爆炸成型弹丸（EFP）研制及其工程破坏效应研究
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摘要
EFP在未敏弹、二级串联弹、工程破障和武器销毁等方面具有很好的应用前景，是武器设计和爆炸力学研究的热点问题之一。本文针对远距离工程破障和打击坚固目标的需要，以研制方便携带和使用、质量小、成本低的单兵高效聚能战斗部为研究目标，在考虑提高EFP侵彻破坏能力的同时，着重考虑了其外弹道性能和成本。研究过程中，采用理论和经验分析初步设计、数值模拟反馈设计和试验研究优化设计等多种手段相结合的综合方法，对EFP战斗部进行了科学合理的设计，并开展了EFP侵彻破坏效能的研究，提出了EFP侵彻的工程计算方法和工程防护措施。
首先，本文对国内外聚能装药技术研究成果进行了系统总结和深入研究。有关资料包括：聚能装药技术的发展历史和分类、聚能射流形成的流动准则和理论、聚能装药技术研究方法、EFP技术的优点和当前应用情况、EFP成型影响因素及其作用等等。确定以能有效打击复合装甲、侵彻后效大、对炸高不敏感的EFP战斗部作为本文的研究目标。
其次，深入研究了EFP战斗部设计计算方法，分析了EFP成型过程中药型罩的变形特征，提出决定EFP成型的首要条件是药型罩在爆轰驱动中获得的初始速度分布，并利用爆轰驱动飞片模型，给出了药型罩变形和EFP速度的估算公式，进行了战斗部初步设计。采用LS-DYNA软件模拟了EFP成型和侵彻过程，计算中通过人工粘性力控制沙漏模态，采用罚函数方法处理接触滑移面，采用自适应手段控制网格畸变，通过将计算过程分为EFP成型计算和侵彻计算两个阶段、删除无效单元、进行重启动等方法保证了计算顺利完成，研究解决了药型罩剧烈变形和接触碰撞计算中的关键技术。开展了多轮研究性试验，进行了EFP成型和飞行姿态X光照相和速度测试，得出变壁厚球缺与大锥角相结合的复合药型罩所形成的EFP，其形状和气动性能都较好的结论。通过对数值计算和实弹试验结果进行分析，完成了战斗部的反馈设计和优化设计。最终研制的EFP战斗部口径为100mm，重量轻，初始速度达到2500m／s，可在大炸高条件下有效打击障碍物和轻装甲，为单兵破障和打击坚固目标提供了一种有效的手段，其总体技术指标处于该研究领域的先进水平。
最后，在分析EFP侵彻机理的基础上，结合流体侵彻模式与破碎穿孔模式，提出了EFP侵彻深度的工程计算方法。在分析EFP对混凝土靶的侵彻与震塌破坏机制的基础上，提出采取缩小配筋间距、提高配筋率、采用SFRC和块石混凝土、采用钢板内衬结构或在结构内表面粘贴玻璃纤维布与碳纤维布等措施进行工程防护，为合理进行防护工程设计提出了指导性意见。
EFP(Explosively Formed Projectiles) is an useful weapon and has bright future in the development of end sensitive bullet and second series bullet as well as in the field of clearing away the engineering barriers and destruction of weapons. To develop good EFP, therefore, is always a popular topic in the weapon design and explosion mechanics. According to the demands of clearing away the engineering barriers and attacking the firm military objectives, The dissertation aims at the objective to develop an efficient EFP ammunition with small weight, low cost and easy to use and to carry. Both the exterior ballistic trajectory and the cost of EFP are considered and stressed, and in the meantime the importance to increase the penetration capability of EFP is taken into consideration. Three steps are adopted in the developments of EFP, i.e. the primary design on the basis of theory and experience, the feedback design related to the numerical simulation, and finally the optimizing design based on the experiments. Finally, the available EFP ammunition is obtained and its efficiency in the penetration and performation are studied. A convenient engineering method to estimate the penetration depth is proposed and some effective protective measure are suggested.
Firstly, we described and summarized systematically the research fruits in the shaped charge technology both at home and abroad, such as the research history and classification of EFP, the criterion to form congregated jet and its related theory, the research method of shaped charge, the advantages and its applications of EFP, the main factors and its function in the formation of EFP, and so on. Considering the outstanding performance of EFP in attacking composite armors, the strong pentration capability in the concrete and insensitive to the detonation hight, a clear aim of the dissertation is determined.
Then, the method to design EFP warfare is studied thoroughly and the deformation characteristics of charge liner in the formation of jet is investigated. It is concluded that the primary condition to determine EFP mode is the velocity distribution along the charge liner. Based on the driven model of flyer flat, formulas for the velocity and deformation of charge liner are derived and a tentative warefare of EFP is designed. LS-DYNA is used to simulate the formation of congregated jet and the penetration of formed projectiles. The key point in the simulation is that the whole calculation is subdivided into two steps, i.e. the first to simulate the explosively formed projectile and the second to simulate the penetration of the projectile into target. In the numerical simulation several effective measures are used, such as, hourglass deformation is controled by anti-hourglass nodal force, penalty function is used in the simulation of slidding surface, adaptive method is adopted for severe distortion meshes, and so that the whole simulations go through smoothly. After a series tests and analysis of the shape and flying posture of EFP, an ideal composite charge liner consisted of a part of sphere liner with variable thickness and a big angle cone liner is developed, which meets the demands of shape and penetration performance of EFP. Combining the numerical computations and bullet tests,
首先，本文对国内外聚能装药技术研究成果进行了系统总结和深入研究。有关资料包括：聚能装药技术的发展历史和分类、聚能射流形成的流动准则和理论、聚能装药技术研究方法、EFP技术的优点和当前应用情况、EFP成型影响因素及其作用等等。确定以能有效打击复合装甲、侵彻后效大、对炸高不敏感的EFP战斗部作为本文的研究目标。
其次，深入研究了EFP战斗部设计计算方法，分析了EFP成型过程中药型罩的变形特征，提出决定EFP成型的首要条件是药型罩在爆轰驱动中获得的初始速度分布，并利用爆轰驱动飞片模型，给出了药型罩变形和EFP速度的估算公式，进行了战斗部初步设计。采用LS-DYNA软件模拟了EFP成型和侵彻过程，计算中通过人工粘性力控制沙漏模态，采用罚函数方法处理接触滑移面，采用自适应手段控制网格畸变，通过将计算过程分为EFP成型计算和侵彻计算两个阶段、删除无效单元、进行重启动等方法保证了计算顺利完成，研究解决了药型罩剧烈变形和接触碰撞计算中的关键技术。开展了多轮研究性试验，进行了EFP成型和飞行姿态X光照相和速度测试，得出变壁厚球缺与大锥角相结合的复合药型罩所形成的EFP，其形状和气动性能都较好的结论。通过对数值计算和实弹试验结果进行分析，完成了战斗部的反馈设计和优化设计。最终研制的EFP战斗部口径为100mm，重量轻，初始速度达到2500m／s，可在大炸高条件下有效打击障碍物和轻装甲，为单兵破障和打击坚固目标提供了一种有效的手段，其总体技术指标处于该研究领域的先进水平。
最后，在分析EFP侵彻机理的基础上，结合流体侵彻模式与破碎穿孔模式，提出了EFP侵彻深度的工程计算方法。在分析EFP对混凝土靶的侵彻与震塌破坏机制的基础上，提出采取缩小配筋间距、提高配筋率、采用SFRC和块石混凝土、采用钢板内衬结构或在结构内表面粘贴玻璃纤维布与碳纤维布等措施进行工程防护，为合理进行防护工程设计提出了指导性意见。
EFP(Explosively Formed Projectiles) is an useful weapon and has bright future in the development of end sensitive bullet and second series bullet as well as in the field of clearing away the engineering barriers and destruction of weapons. To develop good EFP, therefore, is always a popular topic in the weapon design and explosion mechanics. According to the demands of clearing away the engineering barriers and attacking the firm military objectives, The dissertation aims at the objective to develop an efficient EFP ammunition with small weight, low cost and easy to use and to carry. Both the exterior ballistic trajectory and the cost of EFP are considered and stressed, and in the meantime the importance to increase the penetration capability of EFP is taken into consideration. Three steps are adopted in the developments of EFP, i.e. the primary design on the basis of theory and experience, the feedback design related to the numerical simulation, and finally the optimizing design based on the experiments. Finally, the available EFP ammunition is obtained and its efficiency in the penetration and performation are studied. A convenient engineering method to estimate the penetration depth is proposed and some effective protective measure are suggested.
Firstly, we described and summarized systematically the research fruits in the shaped charge technology both at home and abroad, such as the research history and classification of EFP, the criterion to form congregated jet and its related theory, the research method of shaped charge, the advantages and its applications of EFP, the main factors and its function in the formation of EFP, and so on. Considering the outstanding performance of EFP in attacking composite armors, the strong pentration capability in the concrete and insensitive to the detonation hight, a clear aim of the dissertation is determined.
Then, the method to design EFP warfare is studied thoroughly and the deformation characteristics of charge liner in the formation of jet is investigated. It is concluded that the primary condition to determine EFP mode is the velocity distribution along the charge liner. Based on the driven model of flyer flat, formulas for the velocity and deformation of charge liner are derived and a tentative warefare of EFP is designed. LS-DYNA is used to simulate the formation of congregated jet and the penetration of formed projectiles. The key point in the simulation is that the whole calculation is subdivided into two steps, i.e. the first to simulate the explosively formed projectile and the second to simulate the penetration of the projectile into target. In the numerical simulation several effective measures are used, such as, hourglass deformation is controled by anti-hourglass nodal force, penalty function is used in the simulation of slidding surface, adaptive method is adopted for severe distortion meshes, and so that the whole simulations go through smoothly. After a series tests and analysis of the shape and flying posture of EFP, an ideal composite charge liner consisted of a part of sphere liner with variable thickness and a big angle cone liner is developed, which meets the demands of shape and penetration performance of EFP. Combining the numerical computations and bullet tests,
引文
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