PSSI（自我图式积极整合）疗法的理论建构及临床实证
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摘要
自从有了精神分析治疗,心理学家有了自己可以运用专业知识、发挥专业技能进行临床治疗的一个领域。精神分析、行为主义、认知疗法、人本主义、后现代以及积极心理学等学派与疗法众多,从不同角度来阐述对于心理疾病的解释,也有种类繁多的治疗技术。虽然伴随时代变迁各种理论、疗法、技术在对比中各有优势,但是它们能够起到治疗作用那么应该有其合理的地方。
通过对比研究发现,在治疗目标上都倾向人格重建、揭示无意识、建立社会兴趣、发现生活的意义、治愈情感波动、考察旧的决定、做出新的决定、建立自信、更加自我实现、降低焦虑、消除不适应行为学习适应行为、对生活获得更有效的控制、重新介绍自己的生活故事。同时都关注自我的问题,多多少少都有新的领悟完成、体验获得或者知识学习做为治疗有效的因素,也都注重治疗关系对效果的影响。
然而学派的争议和疗法的分歧也逐渐被人们所淡化,整合、折衷的治疗范式成为当代心理治疗的一个必然趋势。随着认知心理学、社会认知科学以及情绪-认知心理学,学习心理学的兴起,很多新的成果可以为心理治疗的通用化、实证化提供良好的发展契机。对比跨学科领域取得的不同成就,本文试图将各种疗法的治疗因素在实证研究中找到解释证据,同时也引用心理学实证科学所得出的宝贵结论,借以丰富治疗的技术。
自我图式就是关于自我心理结构的一种解释取向,对于现实自我、可能自我、运作自我的定义能够很好与其他流派关于自我的研究和论述结合,也能够在临床设计上与系统方法论结合,尤其是对于积极自我、情绪启动等的兼容性,使得这种解释成为非常合适的选择。
自我图式积极整合,就是以积极心理为导向,在自我图式的基础上,通过自我整合的方式实现心理成长,进而能够实现自我适应。在这种不断自我整合的过程中,自我图式得到进一步的丰富,能够很好完成积极意义的自我实现。从原有自我图式到新自我图式是一个不断循环和提高的过程,而心理咨询与治疗往往只是其中的一个条件,需要根据不同来访者自我图式的内在结构进行设计和干预,这就需要对改变的条件进行系统的分析和设计,本研究也在心理系统整体观的角度上提出了“条件+结构+杠杆解”的心理咨询整合范式。
Positive self-schema integration is a positive psychology-oriented in terms of self-schema on the basis of the integrated approach through self-realization of psychological development, and to achieve self-adaptation. In this constant process of self-integrated, self-schema can be further enriched, can be completed very positive self-realization. Self-schema from the original to a new self-schema is an ongoing cycle and improving the process, and psychological counseling and treatment is often only one of the conditions, needs of different visitors based on self-schema structure inherent in the design and intervention, which need to change the conditions of system analysis and design, this study is the psychological system as a whole from the point of view of the "conditions + structure + leveraged solution" paradigm of the integration of psychological counseling.
Since treatment with psychoanalysis, psychologists can have their own professional knowledge and professional skills to carry out a field of clinical treatment. Psychoanalysis, behaviorism, cognitive therapy, humanistic, post-modern as well as positive psychology and therapy of many schools of thought, from a different perspective on the explanation for mental illness, but also a wide range of therapeutic techniques. Although the changes of time with a variety of theory, therapy, technology have their own advantages in comparison, but they can play a role in the treatment of it should have a reasonable place.
By comparing the study found that targets in the treatment of personality tend to reconstruction, reveal the unconscious, the establishment of a social interest and found that the meaning of life, heal emotional fluctuations, the decision to study the old to make a new decision, the establishment of self-confidence, more self-actualization, reduce anxiety and eliminate acts of learning adaptive behavior are not suited for life for more effective control, re-introduced the story of their lives. At the same time, the question of self-concern, more or less complete understanding of every new experience or knowledge obtained as a factor in effective treatment, have focused on the treatment effect relationship.
However, controversy and therapy school differences have gradually been watered down by, integration, compromise the treatment of psychological treatment paradigm become an inevitable trend. As cognitive psychology, social cognitive science, as well as emotional - cognitive psychology, learning psychology, the emergence of many new results can be common for psychological treatment, and evidence of a good opportunity for development. Interdisciplinary comparison of different areas of achievement, this article attempts to factor in a variety of therapy found in the empirical research to explain the evidence, but also cited empirical science of psychology to draw valuable conclusions, in order to enrich the treatment technology.
Self-schema structure is on a self-psychological interpretation of orientation, for the reality of self, possible selves, self-definition of the operation can be very good with other schools on the self-study and expositions, and can design in the clinical methodology and system integration especially for positive self-start, such as emotional compatibility, making this interpretation as a very suitable choice.
Positive self-schema integration is a positive psychology-oriented in terms of self-schema on the basis of the integrated approach through self-realization of psychological development, and to achieve self-adaptation. In this constant process of self-integrated, self-schema can be further enriched, can be completed very positive self-realization. Self-schema from the original to a new self-schema is an ongoing cycle and improving the process, and psychological counseling and treatment is often only one of the conditions, needs of different visitors based on self-schema structure inherent in the design and intervention, which need to change the conditions of system analysis and design, this study is the psychological system as a whole from the point of view of the "conditions + structure + leveraged solution" paradigm of the integration of psychological counseling.
通过对比研究发现,在治疗目标上都倾向人格重建、揭示无意识、建立社会兴趣、发现生活的意义、治愈情感波动、考察旧的决定、做出新的决定、建立自信、更加自我实现、降低焦虑、消除不适应行为学习适应行为、对生活获得更有效的控制、重新介绍自己的生活故事。同时都关注自我的问题,多多少少都有新的领悟完成、体验获得或者知识学习做为治疗有效的因素,也都注重治疗关系对效果的影响。
然而学派的争议和疗法的分歧也逐渐被人们所淡化,整合、折衷的治疗范式成为当代心理治疗的一个必然趋势。随着认知心理学、社会认知科学以及情绪-认知心理学,学习心理学的兴起,很多新的成果可以为心理治疗的通用化、实证化提供良好的发展契机。对比跨学科领域取得的不同成就,本文试图将各种疗法的治疗因素在实证研究中找到解释证据,同时也引用心理学实证科学所得出的宝贵结论,借以丰富治疗的技术。
自我图式就是关于自我心理结构的一种解释取向,对于现实自我、可能自我、运作自我的定义能够很好与其他流派关于自我的研究和论述结合,也能够在临床设计上与系统方法论结合,尤其是对于积极自我、情绪启动等的兼容性,使得这种解释成为非常合适的选择。
自我图式积极整合,就是以积极心理为导向,在自我图式的基础上,通过自我整合的方式实现心理成长,进而能够实现自我适应。在这种不断自我整合的过程中,自我图式得到进一步的丰富,能够很好完成积极意义的自我实现。从原有自我图式到新自我图式是一个不断循环和提高的过程,而心理咨询与治疗往往只是其中的一个条件,需要根据不同来访者自我图式的内在结构进行设计和干预,这就需要对改变的条件进行系统的分析和设计,本研究也在心理系统整体观的角度上提出了“条件+结构+杠杆解”的心理咨询整合范式。
Positive self-schema integration is a positive psychology-oriented in terms of self-schema on the basis of the integrated approach through self-realization of psychological development, and to achieve self-adaptation. In this constant process of self-integrated, self-schema can be further enriched, can be completed very positive self-realization. Self-schema from the original to a new self-schema is an ongoing cycle and improving the process, and psychological counseling and treatment is often only one of the conditions, needs of different visitors based on self-schema structure inherent in the design and intervention, which need to change the conditions of system analysis and design, this study is the psychological system as a whole from the point of view of the "conditions + structure + leveraged solution" paradigm of the integration of psychological counseling.
Since treatment with psychoanalysis, psychologists can have their own professional knowledge and professional skills to carry out a field of clinical treatment. Psychoanalysis, behaviorism, cognitive therapy, humanistic, post-modern as well as positive psychology and therapy of many schools of thought, from a different perspective on the explanation for mental illness, but also a wide range of therapeutic techniques. Although the changes of time with a variety of theory, therapy, technology have their own advantages in comparison, but they can play a role in the treatment of it should have a reasonable place.
By comparing the study found that targets in the treatment of personality tend to reconstruction, reveal the unconscious, the establishment of a social interest and found that the meaning of life, heal emotional fluctuations, the decision to study the old to make a new decision, the establishment of self-confidence, more self-actualization, reduce anxiety and eliminate acts of learning adaptive behavior are not suited for life for more effective control, re-introduced the story of their lives. At the same time, the question of self-concern, more or less complete understanding of every new experience or knowledge obtained as a factor in effective treatment, have focused on the treatment effect relationship.
However, controversy and therapy school differences have gradually been watered down by, integration, compromise the treatment of psychological treatment paradigm become an inevitable trend. As cognitive psychology, social cognitive science, as well as emotional - cognitive psychology, learning psychology, the emergence of many new results can be common for psychological treatment, and evidence of a good opportunity for development. Interdisciplinary comparison of different areas of achievement, this article attempts to factor in a variety of therapy found in the empirical research to explain the evidence, but also cited empirical science of psychology to draw valuable conclusions, in order to enrich the treatment technology.
Self-schema structure is on a self-psychological interpretation of orientation, for the reality of self, possible selves, self-definition of the operation can be very good with other schools on the self-study and expositions, and can design in the clinical methodology and system integration especially for positive self-start, such as emotional compatibility, making this interpretation as a very suitable choice.
Positive self-schema integration is a positive psychology-oriented in terms of self-schema on the basis of the integrated approach through self-realization of psychological development, and to achieve self-adaptation. In this constant process of self-integrated, self-schema can be further enriched, can be completed very positive self-realization. Self-schema from the original to a new self-schema is an ongoing cycle and improving the process, and psychological counseling and treatment is often only one of the conditions, needs of different visitors based on self-schema structure inherent in the design and intervention, which need to change the conditions of system analysis and design, this study is the psychological system as a whole from the point of view of the "conditions + structure + leveraged solution" paradigm of the integration of psychological counseling.
引文
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[3]Zimmerman B. J., Thories of self-regulated learning and academicachievement: An overview and analysis. In B.J. Zimmerman & D.H.Schunk, Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: theory,research, and practice. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc: 9.
[4]周国韬,自我调节学习论:Albert Bandura学习理论的新进展,外国教育研究,1995.3.
[5]Zimmerman B. J., Theories of self-regulated learning and academicachievement: An overview and analysis. In B.J.Zimmerman & D.H.Schunk, Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: theory,research, and practice. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc: 9.
[6]Paris S.G, Paris A.H, Classrom applications of research onself-regulated learning, Educational psychologist, 2001, 36(2),89—101.
[7]John R Malpass, Harold F O’Neil Jr: Self-regulation, goal orientation,self-efficacy, worry, and high-stakes math archievement formathematically gifted high scholl students, May/June 1999,Availble:http://global.umi.com.
[8][9]弗洛姆,自为的人,国际文化出版公司,1998:177.
[10]李晓东,赵烁,自我调控学习新取向:质化研究,东北师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2002(06)101-106.
[11]董奇,周勇,10-16岁儿童自我监控学习能力的成分、发展及作用的研究,心理科学,1995,2.
[12]章志光,金盛华,社会心理学,人民教育出版社,1996,38.
[13][18][19][20][21]Albert Bandura著,郭占基,周国韬译,社会学习心理学,吉林教育出版社,1988,132—136.
[14]周国韬,自我调节学习论――Albert Bandura学习理论的新进展,外国教育研究,1995,3.
[15]时蓉华,社会心理学,浙江教育出版社,1998, 127-128.
[16]高申春,人性辉煌之路――Albert Bandura的社会学习理论,湖北教育出版社,1999
[17]张春兴,教育心理学,浙江教育出版社,1998,192.
[22]Bandura A. Social foundations of thought and action: A socialcogntive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.1986.
[23][24]Barry J. Zimmerman, A Social Cognitive View ofSelf-Regulated Academic Learning, Journal of EducationalPsychology,1989, Vol.81,No.3:329-339
[25]Barry J. Zimmerman,李宗林译,一种关于自我调节学习的社会认知观点,河南教育学院学报,哲学社会科学版,1994(01).35-42.
[26]葛鲁嘉,认知心理学研究范式的演变,国外社会科学,1995(10)63-66.
[27][28]车文博黄冬梅,美国人本主义心理学哲学基础解析,自然辩证法研究,2002.02
[29]Albert Bandura,社会学习理论,辽宁人民了出版社,1999,133.
[30]车文博,人本主义心理学,浙江教育出版社,2002.
[31][32]高申春,论Albert Bandura社会学习理论的人本主义倾向,心理科学,2000(1).16-19.
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