芜湖市区地表灰尘重金属污染研究
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摘要
城市地表灰尘由于其所处环境界面的独特性,其所含的重金属很容易成为潜在污染源对城市环境产生影响。一方面,地表灰尘在一定外动力条件下很容易扬起,通过呼吸道和皮肤被人体吸收,对人体健康产生危害;另一方面,它在降水的条件下,进入河道,对城市水环境造成直接污染。目前国内外研究主要集中在城市街道灰尘的迁移转化、粒径组成,街道灰尘中重金属的空间分布特征、赋存形态、来源解析及其环境效应方面,而对重金属在不同粒径上的分布及富集规律,以及其对人体暴露的健康风险评价研究较少。本文选取芜湖市区为研究对象,对芜湖三个典型区域地表灰尘中重金属的空间分布、粒径富集规律及其健康风险进行研究,具有一定的理论和现实意义。
本文运用ICP-AES测定了芜湖市区地表灰尘重金属含量,基于ARCGIS地统计分析模块,探讨芜湖市区地表灰尘重金属空间分布特征及成因,结合统计分析方法,对芜湖市区地表灰尘重金属进行判源分析。通过研究芜湖市区地表灰尘不同粒径区间上重金属富集比例变化情况,探讨了重金属粒径分布规律,并在此基础上,对芜湖市区地表灰尘重金属进行健康风险评价,主要研究结论如下:
(1)芜湖市区地表灰尘pH值范围为7.65-12.36,平均值为9.75,呈碱性,有机质含量范围为1.25%-16.84%,平均值为4.86%,灰尘中重金属Zn、Cd、Pb、Co、Ni、Mn、Cr、V、Cu平均含量分别为313.53、1.95、138.61、8.19、21.38、589.87、110.31、55.19和135.42mg/kg。Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn污染较严重,分别是土壤背景值的10.3、5.6、4.2、4.1倍,其中以Cd污染最严重。
(2)芜湖市区地表灰尘重金属空间差异较大。灰尘中重金属含量与离工业区、交通繁忙区的距离有密切联系,距离越近,含量越高。以工业为中心的经济技术开发区和交通活动频繁的中心城区重金属含量较高,而以高校园区为主导的高新技术开发区重金属含量相对较低。空间分布的差异主要由于区域功能差异造成。
(3)统计分析发现工业排放与城市交通活动对芜湖市区地表灰尘重金属贡献较大。其中,Co、Ni、Mn、Cu和V受工业排污影响较大,Zn、Cd、Cr和Pb主要受城市交通活动的影响。
(4)芜湖市区地表灰尘重金属呈现出明显的粒径效应,随着粒径减小,重金属含量呈现出递增的趋势,160-200和>200目是主要的污染粒径级别。在>200目粒径级别上的富集比例均在50%左右,各元素大小顺序依次为:Cd>Cu>Zn>Cr>Ni>Pb>Co>V>Mn。
(5)儿童对芜湖市区地表灰尘中<75um级别重金属暴露量为手-口摄入途径>皮肤吸入途径>呼吸吸入途径,手-口摄入途径是儿童地表灰尘重金属风险的主要途径。重金属非致癌风险顺序为:Pb>Cr>Mn>V>Cu>Cd>Co>Ni>Zn,低于非致癌风险阈值。但各重金属多途径摄入的叠加风险度达0.753,接近1,说明灰尘重金属的复合污染所带来的健康风险不可忽视。非致癌风险在空间上分异较大,经济技术开发区由于燃煤电厂、工业排放及交通活动等共同作用,其重金属的叠加非致癌风险度大于1,存在着严重的危害。Cr、Cd、Co和Ni致癌风险低于风险阈值,表明致癌风险较低。虽然目前城市街道灰尘对人类的健康风险影响不突出,但随着城市工业活动和交通活动的加剧,对城市环境中重金属排放的控制很有必要,尤其是多种重金属的复合污染及其空间分布差异值得关注。
Because of the special characteristic of urban surface dust environment interface,heavy metals which exited in unban sueface dust easily become a potential souce to impact on the urban environment.On the one hand,surface dust is easy to scatter under the conditions of certain extermal force,and is absorbed by the body through the respiratory tract and skin,so,it has bad impact on the humans.On the other hand,surface dust go into river under the condition of its precipitation,which can cause the urban water environment pollution.In present,study on the surface dust mainly concentrated in urban street dust migration,partical size composition heavy metal spatial distribution, occurrence form, source analysis and environment effects, however,there were little report on the heavy metal distribution and enrichment in different size and their impact on human health risk assessment,This paper selected WUHU city as the object,study heavy metals spatial distribution,particl size and its health risk assessment,it has certain practical significance.
In this paper,heavy metals were analized by ICP-AES.Based on ARCGIS statistical analysis module,heavy metals spatial distribution and its reasons were studied,combined with statistical analysis methods,the sources of surface dust heavy metals were analized.Through the heavy metals enrichment ratios change of different partical size,this paper preliminary study the partical size distribution of heavy metals.On this basis,heavy metals health risk assessment of Wuhu urban surface dust were carried out,The main findings were as follows:
(1)The rang of pH value of Wuhu urban surface dust was7.65-12.36,with the average of 9.75,rang of organic matter contents was 1.25%-16.84%,with the average of 4.86%. The content of Zn,Cd,Pb,Co,Ni,Mn,Cr,V and Cu were 313.53、1.95,138.61,8.19,21.38,589.87,110.31,55.19 and 135.42mg/kg,respectively.Cd,Pb,Cu and Zn pollutions were more serious,their contents were 10.3,5.2,4.2,4.1 times of the soil background value,respectively.However,Cd pollution was the most serious.
(2)Spatial distribution of heavy metals of Wuhu urban surface dust had large differences.Heavy metals content had contact with the distance away from the industrial area and traffic areas.The closer distance,the higher contents.Heavy metals of the economic and technological development zones which had the center of industrials and the central city which had the center of transport activities were moer higher,while in college park-oriented high-tech development zone,heavy metals contents were low relatively.The different spatial distribution was mainly due to the differences of regional function.
(3)Statistical analysis showed that industial emissions and urban transport activities were t the mian sources of surface dust heavy metals.Co,Ni,Mn,Cu and V were mainly come from industrial emissions,Zn,Cd,Cr and Pb were mainly influenced by transport activities.
(4)Heavy metals contens showed a significant size effect.When the partical size decreased,heavy metals contents showed a trend of increasing.160-200 mesh size was the main pollution size.In the >200 mesh size,heavy metals enrichment ratios were about 50%,the order was:Cd>Cu>Zn>Cr>Ni>Pb>Co>V>Mn.
(5)The order of chirdren exposure to heavy metals of surface dust <75um-level in WUHU city was:hand-mouth intake ways>skin inhalation means>breath inhalation channel,hand-mouth intake ways was the main way of the risk of surface dust heavy metals.The non-carcinogenic risk of heavy metals was in order of Pb>Cr>Mn>V>Cu>Cd>Co>Ni>Zn,their risk were all lower than the non-carcinogenic threshold.But the risk of all heavy metals in the superposition of multi-channel intake was upto 0.753,it indicated that the health risks from the compound heavy metal pollution can not be ignored.Non-carcinogenic risk had greater different spatial distribution.In economic and technological development zone,because of the coal-fired power plants,industrial emissions and traffic activities,the overlay heavy metals non-cancer risk was moer high than 1,there was a serious hazard in this area.Cr,Cd,Co and Ni cancer risk was lower than the risk threshold,it indicated that,they had a low risk of cancer.Although urban dust effect on human health risks were not outstanding,as urban industrial emissions and transport activities were more and more strengthen,it was necessary to control the emissions of heavy metals,in particular,the multiple heavy metals composite pollution and spatial distribution differences should be concerned.
本文运用ICP-AES测定了芜湖市区地表灰尘重金属含量,基于ARCGIS地统计分析模块,探讨芜湖市区地表灰尘重金属空间分布特征及成因,结合统计分析方法,对芜湖市区地表灰尘重金属进行判源分析。通过研究芜湖市区地表灰尘不同粒径区间上重金属富集比例变化情况,探讨了重金属粒径分布规律,并在此基础上,对芜湖市区地表灰尘重金属进行健康风险评价,主要研究结论如下:
(1)芜湖市区地表灰尘pH值范围为7.65-12.36,平均值为9.75,呈碱性,有机质含量范围为1.25%-16.84%,平均值为4.86%,灰尘中重金属Zn、Cd、Pb、Co、Ni、Mn、Cr、V、Cu平均含量分别为313.53、1.95、138.61、8.19、21.38、589.87、110.31、55.19和135.42mg/kg。Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn污染较严重,分别是土壤背景值的10.3、5.6、4.2、4.1倍,其中以Cd污染最严重。
(2)芜湖市区地表灰尘重金属空间差异较大。灰尘中重金属含量与离工业区、交通繁忙区的距离有密切联系,距离越近,含量越高。以工业为中心的经济技术开发区和交通活动频繁的中心城区重金属含量较高,而以高校园区为主导的高新技术开发区重金属含量相对较低。空间分布的差异主要由于区域功能差异造成。
(3)统计分析发现工业排放与城市交通活动对芜湖市区地表灰尘重金属贡献较大。其中,Co、Ni、Mn、Cu和V受工业排污影响较大,Zn、Cd、Cr和Pb主要受城市交通活动的影响。
(4)芜湖市区地表灰尘重金属呈现出明显的粒径效应,随着粒径减小,重金属含量呈现出递增的趋势,160-200和>200目是主要的污染粒径级别。在>200目粒径级别上的富集比例均在50%左右,各元素大小顺序依次为:Cd>Cu>Zn>Cr>Ni>Pb>Co>V>Mn。
(5)儿童对芜湖市区地表灰尘中<75um级别重金属暴露量为手-口摄入途径>皮肤吸入途径>呼吸吸入途径,手-口摄入途径是儿童地表灰尘重金属风险的主要途径。重金属非致癌风险顺序为:Pb>Cr>Mn>V>Cu>Cd>Co>Ni>Zn,低于非致癌风险阈值。但各重金属多途径摄入的叠加风险度达0.753,接近1,说明灰尘重金属的复合污染所带来的健康风险不可忽视。非致癌风险在空间上分异较大,经济技术开发区由于燃煤电厂、工业排放及交通活动等共同作用,其重金属的叠加非致癌风险度大于1,存在着严重的危害。Cr、Cd、Co和Ni致癌风险低于风险阈值,表明致癌风险较低。虽然目前城市街道灰尘对人类的健康风险影响不突出,但随着城市工业活动和交通活动的加剧,对城市环境中重金属排放的控制很有必要,尤其是多种重金属的复合污染及其空间分布差异值得关注。
Because of the special characteristic of urban surface dust environment interface,heavy metals which exited in unban sueface dust easily become a potential souce to impact on the urban environment.On the one hand,surface dust is easy to scatter under the conditions of certain extermal force,and is absorbed by the body through the respiratory tract and skin,so,it has bad impact on the humans.On the other hand,surface dust go into river under the condition of its precipitation,which can cause the urban water environment pollution.In present,study on the surface dust mainly concentrated in urban street dust migration,partical size composition heavy metal spatial distribution, occurrence form, source analysis and environment effects, however,there were little report on the heavy metal distribution and enrichment in different size and their impact on human health risk assessment,This paper selected WUHU city as the object,study heavy metals spatial distribution,particl size and its health risk assessment,it has certain practical significance.
In this paper,heavy metals were analized by ICP-AES.Based on ARCGIS statistical analysis module,heavy metals spatial distribution and its reasons were studied,combined with statistical analysis methods,the sources of surface dust heavy metals were analized.Through the heavy metals enrichment ratios change of different partical size,this paper preliminary study the partical size distribution of heavy metals.On this basis,heavy metals health risk assessment of Wuhu urban surface dust were carried out,The main findings were as follows:
(1)The rang of pH value of Wuhu urban surface dust was7.65-12.36,with the average of 9.75,rang of organic matter contents was 1.25%-16.84%,with the average of 4.86%. The content of Zn,Cd,Pb,Co,Ni,Mn,Cr,V and Cu were 313.53、1.95,138.61,8.19,21.38,589.87,110.31,55.19 and 135.42mg/kg,respectively.Cd,Pb,Cu and Zn pollutions were more serious,their contents were 10.3,5.2,4.2,4.1 times of the soil background value,respectively.However,Cd pollution was the most serious.
(2)Spatial distribution of heavy metals of Wuhu urban surface dust had large differences.Heavy metals content had contact with the distance away from the industrial area and traffic areas.The closer distance,the higher contents.Heavy metals of the economic and technological development zones which had the center of industrials and the central city which had the center of transport activities were moer higher,while in college park-oriented high-tech development zone,heavy metals contents were low relatively.The different spatial distribution was mainly due to the differences of regional function.
(3)Statistical analysis showed that industial emissions and urban transport activities were t the mian sources of surface dust heavy metals.Co,Ni,Mn,Cu and V were mainly come from industrial emissions,Zn,Cd,Cr and Pb were mainly influenced by transport activities.
(4)Heavy metals contens showed a significant size effect.When the partical size decreased,heavy metals contents showed a trend of increasing.160-200 mesh size was the main pollution size.In the >200 mesh size,heavy metals enrichment ratios were about 50%,the order was:Cd>Cu>Zn>Cr>Ni>Pb>Co>V>Mn.
(5)The order of chirdren exposure to heavy metals of surface dust <75um-level in WUHU city was:hand-mouth intake ways>skin inhalation means>breath inhalation channel,hand-mouth intake ways was the main way of the risk of surface dust heavy metals.The non-carcinogenic risk of heavy metals was in order of Pb>Cr>Mn>V>Cu>Cd>Co>Ni>Zn,their risk were all lower than the non-carcinogenic threshold.But the risk of all heavy metals in the superposition of multi-channel intake was upto 0.753,it indicated that the health risks from the compound heavy metal pollution can not be ignored.Non-carcinogenic risk had greater different spatial distribution.In economic and technological development zone,because of the coal-fired power plants,industrial emissions and traffic activities,the overlay heavy metals non-cancer risk was moer high than 1,there was a serious hazard in this area.Cr,Cd,Co and Ni cancer risk was lower than the risk threshold,it indicated that,they had a low risk of cancer.Although urban dust effect on human health risks were not outstanding,as urban industrial emissions and transport activities were more and more strengthen,it was necessary to control the emissions of heavy metals,in particular,the multiple heavy metals composite pollution and spatial distribution differences should be concerned.
引文
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