城镇居民公众参与认知、态度和行为关系的实证研究
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摘要
公众参与已经成为发扬社会主义民主,培养公民意识,衡量政府行政管理水平,提升政府决策科学性和有效性的关键要素。公众参与与否也严重影响到公众对整个社会认同感和归属感,因此对于公众参与问题的研究亟待政府和学界的关注和重视。
然而,近年来对于公众参与的研究中如何将公众参与的三个重要变量即公众参与认知、公众参与态度、公众参与行为完整系统的进行思考和研究；如何确定影响公众参与的关键因素；如何将心理资本作为影响公众参与的不可忽视的因素引入公众参与的模型；如何利用媒体、个人基本属性等因素将公众参与中消极的公众转换为积极参与公众这些问题的研究尚十分薄弱,亟待我们加强和深化。
本研究在梳理相关文献的基础上,基于宏观参与理论和微观参与理论的支撑,运用访谈和问卷调研的方法,以公众参与的核心变量之间的关系以及心理资本和公众参与态度在整个公众参与过程中的作用为主线,深入剖析了公众参与过程中各因素的作用以及因素之间的相互关系。首先,对公众参与态度的三维结构模型进行研究；其次,是对于公众参与认知、公众参与态度和公众参与行为的关系模型进行考察；再次,对于心理资本与公众参与过程的关系的整体模型进行分析。
研究表明：公众参与态度是一个三维结构模型。本文通过探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析,并对公众参与态度的结构模型进行结构方程建模比较,最终从理论和实证上确定了公众参与态度由公共事务态度、社会事务态度和关心时事态度三个维度构成,这将对公众参与态度的内涵界定和测量的研究起到促进作用；本研究厘清并通过实证验证了公众参与认知、公众参与态度和公众参与行为的关系并构建了三者的关系模型。通过实证的方法,本研究探索并验证了公众参与认知和公众参与行为的内涵结构,并发现公众参与认知对公众参与态度有显著影响作用,公众参与态度对公众参与行为有显著影响作用,而公众参与态度在公众参与认知和公众参与行为中起到完全中介的作用；本研究构建了心理资本与公众参与过程的关系的整体模型,并通过实证验证了相互之间的关系。研究将心理资本这一新的变量引入到公众参与过程中来,考虑心理因素对公众参与过程的影响,通过实证分析,发现心理资本对公众参与认知和公众参与态度均有显著影响,且在公众参与认知和公众参与态度之间起到部分中介作用。
通过公众参与的关键因素的探析,将有效的改善政治冷漠人群,通过参与关键变量的调整转变其参与行为；将对政府引导公众有序参与提供路径及科学依据；通过厘清公众参与关键变量的关系,构建一个更为科学系统的公众参与模型,夯实公众参与的理论基础。
Public participation has become a key factor to promote socialist democracy, cultivate civic awareness, measure government's ability of administration, and enhance government's scientific and effective decision-making. Public participation impacts the public's sense of identity of and belonging to the society to a large extent, and issues related to public participation entail more concerns and attention from the government and academia.
However, research questions in public participation area such as how to study the three core variables in public participation, namely public participation awareness, public participation attitude, and public participation behavior at an aggregate level, how to identify the key factors that affects public participation, how to introduce the crucial factor of psychological capital into the model of public participation, and how to use the media and personal characteristics to alter negative public into positive public, are still very vague and need further research efforts and attention.
This study reviews relevant literature on macro and micro participation theory and uses interview and survey method to examine the relationship between the core variables of public participation, and the important role that psychological capital and public participation attitude play in the process of public participation. In particular, this study examines a) the three-dimension structural model of public participation attitude, b) the relational model of public participation awareness, public participation attitude, and public participation behavior, and c) the overall model of the relationship between psychological capital and public participation.
The results show that public participation attitude is a three-dimension structural model. This paper uses exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, compares structural models of public participation attitude based on structural equation modeling, and identifies the three dimensions of public participation attitude (attitude toward public affairs, attitude toward social affairs and attitude toward current events) which contributes to the definition and measurement of public participation attitude. The author also clarifies the relationship between public participation awareness, public participation attitude and public participation behavior, and develops a relational model of the three. Through empirical method, the research explores and verifies the structure of public participation awareness and public participation behavior, and finds that public participation awareness significantly affects public participation attitude, public participation attitude significantly affects public participation behavior, and public participation the attitude fully mediates the effect of public participation awareness on public participation behavior. In addition, this research develops an overall model of the relationship between psychological capital and public participation and examines the relationship between each other. This paper initially introduces the variable of psychological capital to public participation process and studies the impact of psychological factors on public participation. Results from empirical analysis shows that psychological capital has significant effect on public participation awareness and public participation attitude, and partially mediates the effect of public participation awareness on public participation attitude.
The managerial implication of this research is to alter participation behavior by adjusting the core participation variables and ultimately improve political apathy. Our research also provides insights for government to guide effective public participation and contributes to develop a more scientific and systematic model of public participation in the attempt to lay a solid theoretical foundation of public participation.
然而,近年来对于公众参与的研究中如何将公众参与的三个重要变量即公众参与认知、公众参与态度、公众参与行为完整系统的进行思考和研究；如何确定影响公众参与的关键因素；如何将心理资本作为影响公众参与的不可忽视的因素引入公众参与的模型；如何利用媒体、个人基本属性等因素将公众参与中消极的公众转换为积极参与公众这些问题的研究尚十分薄弱,亟待我们加强和深化。
本研究在梳理相关文献的基础上,基于宏观参与理论和微观参与理论的支撑,运用访谈和问卷调研的方法,以公众参与的核心变量之间的关系以及心理资本和公众参与态度在整个公众参与过程中的作用为主线,深入剖析了公众参与过程中各因素的作用以及因素之间的相互关系。首先,对公众参与态度的三维结构模型进行研究；其次,是对于公众参与认知、公众参与态度和公众参与行为的关系模型进行考察；再次,对于心理资本与公众参与过程的关系的整体模型进行分析。
研究表明：公众参与态度是一个三维结构模型。本文通过探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析,并对公众参与态度的结构模型进行结构方程建模比较,最终从理论和实证上确定了公众参与态度由公共事务态度、社会事务态度和关心时事态度三个维度构成,这将对公众参与态度的内涵界定和测量的研究起到促进作用；本研究厘清并通过实证验证了公众参与认知、公众参与态度和公众参与行为的关系并构建了三者的关系模型。通过实证的方法,本研究探索并验证了公众参与认知和公众参与行为的内涵结构,并发现公众参与认知对公众参与态度有显著影响作用,公众参与态度对公众参与行为有显著影响作用,而公众参与态度在公众参与认知和公众参与行为中起到完全中介的作用；本研究构建了心理资本与公众参与过程的关系的整体模型,并通过实证验证了相互之间的关系。研究将心理资本这一新的变量引入到公众参与过程中来,考虑心理因素对公众参与过程的影响,通过实证分析,发现心理资本对公众参与认知和公众参与态度均有显著影响,且在公众参与认知和公众参与态度之间起到部分中介作用。
通过公众参与的关键因素的探析,将有效的改善政治冷漠人群,通过参与关键变量的调整转变其参与行为；将对政府引导公众有序参与提供路径及科学依据；通过厘清公众参与关键变量的关系,构建一个更为科学系统的公众参与模型,夯实公众参与的理论基础。
Public participation has become a key factor to promote socialist democracy, cultivate civic awareness, measure government's ability of administration, and enhance government's scientific and effective decision-making. Public participation impacts the public's sense of identity of and belonging to the society to a large extent, and issues related to public participation entail more concerns and attention from the government and academia.
However, research questions in public participation area such as how to study the three core variables in public participation, namely public participation awareness, public participation attitude, and public participation behavior at an aggregate level, how to identify the key factors that affects public participation, how to introduce the crucial factor of psychological capital into the model of public participation, and how to use the media and personal characteristics to alter negative public into positive public, are still very vague and need further research efforts and attention.
This study reviews relevant literature on macro and micro participation theory and uses interview and survey method to examine the relationship between the core variables of public participation, and the important role that psychological capital and public participation attitude play in the process of public participation. In particular, this study examines a) the three-dimension structural model of public participation attitude, b) the relational model of public participation awareness, public participation attitude, and public participation behavior, and c) the overall model of the relationship between psychological capital and public participation.
The results show that public participation attitude is a three-dimension structural model. This paper uses exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, compares structural models of public participation attitude based on structural equation modeling, and identifies the three dimensions of public participation attitude (attitude toward public affairs, attitude toward social affairs and attitude toward current events) which contributes to the definition and measurement of public participation attitude. The author also clarifies the relationship between public participation awareness, public participation attitude and public participation behavior, and develops a relational model of the three. Through empirical method, the research explores and verifies the structure of public participation awareness and public participation behavior, and finds that public participation awareness significantly affects public participation attitude, public participation attitude significantly affects public participation behavior, and public participation the attitude fully mediates the effect of public participation awareness on public participation behavior. In addition, this research develops an overall model of the relationship between psychological capital and public participation and examines the relationship between each other. This paper initially introduces the variable of psychological capital to public participation process and studies the impact of psychological factors on public participation. Results from empirical analysis shows that psychological capital has significant effect on public participation awareness and public participation attitude, and partially mediates the effect of public participation awareness on public participation attitude.
The managerial implication of this research is to alter participation behavior by adjusting the core participation variables and ultimately improve political apathy. Our research also provides insights for government to guide effective public participation and contributes to develop a more scientific and systematic model of public participation in the attempt to lay a solid theoretical foundation of public participation.
引文
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