been a crucial issue for application of these smart materials. In this dissertation, combined the composite mechanics and the micromechanical theory, transformation behaviors and mechanical properties for functionally graded SMA and porous SMA are developed. The main works are as follows:
Some of the recent efforts have focused on incorporating the metal-ceramic FGM utilizing SMA as the metallic phase. By developing such a composite, the transformation capabilities of the SMA can be combined with the heat resisitant of ceramic and have great potential to be used in new sensor technology, information technology and the emerging field of smart materials systems. An analytical methodology combining averaging technique of composites and an SMA constitutive model is developed to determine the transformation properties of the FG-SMA composite. The results obtained from the analyses of such a composite show that after transformation the stress in the SMA composite is lower than in the case of pure elastic composite under the same thermal loading. This decrease stress can result in an increase in temperature resistance and improved mechanical properties of SMA composites. Considering the Tresca yield function and the constitutive model of SMA materials, Analytical solutions are derived for the pseudoelastic re-sponse of a functionally graded SMA thick-walled cylinder subjected to internal pressure. This work will be explored through a parametric study on SMA composites design.
It is well known that the phase transformation characteristics of dense SMA are independent of hydrostatic stress, while the macroscopic behavior of porous SMAs are significantly affected by hydrostatic stress because of stress concentrations caused by the existence of voids. And the phase transformation for porous SMAs occurs earlier than that of dense SMAs. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a model accounting for hydrostatic stresses to describe the constitutive relationship of porous SMAs. The cases under pure hydrostatic stress and pure deviatoric stress are analyzed respectively, and the relationships between martensite volume fraction and different stresses are then obtained. Base on the J2-I1theory, the approximate yield function and constitutive model for porous SMA are obtained. Based on Gurson's theory and dilatational plasticity theory, the analytical solution of the yield function and constutive model for porous SMA are finally obtained. Numerical results are compared with the experimental data and both show good agreement with the published experimental data. Importantly, the transformation initiation stress is much closer to the experiment data.
本构关系的研究是应用与发展这类材料的关键性问题,本文基于复合材料力学和细观力学的基本理论,分别对功能梯度形状记忆合金和多孔形状记忆合金的相变机理和力学性能进行研究。具体工作如下：
将功能梯度形状记忆合金材料考虑为如下两种情况：一种是陶瓷和形状记忆合金组成的梯度复合材料,该材料既具有陶瓷材料的耐热性能又具有形状记忆合金的特殊力学特性；另一种是本身具有梯度特性的形状记忆合金材料。本文首先结合复合材料平均化理论和已有形状记忆合金的本构关系,分析了变温作用下陶瓷形状记忆合金功能梯度材料的力学性能。结果表明,与纯弹性金属陶瓷功能梯度复合材料相比,梯度形状记忆合金材料的最大应力明显降低,从而提高了材料的力学性能。对于本身具有梯度性能的形状记忆合金材料,则是采用Tresca屈服准则与实体形状记忆合金的本构关系相结合,分析了内压力作用下的功能梯度形状记忆合金筒的相变过程和力学性能,所得结果与有限元模拟吻合很好,能够为功能梯度形状记忆合金的设计和应用提供理论基础。
静水压力对实体形状记忆合金材料的变形和相变影响很小且可以忽略。然而对于多孔形状记忆合金,由于材料内部有孔隙的存在,在受到外力作用时会产生应力集中现象,这样就会导致材料内部的孔隙附近会产生应力集中,突变的应力值可使其孔隙附近提前发生相变。本文首先对多孔SMA相变机理进行研究,分析了静水压力和偏应力单独作用于多孔形状记忆合金的情况,得到了多孔形状记忆合金的相变点分布位置和马氏体体积分数的变化规律。基于J2-I1理论,提出了一种近似的多孔形状记忆合金屈服方程和本构模型。基于Gurson理论和塑性扩展理论,推导了一种考虑静水压力下的多孔形状记忆合金的屈服方程和本构关系。两种方法的模拟结果均与实验吻合很好,且与已有细观力学模型相比,初始相变点更接近实验值。
As one of the important parts of the material science, intelligent material is developed by the combination of information and material. Shape memory alloy (SMA) has attracted great interest in the field of composite materials for the native abilities including pseudoelasticity and shape memory effect. What's more, the concept of 'intelligent SMA composite' has been proposed recently.
The constitutive relations of these materials have been a crucial issue for application of these smart materials. In this dissertation, combined the composite mechanics and the micromechanical theory, transformation behaviors and mechanical properties for functionally graded SMA and porous SMA are developed. The main works are as follows:
Some of the recent efforts have focused on incorporating the metal-ceramic FGM utilizing SMA as the metallic phase. By developing such a composite, the transformation capabilities of the SMA can be combined with the heat resisitant of ceramic and have great potential to be used in new sensor technology, information technology and the emerging field of smart materials systems. An analytical methodology combining averaging technique of composites and an SMA constitutive model is developed to determine the transformation properties of the FG-SMA composite. The results obtained from the analyses of such a composite show that after transformation the stress in the SMA composite is lower than in the case of pure elastic composite under the same thermal loading. This decrease stress can result in an increase in temperature resistance and improved mechanical properties of SMA composites. Considering the Tresca yield function and the constitutive model of SMA materials, Analytical solutions are derived for the pseudoelastic re-sponse of a functionally graded SMA thick-walled cylinder subjected to internal pressure. This work will be explored through a parametric study on SMA composites design.
It is well known that the phase transformation characteristics of dense SMA are independent of hydrostatic stress, while the macroscopic behavior of porous SMAs are significantly affected by hydrostatic stress because of stress concentrations caused by the existence of voids. And the phase transformation for porous SMAs occurs earlier than that of dense SMAs. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a model accounting for hydrostatic stresses to describe the constitutive relationship of porous SMAs. The cases under pure hydrostatic stress and pure deviatoric stress are analyzed respectively, and the relationships between martensite volume fraction and different stresses are then obtained. Base on the J2-I1theory, the approximate yield function and constitutive model for porous SMA are obtained. Based on Gurson's theory and dilatational plasticity theory, the analytical solution of the yield function and constutive model for porous SMA are finally obtained. Numerical results are compared with the experimental data and both show good agreement with the published experimental data. Importantly, the transformation initiation stress is much closer to the experiment data.
引文
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