论采矿权的流转
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摘要
采矿权是从国家矿产资源所有权中剥离出来的准用益物权,具有财产权利的属性。为促进矿产资源的合理开发和利用,保护国家作为矿产资源所有者的利益,优化资源配置,必须允许采矿权进行流转。采矿权的流转市场分为一级市场和二级市场。一级市场是国家通过申请批准、招标、拍卖、挂牌等方式将采矿权出让给特定主体。二级市场是已经取得采矿权的主体通过出售、作价出资、合作开采、重组改制等方式,将采矿权转让给他人。采矿权的出租、抵押、承包等也属于采矿权二级市场的流转形式。我国目前的采矿权流转制度主要由位阶较低的行政法规和部门规章规定,存在立法上的冲突和制度上的混乱。因此,应当修改、完善采矿权法律制度,承认采矿权的物权属性,建立市场化的采矿权交易体系。
本文分三个部分论述采矿权的流转问题。第一个部分为采矿权流转的基础理论。本部分对采矿权概念、性质、内容进行了分析,强调了采矿权的准物权属性,并对采矿权流转的概念和特点进行了分析。同时,分析了完善采矿权流转制度的意义,在市场经济条件下,只有允许采矿权流转才能实现矿产资源的合理利用。第二部分介绍我国采矿权流转制度的现状和存在的主要问题。本部分首先介绍了我国采矿权流转的现行立法。其次对我国采矿权的申请、招标、拍卖、挂牌等出让制度和采矿权的买卖、抵押、出租等转让制度进行了较为详细的论述。最后,对我国目前采矿权流转在立法、监管和交易制度等三个方面存在的问题进行了分析。第三部分提出了完善我国采矿权流转制度的建议。认为我国应该对现有的矿产资源立法进行修改,承认采矿权的准物权属性,并以此为基础设计市场化采矿权流转制度,建立健全采矿权交易体系和采矿权监管机制。
Mining-rights are classified in the Quasi-real rights and the property rights which derive from the state ownership of mineral resources. To improve the proper use and exploitation of mineral resources and also to optimize the distribution of nature resources for the state's interests as the owner, it's a great necessity for the mining-rights to circulate as other assets. The circulation of mining-rights can be divided into two markets, the first rank market and the second rank market. The first one is the market where the state remises the mining rights to the special holders by application, bidding, auction and shingle-hanging. The second one is the market where the holders of mining rights transfer the rights to others by selling, investment, cooperation in exploration or re-organization. Besides the above, lease, the way of transferring. of mining rights in Market also concludes leasing, mortgaging and contracting, etc. The present circulation mechanism of mining right mainly stipulated by the administrative rules, regulations, the department rules and regulations. Considering that it's not enacted by the Committee of National People's Congress, there are many legislation conflicts and mechanism's confusion. Therefore, we should revise and consummate legal regime of the mining right, and acknowledge that the mining right's attribute should belongs to a real-right. In the mean time, our legislation should establish a marketability transaction mechanism of mining-right.
This paper includes three parts to discuss the mining circulation mechanism. The first part is the basic theories on mining circulation mechanism. In this part, the paper gives us the concept, attribute and contents of the mining-rights, and furthermore analyzing the concept and attribute of mining circulation mechanism. Also, this part analyses the signification of the mining-right's circulation under the market-economy condition, which is that only the legislation premises mining-right to circulate, the mineral resources could be used in a more reasonable way. The second part introduces our present. mechanism of mining-right's circulation and the problems in the circulate process of mining-rights. This part firstly introduces the present legislation on mining-right's circulation, and then elaborates the remising mechanism of application, bidding, auction and shingle-hanging, which belong to the first rank market, and the transferring mechanism of selling, investment, cooperation, mortgaging, contracting, which belong to the second rank market. Lastly the part also analyzes the problems in our present mining-right's circulation mechanism, which mainly shows in three aspects:the legislation, the supervision and the transaction mechanism. The third part proposes the suggestions of our country's circulation mechanism in mining-right. Our country should amend the existing legislation of the mineral resource, and should acknowledge that the mining-right's attribute should belong to a real-right. On the basic of above, we should re-design the mining-right's circulation mechanism marketability, establish the mining-right transaction mechanism and the mining-right supervisory system.
本文分三个部分论述采矿权的流转问题。第一个部分为采矿权流转的基础理论。本部分对采矿权概念、性质、内容进行了分析,强调了采矿权的准物权属性,并对采矿权流转的概念和特点进行了分析。同时,分析了完善采矿权流转制度的意义,在市场经济条件下,只有允许采矿权流转才能实现矿产资源的合理利用。第二部分介绍我国采矿权流转制度的现状和存在的主要问题。本部分首先介绍了我国采矿权流转的现行立法。其次对我国采矿权的申请、招标、拍卖、挂牌等出让制度和采矿权的买卖、抵押、出租等转让制度进行了较为详细的论述。最后,对我国目前采矿权流转在立法、监管和交易制度等三个方面存在的问题进行了分析。第三部分提出了完善我国采矿权流转制度的建议。认为我国应该对现有的矿产资源立法进行修改,承认采矿权的准物权属性,并以此为基础设计市场化采矿权流转制度,建立健全采矿权交易体系和采矿权监管机制。
Mining-rights are classified in the Quasi-real rights and the property rights which derive from the state ownership of mineral resources. To improve the proper use and exploitation of mineral resources and also to optimize the distribution of nature resources for the state's interests as the owner, it's a great necessity for the mining-rights to circulate as other assets. The circulation of mining-rights can be divided into two markets, the first rank market and the second rank market. The first one is the market where the state remises the mining rights to the special holders by application, bidding, auction and shingle-hanging. The second one is the market where the holders of mining rights transfer the rights to others by selling, investment, cooperation in exploration or re-organization. Besides the above, lease, the way of transferring. of mining rights in Market also concludes leasing, mortgaging and contracting, etc. The present circulation mechanism of mining right mainly stipulated by the administrative rules, regulations, the department rules and regulations. Considering that it's not enacted by the Committee of National People's Congress, there are many legislation conflicts and mechanism's confusion. Therefore, we should revise and consummate legal regime of the mining right, and acknowledge that the mining right's attribute should belongs to a real-right. In the mean time, our legislation should establish a marketability transaction mechanism of mining-right.
This paper includes three parts to discuss the mining circulation mechanism. The first part is the basic theories on mining circulation mechanism. In this part, the paper gives us the concept, attribute and contents of the mining-rights, and furthermore analyzing the concept and attribute of mining circulation mechanism. Also, this part analyses the signification of the mining-right's circulation under the market-economy condition, which is that only the legislation premises mining-right to circulate, the mineral resources could be used in a more reasonable way. The second part introduces our present. mechanism of mining-right's circulation and the problems in the circulate process of mining-rights. This part firstly introduces the present legislation on mining-right's circulation, and then elaborates the remising mechanism of application, bidding, auction and shingle-hanging, which belong to the first rank market, and the transferring mechanism of selling, investment, cooperation, mortgaging, contracting, which belong to the second rank market. Lastly the part also analyzes the problems in our present mining-right's circulation mechanism, which mainly shows in three aspects:the legislation, the supervision and the transaction mechanism. The third part proposes the suggestions of our country's circulation mechanism in mining-right. Our country should amend the existing legislation of the mineral resource, and should acknowledge that the mining-right's attribute should belong to a real-right. On the basic of above, we should re-design the mining-right's circulation mechanism marketability, establish the mining-right transaction mechanism and the mining-right supervisory system.
引文
[1]肖乾刚,肖国兴.自然资源法[M].北京：法律出版社,2000.312-368.
[2]李红梅.浅析国内外的矿业权体制[J].资源与产业,2007,2,21-23.
[3]我妻荣,丰岛升.矿业法[M],东京：有斐阁,1957.18-33.
[4]蓝楠.中加矿产资源法律制度的对比分析[J].2006年全国环境资源法学研讨会论文集,2006,8,448-450.
[5]黄春艳,马引代.论采矿权的特征[J].矿产保护与利用,2001,1,1-3.
[6]康纪田.论采矿权的物权属性及其在物权法中的重新定位[J].广西政法干部管理学院学报,2005,9,5-10.
[7]李兴国,杨强,崔彬.浅谈中国矿产资源的探矿权与采矿权内涵及其外延[J].资源与产业,2007,5,87-90.
[8]江平.中国矿业权法律制度研究[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,1991.27-28.
[9]刘欣.矿产资源的基本属性和采矿权的法律特征探析[J].法学杂志,2008,3,158-160.
[10]史尚宽.物权法论[M].台湾：荣泰印书馆股份有限公司,1979.50-53.
[11]谢在全.民法物权论[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,1999.50-53.
[12]王泽鉴.民法物权[M](第1册).台湾：台湾三民书局,1992.41-42.
[13]郑玉波.民法物权[M].台湾：台湾三民书局,1963.15-16.
[14]崔建远.准物权研究[M].北京：法律出版社,2003.178-179.225-248.
[15]王利明,尹飞,程啸.中国物权法教程[M].北京：人民法院出版社,2007.291.
[16]汪渊智.民法[M].北京：法律出版社,2006.210-216.
[17]范声华,刘扬正,李金生.论我国矿业权本质、内容及其变动情况[J].地质技术经济管理,2000,2,32-37.
[18]张广荣.探矿权采矿权的权利性质与权利流转[J].烟台大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2006,2,163-166.
[19]黄霞,漆佳.我国矿业权流转方式之探析[J].法制与社会,2007,11,546-547.
[20]闫新学.采矿权流转法律问题简析[J].河北煤炭,2008,2,43-44.
[21]潘伟尔.论我国煤炭资源采矿权有偿使用制度的改革与重建[J].经济研究参考,2007,50,2-13.
[22]孙德忠,王永贵.培育和规范探矿权采矿权市场建设[J].煤炭技 术,2006,2,8-9.
[23]张应红,方敏.我国矿业权市场现状与发展建议[J].资源产业,2001,4,38-40.
[24]宁全斌,胡文寿.浅议我国矿业权价款制度[J].陕西地质,2000,2,72-76.
[25]张彬.我国矿业权制度现状及存在问题分析[J].当代经济,2007,12.,58-59.
[26]李庆保,孙豁然.完善我国矿业法律体系的思考[J].金属矿山,2007,10,22-24.
[27]鲍荣华,周进生.我国矿业权流转制度亟需完善[J].中国矿业,2002,3,9-11.
[28]张广荣,刘燕.探矿与采矿权权利流转立法刍议[J].南京师大学报(社会科学版),2006,2,30-34.
[29]崔建远,晓坤.矿业权基本问题探讨[J].法学研究,1998.4,83-85.
[30]许坚,钟京涛,赵淑琴.我国现行的矿业用地存在的问题及对策[J].资源科学,2004,26,117-121.
[31]郭红、侯彦杰.论采矿权与土地使用权的关系[J].中国地质,1999,6,18-21.
[32]黄先芳.关于矿业权市场和矿业权评估中儿个问题的探讨[J].矿业快报,2003,3,1-4.
[33]慕银平,张发良,曹志敏,杨剧文.矿业权流转价值评估探讨[J].国土资源科技管理,2000,1,23-27.
[34]王泽鉴.民法物权[M](第1册).台湾：台湾三民书局,1992.41-42.
[35]郭红.论采矿权与土地使用权的关系[J].中国非金属矿工业导刊,2006,6,58-60.
[36]瘳欣.完善我国现行《矿产资源法》的构想[J].矿产与地质,2007,1,106-112.
[37]陈战杰.有关采矿权流转的几个问题[J].中国地质,1999,11,41-41.
[38]梁伟.论矿业权出让的法律原则[J].2006年全国环境资源法学研讨会论文集,2006,8,471-474.
[39]刘欣.探矿权采矿权有偿出让面临的注意问题及对策[J].国土资源通讯,2003,10,45-49.
[40]孙习稳,李晓妹.探矿权、采矿权与相关土地权利关系法律调整[J].中国土地,2003,4,20-22.
[41]王文,唐秀君.我国矿业权市场建设研究[J],中国矿业,2004,4,17-20.
[42]李庆保,孙豁然.完善我国矿业法律体系的思考[J].矿业经济与法律,2007, 8,40-42.
[43]张宪依,庞绪成,顾雪祥.浅谈现行矿业权评估中存在的几个问题[J].煤炭经济研究,2004,10,16-17.
[44]詹朝阳,崔彬,欧阳瑜华.国外矿业权评估方法综述[J].中国矿业,2003,12,16-18.
[45]李惠,袭燕燕.中国矿业权市场中政府的基本定位[J].国土资源,2003,5,24-26.
[46]田丽艳,阎少华.论政府对矿业权市场的宏观调控和监管对策[J].行政与法,2003,10,50-52.
[2]李红梅.浅析国内外的矿业权体制[J].资源与产业,2007,2,21-23.
[3]我妻荣,丰岛升.矿业法[M],东京：有斐阁,1957.18-33.
[4]蓝楠.中加矿产资源法律制度的对比分析[J].2006年全国环境资源法学研讨会论文集,2006,8,448-450.
[5]黄春艳,马引代.论采矿权的特征[J].矿产保护与利用,2001,1,1-3.
[6]康纪田.论采矿权的物权属性及其在物权法中的重新定位[J].广西政法干部管理学院学报,2005,9,5-10.
[7]李兴国,杨强,崔彬.浅谈中国矿产资源的探矿权与采矿权内涵及其外延[J].资源与产业,2007,5,87-90.
[8]江平.中国矿业权法律制度研究[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,1991.27-28.
[9]刘欣.矿产资源的基本属性和采矿权的法律特征探析[J].法学杂志,2008,3,158-160.
[10]史尚宽.物权法论[M].台湾：荣泰印书馆股份有限公司,1979.50-53.
[11]谢在全.民法物权论[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,1999.50-53.
[12]王泽鉴.民法物权[M](第1册).台湾：台湾三民书局,1992.41-42.
[13]郑玉波.民法物权[M].台湾：台湾三民书局,1963.15-16.
[14]崔建远.准物权研究[M].北京：法律出版社,2003.178-179.225-248.
[15]王利明,尹飞,程啸.中国物权法教程[M].北京：人民法院出版社,2007.291.
[16]汪渊智.民法[M].北京：法律出版社,2006.210-216.
[17]范声华,刘扬正,李金生.论我国矿业权本质、内容及其变动情况[J].地质技术经济管理,2000,2,32-37.
[18]张广荣.探矿权采矿权的权利性质与权利流转[J].烟台大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2006,2,163-166.
[19]黄霞,漆佳.我国矿业权流转方式之探析[J].法制与社会,2007,11,546-547.
[20]闫新学.采矿权流转法律问题简析[J].河北煤炭,2008,2,43-44.
[21]潘伟尔.论我国煤炭资源采矿权有偿使用制度的改革与重建[J].经济研究参考,2007,50,2-13.
[22]孙德忠,王永贵.培育和规范探矿权采矿权市场建设[J].煤炭技 术,2006,2,8-9.
[23]张应红,方敏.我国矿业权市场现状与发展建议[J].资源产业,2001,4,38-40.
[24]宁全斌,胡文寿.浅议我国矿业权价款制度[J].陕西地质,2000,2,72-76.
[25]张彬.我国矿业权制度现状及存在问题分析[J].当代经济,2007,12.,58-59.
[26]李庆保,孙豁然.完善我国矿业法律体系的思考[J].金属矿山,2007,10,22-24.
[27]鲍荣华,周进生.我国矿业权流转制度亟需完善[J].中国矿业,2002,3,9-11.
[28]张广荣,刘燕.探矿与采矿权权利流转立法刍议[J].南京师大学报(社会科学版),2006,2,30-34.
[29]崔建远,晓坤.矿业权基本问题探讨[J].法学研究,1998.4,83-85.
[30]许坚,钟京涛,赵淑琴.我国现行的矿业用地存在的问题及对策[J].资源科学,2004,26,117-121.
[31]郭红、侯彦杰.论采矿权与土地使用权的关系[J].中国地质,1999,6,18-21.
[32]黄先芳.关于矿业权市场和矿业权评估中儿个问题的探讨[J].矿业快报,2003,3,1-4.
[33]慕银平,张发良,曹志敏,杨剧文.矿业权流转价值评估探讨[J].国土资源科技管理,2000,1,23-27.
[34]王泽鉴.民法物权[M](第1册).台湾：台湾三民书局,1992.41-42.
[35]郭红.论采矿权与土地使用权的关系[J].中国非金属矿工业导刊,2006,6,58-60.
[36]瘳欣.完善我国现行《矿产资源法》的构想[J].矿产与地质,2007,1,106-112.
[37]陈战杰.有关采矿权流转的几个问题[J].中国地质,1999,11,41-41.
[38]梁伟.论矿业权出让的法律原则[J].2006年全国环境资源法学研讨会论文集,2006,8,471-474.
[39]刘欣.探矿权采矿权有偿出让面临的注意问题及对策[J].国土资源通讯,2003,10,45-49.
[40]孙习稳,李晓妹.探矿权、采矿权与相关土地权利关系法律调整[J].中国土地,2003,4,20-22.
[41]王文,唐秀君.我国矿业权市场建设研究[J],中国矿业,2004,4,17-20.
[42]李庆保,孙豁然.完善我国矿业法律体系的思考[J].矿业经济与法律,2007, 8,40-42.
[43]张宪依,庞绪成,顾雪祥.浅谈现行矿业权评估中存在的几个问题[J].煤炭经济研究,2004,10,16-17.
[44]詹朝阳,崔彬,欧阳瑜华.国外矿业权评估方法综述[J].中国矿业,2003,12,16-18.
[45]李惠,袭燕燕.中国矿业权市场中政府的基本定位[J].国土资源,2003,5,24-26.
[46]田丽艳,阎少华.论政府对矿业权市场的宏观调控和监管对策[J].行政与法,2003,10,50-52.