中国低碳校园建设—复旦大学案例分析
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摘要
全球气候的变化使得越来越多国家关注温室气体对于气候的影响,并开始致力于碳减排。中国政府也制定了大量相关政策与法规,各级组织与机构都积极开展了节能减排的活动。校园是学生和教职工工作和生活的区域,提倡校园节能减排,不但直接的节约、环保效益巨大,而且可以对学生进行节能减排教育,也对整个社会起到示范作用。
对复旦校园的能耗以及学生和教职工个人与能耗相关的行为做了基础性的研究,得出75%的能耗来自于校园建筑,且建筑物中所有能耗均为电耗,本文主要研究分析邯郸校区的建筑物的电耗。通过分析其电耗数据,得到了电耗基准线和行为改变对整个校园电耗的影响,并提出低碳校园管理系统理念。这一理念主要是通过建立低碳校园管理系统向师生提供节能减排信息、对参与者进行碳减排方面的建议和指导,而且通过碳减排承诺机制规范师生行为,以期达到高效低成本的节能减排,即实现建立低碳校园的目的。
合理建立符合具体校园要求的低碳校园管理系统需分析校园内与个人行为相关的能耗,研究发现在复旦大学内能耗主要集中于六个方面：照明设施使用；计算机使用；空调使用；校内开车；用水；固体废弃物回收。通过理论计算与分析,采用极端假设法推算出在复旦大学内师生行为改变在每项节能措施上的节能减排空间,最终估算出复旦大学邯郸校区内的所有学生和教职工一年内可减排二氧化碳1236吨,基于分析结果给出合理的个人节能减排解决措施。
低碳校园管理系统致力于提高认知度和改变行为,从而实现高效低成本碳减排的目标。该系统不仅能帮助复旦大学高效地建设低碳校园,还可以发展并运用到其他社区组织中,为中国的低碳与可持续发展做出贡献。
Facing the great challenge of global climate change, more and more countries pay high attentions on the impact of greenhouse gases emissions and make efforts to reduce them. The Chinese government has issued a number of relevant policies and regulations, and organizations and institutions at all levels in China have actively carried out energy-saving and carbon reduction activities. A campus of university/school is a community where students and staff study, work and live. Building a low carbon campus can not only make achievements of cost cutting and environmental protection, but also promote the education on energy saving and carbon reduction. More importantly, the low carbon activities can also be extended beyond the campus and introduced to the whole society.
The research explores the energy consumption and the energy-related behavior of students and staff in Fudan campus. Regarding the facts that 75% of the total energy is consumed by campus buildings in Fudan and all energy use in buildings are electricity consumption, the buildings on Handan sub-campus are selected as research samples for assessing the electricity performance. The impact of behavioral aspects on electricity use is highlighted and explored, and the baselines of electricity use and carbon emissions are worked out based on the assessment of electricity performance. A concept of low-carbon campus is formed and the low carbon management system is established with the functions of sharing the information, providing the advice and guiding the activities on energy saving and carbon reduction among students and staff. The main objective of the system is to encourage every individual students and staff to make commitments to take environmentally friendly behavior changes and build a low carbon campus through the cost-effective measures.
In order to establish a sound low-carbon campus management system, the priority is to analyze the energy consumption associated with individual behavior, which can be mainly categorized in six areas:lighting; computer using, air conditioning, driving, water consuming and solid waste recycling. An extreme assumption method is adopted for evaluating the energy saving measures in these six areas in Fudan University. The result of research shows that 1,236 tons of carbon reduction could be achieved within one year in Handan sub-campus by students and stuff behavior change only. Specific behavioral energy-saving measures are made in the paper.
The low carbon campus management system mainly aims to achieve the carbon reduction target cost-effectively through personal awareness raising and behavioral change. The system will be useful for not only building the low carbon campus in Fudan University, but also for developing the low carbon sustainability in other communications in China.
对复旦校园的能耗以及学生和教职工个人与能耗相关的行为做了基础性的研究,得出75%的能耗来自于校园建筑,且建筑物中所有能耗均为电耗,本文主要研究分析邯郸校区的建筑物的电耗。通过分析其电耗数据,得到了电耗基准线和行为改变对整个校园电耗的影响,并提出低碳校园管理系统理念。这一理念主要是通过建立低碳校园管理系统向师生提供节能减排信息、对参与者进行碳减排方面的建议和指导,而且通过碳减排承诺机制规范师生行为,以期达到高效低成本的节能减排,即实现建立低碳校园的目的。
合理建立符合具体校园要求的低碳校园管理系统需分析校园内与个人行为相关的能耗,研究发现在复旦大学内能耗主要集中于六个方面：照明设施使用；计算机使用；空调使用；校内开车；用水；固体废弃物回收。通过理论计算与分析,采用极端假设法推算出在复旦大学内师生行为改变在每项节能措施上的节能减排空间,最终估算出复旦大学邯郸校区内的所有学生和教职工一年内可减排二氧化碳1236吨,基于分析结果给出合理的个人节能减排解决措施。
低碳校园管理系统致力于提高认知度和改变行为,从而实现高效低成本碳减排的目标。该系统不仅能帮助复旦大学高效地建设低碳校园,还可以发展并运用到其他社区组织中,为中国的低碳与可持续发展做出贡献。
Facing the great challenge of global climate change, more and more countries pay high attentions on the impact of greenhouse gases emissions and make efforts to reduce them. The Chinese government has issued a number of relevant policies and regulations, and organizations and institutions at all levels in China have actively carried out energy-saving and carbon reduction activities. A campus of university/school is a community where students and staff study, work and live. Building a low carbon campus can not only make achievements of cost cutting and environmental protection, but also promote the education on energy saving and carbon reduction. More importantly, the low carbon activities can also be extended beyond the campus and introduced to the whole society.
The research explores the energy consumption and the energy-related behavior of students and staff in Fudan campus. Regarding the facts that 75% of the total energy is consumed by campus buildings in Fudan and all energy use in buildings are electricity consumption, the buildings on Handan sub-campus are selected as research samples for assessing the electricity performance. The impact of behavioral aspects on electricity use is highlighted and explored, and the baselines of electricity use and carbon emissions are worked out based on the assessment of electricity performance. A concept of low-carbon campus is formed and the low carbon management system is established with the functions of sharing the information, providing the advice and guiding the activities on energy saving and carbon reduction among students and staff. The main objective of the system is to encourage every individual students and staff to make commitments to take environmentally friendly behavior changes and build a low carbon campus through the cost-effective measures.
In order to establish a sound low-carbon campus management system, the priority is to analyze the energy consumption associated with individual behavior, which can be mainly categorized in six areas:lighting; computer using, air conditioning, driving, water consuming and solid waste recycling. An extreme assumption method is adopted for evaluating the energy saving measures in these six areas in Fudan University. The result of research shows that 1,236 tons of carbon reduction could be achieved within one year in Handan sub-campus by students and stuff behavior change only. Specific behavioral energy-saving measures are made in the paper.
The low carbon campus management system mainly aims to achieve the carbon reduction target cost-effectively through personal awareness raising and behavioral change. The system will be useful for not only building the low carbon campus in Fudan University, but also for developing the low carbon sustainability in other communications in China.
引文
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[21]周义.我国二氧化碳排放量增加量惊人[EB/OL]环球能源网,2008-03-17.
[22]江泽民.对中国能源问题的思考[J].上海交通大学学报,2008,42(3)：345-359.
[23]相震.碳减排问题刍议[J].环境科技,2009,22(1)：75-78.
[24]中华人民共和国第十四次全国人民代表大会.中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划纲要[EB/OL]中央政府门户网站,2011-03-16.
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[27]Tovey N.K., Turner C.H.. Carbon reduction strategies at the University of East Anglia, UK[J]. Municipal Engineering.2006,159(4):193-201.
[28]Jiang P. A Low Carbon Sustainable Strategy Using CDM Methodological Approach To Large Commercial Buildings In Beijing And Shanghai[D]. East Anglia: University of East Anglia; Environmental Sciences,2009.
[29]Tovey K., Gerrard S., Harris M.. Sustainability Audit Report-Carbon Reduction (CRed) Programme Report[R]. East Anglia:University of East Anglia,2006.
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[31]University of East Anglia. The Carbon Reduction Programme [EB/OL].: http://www.cred-uk.org/
[32]清华大学建筑节能研究中心.中国建筑节能年度发展研究报告2009[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2009.
[33]章人英.普遍社会学[M].上海：上海教育出版社,1990：145.
[34]中华人民共和国教育部.教育部关于开展节能减排学校行动的通知,教发(2007)19号[EB/OL]中国教育新闻网,2007-09-27.
[35]李艳艳,李筱慧,伦关臣.“节能减排学校行动”对于建设节约型社会的理论和现实意义[R].湖北经济学院学报,2008,5(2)：20-21.
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