工业固体废物填埋处置设施的建设与管理研究
摘要
随着经济的发展,工业固体废物特别是危险废物污染问题日趋严重。治理的要求也日益紧迫。我国工业废物管理工作起步较晚,治理水平落后。但随着国家政策的推动,固体废弃物防治法的深入贯彻,工业固体废物的处理处置越来越受到重视,各地工业固体废物处理处置设施的建设也在蓬勃开展。
张家港的工业废物治理开展较早。本文结合张家港市格锐固体废物中心的建设与管理实践,讨论了一般工业固体废物和危险废物填埋场工程的建设和管理,研究了处理处置设施的选址、一般固体废物填埋、危险废物的预处理、危险废物填埋、废水处理、填埋场封场等问题,以期为同类工程提供参考。
选址是设施建设设计的首要问题,选址的优劣直接关系该项目建设的成败。格锐固体废物中心采用一般工业固体废物与危险废物填埋库合并建设,填埋库又与预处理设施异地建设。填埋库综合利用废弃采石坑,节约了土地资源;预处理设施位于污水处理厂侧,优化了环保资源配置。
一般固体废物采用直接填埋处置,第Ⅱ类一般工业固体废物填埋场需防渗处理。格锐采用在天然基岩上铺设PCC涂层,能满足一般固体废物安全填埋的要求。
本文还针对张家港危险废物特点,全面讨论了固化稳定化技术。文章重点对含重金属危险废物的固化稳定化进行了研究,通过对含铬废物进行的试验分析,提出了含铬废物的稳定化方案,同时介绍了固化稳定化设施。
危险废物填埋库是工程建设的重点。文中全面探讨了填埋库的建设运行,包括库体设计、防渗解决方案、填埋作业方案、作业管理、安全防护、突发事故应对以及封场。格锐填埋库采用混凝土浇筑,池壁底部用复合衬层,顶部创造性地采用钢结构棚全覆盖,彻底解决雨水引起的渗滤液。
填埋和预处理不可避免会产生废水,文章通过论证优先选择渗滤液回灌、剩余废液与预处理冲洗水合并处理的总体思路,提出了针对重金属污染的废水预处理方案,废水预处理后再排入污水厂进行深度处理。
总之,本文涵盖了工业固体废物填埋处置设施建设与管理的全过程,包括接收、运输、预处理和填埋,并强调在设施的运行管理中要特别注重安全。
With the development of the economy, the solid waste pollution, especially hazardous waste pollution, is becoming a severe problem, which called for urgent control. The industrial solid waste management in China started relatively late, and management competence also lags. But with push of state policies, as well as the carrying out of the law for solid waste prevention and control, the treatment and disposal of solid waste has received more attention, and the construction of solid waste facilities is being widely developed all over the country.
The industrial waste control in Zhangjiagang started relatively early in China. Linking with the practice of the Zhangjiagang Green Solid Waste Center, the paper mainly addressed construction and management of general industrial solid waste together with hazardous waste landfill, dealt with problems like general solid waste landfill, pretreatment, hazardous waste landfill, waste water treatment, landfill plant closure of the hazardous waste, etc., to serve for similar project.
Selecting site remains the most important during the construction, and the success or failure of the construction project depends on site selecting. In the Green Solid Waste Center, general industrial solid waste landfill and hazardous waste landfill are done on the same site, but the pretreatment facility and landfill plant are built on the different sites. The landfill plant utilized a disused quarry, economizing the land resource; the treatment facilities lay in the field beside sewage plant, optimizing the resource distribution of environmental protection.
The general solid waste adopts direct landfill, while Class II general industrial solid wastes landfill requires antiseepage. Green Waste Center layed PCC coating on the natural base rock, which can meet the request for general safe landfill of solid waste.
The article has discussed the solidification technology in an all-round way, against the hazardous waste characteristic of Zhangjiagang. Solidification of hazardous waste containing heavy metal such as chromium was investigated. The stability scheme relating to chromium wastes has been proposed. Solidification stability facilities were introduced.
The landfill plant of hazardous waste is the focal point of engineering construction. Having probed into landfill plant construction and operation in the all-round way, the article has included landfill plant body design, antiseepage scheme, operation management, safety protection, accident solution scheme and site closure. In Green Solid Waste Center, the landfill plant body was built with concret, the plant wall and bottom were equipped with compound lining, the top adopted steel construction covering all over the landfill site, which is able to solve seepage caused by drain water completely in an creative way.
The generating of the leachate from the landfill and pretreatment facilities is unavoidable. Leachate re-irrigated to landfill site is recommended. The surplus leachate, amalgamated with pretreatment wastewater containing the heavy metal is treated primarily, then discharged into a sewage factory for further treatment.
The paper has summarized the whole course of management of industrial solid waste disposal facilities for landfill, including receiving , transporting , pretreating and landfill. Safety should be received more attention during operating.
张家港的工业废物治理开展较早。本文结合张家港市格锐固体废物中心的建设与管理实践,讨论了一般工业固体废物和危险废物填埋场工程的建设和管理,研究了处理处置设施的选址、一般固体废物填埋、危险废物的预处理、危险废物填埋、废水处理、填埋场封场等问题,以期为同类工程提供参考。
选址是设施建设设计的首要问题,选址的优劣直接关系该项目建设的成败。格锐固体废物中心采用一般工业固体废物与危险废物填埋库合并建设,填埋库又与预处理设施异地建设。填埋库综合利用废弃采石坑,节约了土地资源;预处理设施位于污水处理厂侧,优化了环保资源配置。
一般固体废物采用直接填埋处置,第Ⅱ类一般工业固体废物填埋场需防渗处理。格锐采用在天然基岩上铺设PCC涂层,能满足一般固体废物安全填埋的要求。
本文还针对张家港危险废物特点,全面讨论了固化稳定化技术。文章重点对含重金属危险废物的固化稳定化进行了研究,通过对含铬废物进行的试验分析,提出了含铬废物的稳定化方案,同时介绍了固化稳定化设施。
危险废物填埋库是工程建设的重点。文中全面探讨了填埋库的建设运行,包括库体设计、防渗解决方案、填埋作业方案、作业管理、安全防护、突发事故应对以及封场。格锐填埋库采用混凝土浇筑,池壁底部用复合衬层,顶部创造性地采用钢结构棚全覆盖,彻底解决雨水引起的渗滤液。
填埋和预处理不可避免会产生废水,文章通过论证优先选择渗滤液回灌、剩余废液与预处理冲洗水合并处理的总体思路,提出了针对重金属污染的废水预处理方案,废水预处理后再排入污水厂进行深度处理。
总之,本文涵盖了工业固体废物填埋处置设施建设与管理的全过程,包括接收、运输、预处理和填埋,并强调在设施的运行管理中要特别注重安全。
With the development of the economy, the solid waste pollution, especially hazardous waste pollution, is becoming a severe problem, which called for urgent control. The industrial solid waste management in China started relatively late, and management competence also lags. But with push of state policies, as well as the carrying out of the law for solid waste prevention and control, the treatment and disposal of solid waste has received more attention, and the construction of solid waste facilities is being widely developed all over the country.
The industrial waste control in Zhangjiagang started relatively early in China. Linking with the practice of the Zhangjiagang Green Solid Waste Center, the paper mainly addressed construction and management of general industrial solid waste together with hazardous waste landfill, dealt with problems like general solid waste landfill, pretreatment, hazardous waste landfill, waste water treatment, landfill plant closure of the hazardous waste, etc., to serve for similar project.
Selecting site remains the most important during the construction, and the success or failure of the construction project depends on site selecting. In the Green Solid Waste Center, general industrial solid waste landfill and hazardous waste landfill are done on the same site, but the pretreatment facility and landfill plant are built on the different sites. The landfill plant utilized a disused quarry, economizing the land resource; the treatment facilities lay in the field beside sewage plant, optimizing the resource distribution of environmental protection.
The general solid waste adopts direct landfill, while Class II general industrial solid wastes landfill requires antiseepage. Green Waste Center layed PCC coating on the natural base rock, which can meet the request for general safe landfill of solid waste.
The article has discussed the solidification technology in an all-round way, against the hazardous waste characteristic of Zhangjiagang. Solidification of hazardous waste containing heavy metal such as chromium was investigated. The stability scheme relating to chromium wastes has been proposed. Solidification stability facilities were introduced.
The landfill plant of hazardous waste is the focal point of engineering construction. Having probed into landfill plant construction and operation in the all-round way, the article has included landfill plant body design, antiseepage scheme, operation management, safety protection, accident solution scheme and site closure. In Green Solid Waste Center, the landfill plant body was built with concret, the plant wall and bottom were equipped with compound lining, the top adopted steel construction covering all over the landfill site, which is able to solve seepage caused by drain water completely in an creative way.
The generating of the leachate from the landfill and pretreatment facilities is unavoidable. Leachate re-irrigated to landfill site is recommended. The surplus leachate, amalgamated with pretreatment wastewater containing the heavy metal is treated primarily, then discharged into a sewage factory for further treatment.
The paper has summarized the whole course of management of industrial solid waste disposal facilities for landfill, including receiving , transporting , pretreating and landfill. Safety should be received more attention during operating.
引文
[1].芈振明,等.固体废物的处理与处置[M]高等教育出版社.1993
[2].宋立岩,等.我国工业固体废弃物的管理及资源化探讨[J].云南环境科学,2005,24(4):35-37
[3].林艺芸,等.我国工业危险废物产生现状及产量预测[J].有色冶金设计与研究,2007,28(23):18-22
[4].刘志全,等.中国危险废物污染防治技术发展趋势与政策分析[J].中国环保产业,2000,12:15-17
[5].代江燕,等.中国危险废物管理现状研究[J].环境保护科学,2006,32(4):47-50
[6].刘常青,等.上海市工业危险废物现状调查及管理对策研究[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2007,23(2):100-104
[7].周炳炎,等.北京市工业危险废物产生特性研究[J].环境科学与管理,2006,31(1):40-43
[8].沈众,等.江苏危险废物集中焚烧处置现状分析及对策[J].江苏环境科技,2002,15(2):16-18
[9].黄启飞.美国危险废物的管理与处理处置[J].环境保护科学,2005,30(128):41-43
[10].郭亚丽.无锡市工业固体(危险)废物安全填埋工程总体工艺设计[J].环境卫生工程,2004,12(3):171-174
[11].美国危险废物填埋场的设计[J]中国环保产业,2002,8:40-41
[12].方颖.填埋场运行监测系统的设计及监测方法介绍[J]环境卫生工程,1995,3:6-12
[13]黄本生等.危险废物管理系统的优化[J].中国安全科学学报,2005,9:13-16
[14]王海燕.循环经济理论下的城市固体废物物流系统优化模型[J].物流技术,2005,10:287-289
[15]Talib E.B.,Elaine L.,Kehinde O..Risk assessment of landfill disposal sites-State of the art[J].Waste Management(2007),doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2007.05.012
[16]Renoua S.,Givaudan J.G.,Poulain S.,et al..Landfill leachate treatment:Review and opportunity[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials.(2007),doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.077
[17]Ayala M.,Noa P.,Yoram A..Selecting a compatible open space use for a closed landfll site[J].Landscape and Urban Planning 2001,55:95-111
[18]Travis W.,Arnold P..A new model for solid waste management:an analysis of the Nova Scotia MSW strategy[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2008,16:410-421
[19]Ostman M.,Wahlberg O..Martensson,Leachability and metal-binding capacity in ageing landfill material[J],Waste Management,2008,28:142-150
[20]Sormunen K.,Matti E.,Jukka R..Detailed internal characterisation of two Finnish landfills by waste sampling[J],Waste Management,2008,28:151-163
[21]Simone L.,Ian B.,Evansc D..Spatial-temporal model for demand and allocation of waste landfills in growing urban regions[J],Computers,Environment and Urban Systems 2004,28:353-385
[22]Bas K.,Tase L..The impact of the European Landfill Directive on waste management strategy and current legislation in Turkey's Specially Protected Areas[J],Resources,Conservation and Recycling,2007,52:119-135
[23]Wiszniowskia J.,Surmacz-Go J.,Robertb D.,et al..The effect of landfill leachate composition on organics and nitrogen removal in an activated sludge system with bentonite additive[J],Journal of Environmental Management 2007,85:59-68
[24]Harbottle M.J.,AI-Tabbaa A.,Evans C.W..A comparison of the technical sustainability of in situ stabilisation/solidification with disposal to landfill[J],Journal of Hazardous Materials,2007,141:430-440
[25]Tzipi E.,Ofira A.,Mordechai S.Valuation of externalities of selected waste management alternatives:A comparative review and analysis[J],Resources,Conservation and Recycling,2006,46:335-364
[26]Morris J.R.,Phillips P.S.,Read A.D..The UK Landfill Tax:an analysis of its contribution to sustainable waste management,Resources[J],Conservation and Recycling,1998,23:259-270
[27]中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法(2004修订)[S],2004.12
[28]国家环境保护总局.环发(2001)199号.《危险废物污染防治技术政策》[S].2001.12
[29]国家环境保护总局.GB18598-2001.《危险废物填埋污染控制标准》[S].2001.12
[30]国家环境保护总局.GB18597-2001.《危险废物贮存污染控制标准》[S].2001.12
[31]国家环境保护总局.GB18599-2001.《一般工业固体废物贮存、处置场污染控制标准》[S].2001.12
[32]国家环境保护总局等[S].《国家危险废物名录》.1998.7
[2].宋立岩,等.我国工业固体废弃物的管理及资源化探讨[J].云南环境科学,2005,24(4):35-37
[3].林艺芸,等.我国工业危险废物产生现状及产量预测[J].有色冶金设计与研究,2007,28(23):18-22
[4].刘志全,等.中国危险废物污染防治技术发展趋势与政策分析[J].中国环保产业,2000,12:15-17
[5].代江燕,等.中国危险废物管理现状研究[J].环境保护科学,2006,32(4):47-50
[6].刘常青,等.上海市工业危险废物现状调查及管理对策研究[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2007,23(2):100-104
[7].周炳炎,等.北京市工业危险废物产生特性研究[J].环境科学与管理,2006,31(1):40-43
[8].沈众,等.江苏危险废物集中焚烧处置现状分析及对策[J].江苏环境科技,2002,15(2):16-18
[9].黄启飞.美国危险废物的管理与处理处置[J].环境保护科学,2005,30(128):41-43
[10].郭亚丽.无锡市工业固体(危险)废物安全填埋工程总体工艺设计[J].环境卫生工程,2004,12(3):171-174
[11].美国危险废物填埋场的设计[J]中国环保产业,2002,8:40-41
[12].方颖.填埋场运行监测系统的设计及监测方法介绍[J]环境卫生工程,1995,3:6-12
[13]黄本生等.危险废物管理系统的优化[J].中国安全科学学报,2005,9:13-16
[14]王海燕.循环经济理论下的城市固体废物物流系统优化模型[J].物流技术,2005,10:287-289
[15]Talib E.B.,Elaine L.,Kehinde O..Risk assessment of landfill disposal sites-State of the art[J].Waste Management(2007),doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2007.05.012
[16]Renoua S.,Givaudan J.G.,Poulain S.,et al..Landfill leachate treatment:Review and opportunity[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials.(2007),doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.077
[17]Ayala M.,Noa P.,Yoram A..Selecting a compatible open space use for a closed landfll site[J].Landscape and Urban Planning 2001,55:95-111
[18]Travis W.,Arnold P..A new model for solid waste management:an analysis of the Nova Scotia MSW strategy[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2008,16:410-421
[19]Ostman M.,Wahlberg O..Martensson,Leachability and metal-binding capacity in ageing landfill material[J],Waste Management,2008,28:142-150
[20]Sormunen K.,Matti E.,Jukka R..Detailed internal characterisation of two Finnish landfills by waste sampling[J],Waste Management,2008,28:151-163
[21]Simone L.,Ian B.,Evansc D..Spatial-temporal model for demand and allocation of waste landfills in growing urban regions[J],Computers,Environment and Urban Systems 2004,28:353-385
[22]Bas K.,Tase L..The impact of the European Landfill Directive on waste management strategy and current legislation in Turkey's Specially Protected Areas[J],Resources,Conservation and Recycling,2007,52:119-135
[23]Wiszniowskia J.,Surmacz-Go J.,Robertb D.,et al..The effect of landfill leachate composition on organics and nitrogen removal in an activated sludge system with bentonite additive[J],Journal of Environmental Management 2007,85:59-68
[24]Harbottle M.J.,AI-Tabbaa A.,Evans C.W..A comparison of the technical sustainability of in situ stabilisation/solidification with disposal to landfill[J],Journal of Hazardous Materials,2007,141:430-440
[25]Tzipi E.,Ofira A.,Mordechai S.Valuation of externalities of selected waste management alternatives:A comparative review and analysis[J],Resources,Conservation and Recycling,2006,46:335-364
[26]Morris J.R.,Phillips P.S.,Read A.D..The UK Landfill Tax:an analysis of its contribution to sustainable waste management,Resources[J],Conservation and Recycling,1998,23:259-270
[27]中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法(2004修订)[S],2004.12
[28]国家环境保护总局.环发(2001)199号.《危险废物污染防治技术政策》[S].2001.12
[29]国家环境保护总局.GB18598-2001.《危险废物填埋污染控制标准》[S].2001.12
[30]国家环境保护总局.GB18597-2001.《危险废物贮存污染控制标准》[S].2001.12
[31]国家环境保护总局.GB18599-2001.《一般工业固体废物贮存、处置场污染控制标准》[S].2001.12
[32]国家环境保护总局等[S].《国家危险废物名录》.1998.7