大豆根系分泌物的鉴定及其化感作用的研究
摘要
大豆是我国重要的粮食和油料作物,含有丰富的蛋白质和脂肪,其综合利用价值很高,是人类不可缺少的作物之一。但由于较高的市场需求和有限耕地面积之间的矛盾,导致了严重的大豆连作障碍现象。
有研究证实植物的化感作用(Allelopathy effect)是作物连作障碍的重要原因之一,而作物根系能够分泌大量的化感物质,并对作物本身有一定化感作用。为了更充分地了解大豆根系分泌物的化感作用,本项实验以作物的根系分泌物作为研究对象,利用GC-MS分离手段,鉴定收集的根系分泌物成分。通过对鉴定结果的分析,选取比较适合的收集方法和萃取试剂;分析比较大豆与耐连作的玉米和小麦的根系分泌物成分差异;比较正茬、重茬一年和重茬两年的大豆根系分泌物成分差异;将大豆根系分泌物设置三组高低不同的浓度,对大豆、玉米、小麦和高粱种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用进行生物检测。研究结果表明:
1.本实验在二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、乙醚三种萃取试剂和溶液收集法、土壤溶液原位取样器收集法和根际土壤收集法三种收集根系分泌物的方法中的得出:土壤溶液原位取样器收集的根系分泌物种类最多,且最接近自然的实际情况;二氯甲烷能萃取较多化合物或化感物质。
2.大豆、玉米、小麦根系分泌物中均含有烃、醇、酸、酯、酚、醛、苯、萘以及萘胺等主要化合物。从根系分泌物成分的数量上讲,大豆要多于玉米和小麦,并且在大豆根系分泌物中能够检测到更多玉米和小麦根系分泌物中不存在的化感物质。
3.正茬、重茬一年和重茬两年的大豆根系分泌物中主要化合物类别基本相同,即烃、醇、酸、酯、酚、醛、酮、苯、萘等化合物,但重茬一年和重茬两年的化合物明显多于正茬,并且重茬年数越多,根系分泌的化感物质就越多,这也是大豆连作障碍的原因之一。
4.大豆、玉米、小麦和高粱作为受试作物,对其种子和幼苗施加不同浓度的大豆根系分泌物,进行种子萌发实验和幼苗的鲜重、株高、根长、叶绿素含量和根系活力的测定,结果表明:四种作物种子的萌发均表现出不同程度的化感抑制作用,且大豆根系分泌物的浓度越大,抑制作用越强;分泌物对小麦幼苗的生长发育则起到了化感促进作用;玉米和高粱幼苗表现出的化感抑制作用较弱;大豆幼苗表现出了显著的抑制作用,且分泌物浓度越大,抑制强度越强。
Soybean was one of the most important food and oil crops in China. Common soybean was full of protein and fat, and the comprehensive utilization was high. Therefore, soybean was one indispensable crop. However, the contradiction between limited land and market supply all year long resulted in the phenomenon that continuous cropping obstacles became more and more common and serious.
Studies had shown that allelopathy effect was one of the most important factors of continuous cropping obstacles. The root of crops could secrete large amounts of allelochemicals, and they could do some allelopathy with those crops. In order to understand the allelopathy of root exudates on soybean, this experiment was to the crop root exudates as an object of study. Identification of root exudates components was used of GC-MS. The identification results showed that the more appropriate collection methods and extraction reagents. Analysis and comparison with the different composition of root exudates among soybean, corn and wheat; Analysis and comparison with the different composition of soybean root exudates among the first crop, one year and two years of continuous cropping; It made biological detection for seed germination and seedling growth of allelopathy of soybean, corn, wheat and sorghum with soybean root exudates in three different levels of concentration. The main results were as follow:
1. The experiments were used of three kinds of reagents that dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, ethyl ether and three kinds of methods to collect root exudates that solution collection method, in situ soil solution sampler, rhizosphere soil collection method. The results showed that the root exudates that in situ soil solution sampler collected was closest to the actual situation of the natural. Dichloromethane were able to extract more compounds or allelochemicals.
2. The root exudates of soybean, corn, and wheat contained major compounds that hydrocarbons, alcohols, acids, esters, phenols, aldehydes, benzene, naphthalene and naphthylamine. However, the root exudates of soybean were more than corn and wheat’s. And it could detect a wider range of allelopathic substances in the root exudates of soybean, while corn and wheat did not have.
3. The main compounds in soybean root exudates of the first crop, one year and two years of continuous cropping were basically the same category that contained hydrocarbons, alcohols, acids, esters, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, benzene, naphthalene and other compounds. However, the compounds of one year and two years of continuous cropping were more than the first crop. And the more years of continuous cropping, allelochemicals of root secreted by the more.
4. In this experiment, soybean, corn, wheat and sorghum crops, as subjects, and exerted their seeds and seedlings with soybean root exudates of different concentrations.It did seed germination experiments and seedling fresh weight, plant height, root length, chlorophyll content and root activity. The results show that four kinds crops seed germination were allelopathic inhibition of different levels. And the greater the concentration of soybean root exudates, the stronger the inhibition; However, soybean root exudates were played promote the role of allelopathy for wheat seedling growth and development; Corn and sorghum seedlings showed weak inhibition of the allelopathic. Soybean seedlings showed a significant inhibition of the allelopathic, and the greater the concentration of soybean root exudates, the stronger the inhibition.
有研究证实植物的化感作用(Allelopathy effect)是作物连作障碍的重要原因之一,而作物根系能够分泌大量的化感物质,并对作物本身有一定化感作用。为了更充分地了解大豆根系分泌物的化感作用,本项实验以作物的根系分泌物作为研究对象,利用GC-MS分离手段,鉴定收集的根系分泌物成分。通过对鉴定结果的分析,选取比较适合的收集方法和萃取试剂;分析比较大豆与耐连作的玉米和小麦的根系分泌物成分差异;比较正茬、重茬一年和重茬两年的大豆根系分泌物成分差异;将大豆根系分泌物设置三组高低不同的浓度,对大豆、玉米、小麦和高粱种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用进行生物检测。研究结果表明:
1.本实验在二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、乙醚三种萃取试剂和溶液收集法、土壤溶液原位取样器收集法和根际土壤收集法三种收集根系分泌物的方法中的得出:土壤溶液原位取样器收集的根系分泌物种类最多,且最接近自然的实际情况;二氯甲烷能萃取较多化合物或化感物质。
2.大豆、玉米、小麦根系分泌物中均含有烃、醇、酸、酯、酚、醛、苯、萘以及萘胺等主要化合物。从根系分泌物成分的数量上讲,大豆要多于玉米和小麦,并且在大豆根系分泌物中能够检测到更多玉米和小麦根系分泌物中不存在的化感物质。
3.正茬、重茬一年和重茬两年的大豆根系分泌物中主要化合物类别基本相同,即烃、醇、酸、酯、酚、醛、酮、苯、萘等化合物,但重茬一年和重茬两年的化合物明显多于正茬,并且重茬年数越多,根系分泌的化感物质就越多,这也是大豆连作障碍的原因之一。
4.大豆、玉米、小麦和高粱作为受试作物,对其种子和幼苗施加不同浓度的大豆根系分泌物,进行种子萌发实验和幼苗的鲜重、株高、根长、叶绿素含量和根系活力的测定,结果表明:四种作物种子的萌发均表现出不同程度的化感抑制作用,且大豆根系分泌物的浓度越大,抑制作用越强;分泌物对小麦幼苗的生长发育则起到了化感促进作用;玉米和高粱幼苗表现出的化感抑制作用较弱;大豆幼苗表现出了显著的抑制作用,且分泌物浓度越大,抑制强度越强。
Soybean was one of the most important food and oil crops in China. Common soybean was full of protein and fat, and the comprehensive utilization was high. Therefore, soybean was one indispensable crop. However, the contradiction between limited land and market supply all year long resulted in the phenomenon that continuous cropping obstacles became more and more common and serious.
Studies had shown that allelopathy effect was one of the most important factors of continuous cropping obstacles. The root of crops could secrete large amounts of allelochemicals, and they could do some allelopathy with those crops. In order to understand the allelopathy of root exudates on soybean, this experiment was to the crop root exudates as an object of study. Identification of root exudates components was used of GC-MS. The identification results showed that the more appropriate collection methods and extraction reagents. Analysis and comparison with the different composition of root exudates among soybean, corn and wheat; Analysis and comparison with the different composition of soybean root exudates among the first crop, one year and two years of continuous cropping; It made biological detection for seed germination and seedling growth of allelopathy of soybean, corn, wheat and sorghum with soybean root exudates in three different levels of concentration. The main results were as follow:
1. The experiments were used of three kinds of reagents that dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, ethyl ether and three kinds of methods to collect root exudates that solution collection method, in situ soil solution sampler, rhizosphere soil collection method. The results showed that the root exudates that in situ soil solution sampler collected was closest to the actual situation of the natural. Dichloromethane were able to extract more compounds or allelochemicals.
2. The root exudates of soybean, corn, and wheat contained major compounds that hydrocarbons, alcohols, acids, esters, phenols, aldehydes, benzene, naphthalene and naphthylamine. However, the root exudates of soybean were more than corn and wheat’s. And it could detect a wider range of allelopathic substances in the root exudates of soybean, while corn and wheat did not have.
3. The main compounds in soybean root exudates of the first crop, one year and two years of continuous cropping were basically the same category that contained hydrocarbons, alcohols, acids, esters, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, benzene, naphthalene and other compounds. However, the compounds of one year and two years of continuous cropping were more than the first crop. And the more years of continuous cropping, allelochemicals of root secreted by the more.
4. In this experiment, soybean, corn, wheat and sorghum crops, as subjects, and exerted their seeds and seedlings with soybean root exudates of different concentrations.It did seed germination experiments and seedling fresh weight, plant height, root length, chlorophyll content and root activity. The results show that four kinds crops seed germination were allelopathic inhibition of different levels. And the greater the concentration of soybean root exudates, the stronger the inhibition; However, soybean root exudates were played promote the role of allelopathy for wheat seedling growth and development; Corn and sorghum seedlings showed weak inhibition of the allelopathic. Soybean seedlings showed a significant inhibition of the allelopathic, and the greater the concentration of soybean root exudates, the stronger the inhibition.
引文
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