甜樱桃（Prunus.avium L.）果实发育和萌芽与内源激素关系研究
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摘要
本研究以‘红灯’和‘岱红’甜樱桃为试材,于2005年3月-2007年9月在济南市长清区店台村樱桃园、泰安市苑庄樱桃园和山东农业大学果树生理实验室进行。利用酶联免疫技术(ELISA)测定了甜樱桃果实生长发育进程及内源激素含量的动态变化,研究了拉枝、刻芽对甜樱桃芽内源激素含量及其萌芽成枝状况的影响,探讨了内源激素与甜樱桃果实坐果、生长发育和萌芽成枝的关系。并通过不同植物生长调节剂处理对甜樱桃坐果率、果实品质和芽萌发成枝的影响,以期找到对促进甜樱桃主要结果枝类形成,提高坐果率和改善果实品质的最佳配比的植物生长调节剂。主要研究结果如下:
1.水平和下垂拉枝均显著增加了芽体生长促进型内源激素含量,使GAs/ABA和ZRs/IAA比值显著高于对照,且均显著提高了萌芽率和花束状果枝比率,水平拉枝使中短梢比率达54.18%,比对照增加了79.17%。刻芽显著增加了芽体内源生长促进型激素(ZRs、GAs和IAA)含量,降低了内源ABA含量,使GAs/ABA和ZRs/IAA比值均显著高于对照,枝条萌芽率和长梢比率分别比对照增加了21.33%和54.09%。10～40 mg·kg-1的6-BA和ZR处理均有利于甜樱桃花束状果枝的形成,且当6-BA和ZR浓度均为20mg·kg-1时甜樱桃花束状果枝比率分别达到最大值为64.10%和51.60%,分别比对照增加了268.40%和196.60%;10～40 mg.kg-1的ZRs不利于甜樱桃花束状果枝的形成。
2.‘红灯’甜樱桃果实生长动态为较典型的双“S”曲线,甜樱桃果实生长发育过程可分为三个阶段:盛花后5～15 d为第Ⅰ速长期,果实纵横径生长较快,且纵径生长大于横径,单果重增加迅速;盛花后15～25 d为硬核期,果实增长较缓;盛花后25～40 d为第Ⅱ速长期,果实纵横径生长迅速,且横径生长大于纵径,单果重也迅速增加。
3.‘红灯’甜樱桃果实发育第Ⅰ速长期(盛花后第5～15 d),果肉中生长促进型激素(ZRS、IAA和GAS)含量均较高,进入硬核期(盛花后第15～25 d)均呈下降趋势,其中IAA和GAS均降到整个果实发育期的最低值,随果实的第Ⅱ次速长果肉中ZRS、IAA和GAS含量均迅速增加且分别出现整个生长发育期的最大值;与之相反,种子中ZRS、IAA和GAS含量在第Ⅰ、Ⅱ速长期较低,在硬核期含量最高。果肉中ABA含量分别在盛花后第5、15和35 d出现高峰,与甜樱桃的落果(花)时期基本一致。
4.花期喷施10～50 mg·kg-1的GA3均能不同程度的提高甜樱桃坐果率,且以30～40 mg·kg-1的GA3对提高‘红灯’甜樱桃的坐果率效果最佳。当GA3浓度为40 mg·kg-1时坐果率最高为52.90%,但果实的大小和单果重增加不显著,且可溶性糖含量降低了1.08%,可滴定酸含量增加了0.27%,果实糖酸比为12.51,低于对照,果实的品质明显下降。当GA3浓度为30 mg·kg-1时,果实的坐果率为50.10%,比对照提高了40.34%,果实纵横径和单果重均达到最大值,糖酸比值为13.87。花期喷施GA3(30 mg·kg-1)和6-BA/6-KT(10～30 mg·kg-1)的混合物均有利于提高‘红灯’甜樱桃果实的坐果率,但对果实品质的影响存在差异,30 mg·kg-1GA3与10～30 mg·kg-16-BA/6-KT配合使用在提高坐果率方面均显著优于单独使用30 mg·kg-1GA3,且均当6-BA/6-KT为20 mg·kg-1时效果最佳,且30 mg·kg-1GA3与20 mg·kg-16-KT使用效果优于30 mg·kg-1GA3与20 mg·kg-16-BA。
The present experiments, with the sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)‘Hongdeng’and‘Daihong’as its cultivar,were carred out in the cherry orchard of Diantai village,Changqing borough, Jinan, and the cherry orchard of Yuanzhuang village,Taian, Shandong. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) was used to investigate the dynamic changes of the fruit growth and development,the endogenous hormones contents of the pulp and seed as well as the contents of the endogenous hormones after branch-pulling and bud-notching treatments. The main intention were to study the relationship between the endogenous hormones and fruit growth and development as well as the relationship between the endogenous hormones and budding. The former experiment was order to find out the most effective plant growth regulator and its concentrations to improve the fruit quality. The latter results were validated by the treatment of extrinsic hormones in order to search the variety and concentration of extrinsic cytokinins that accelerate the forming of bouqueted fruiting branches.
The main results were as follows:
1. The present experiment, with the sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)‘Daihong’as its cultivar, investigated the effects of branch-pulling and bud-notching on the contents of endogenous hormones of the shoots as well as its’sprouting and growth status. The results were validated by the treatment of extrinsic hormones in order to search the variety and concentration of extrinsic cytokinins that accelerate the forming of bouqueted fruiting branches. The results showed that:The contents of endogenous hormones were increased remarkably as well as the values of GAs/ABA and ZRs/IAA after the stright-pulling and droop-pulling treatments. As a result the budding rate and shoot rate were both enhanced, the sprout rate was 54.18% after the stright-pulling treatment,which is 79.17% higher than the CK. The contents of ZRs,GAs and IAA were increased while the content of ABA was decreased after the bud-notching treatment.In the result, the values of GAs/ABA and ZRs/IAA were increased significantly,and the budding rate and shoot rate were 21.33% and 54.09% higher than the CK respectively. The validated experimentation indicated that:The rate of the bouqueted fruiting branches were acclerated by the treatments of 6-BA and ZR(10～40 mg.kg-1) ,and reached the peak values at the concentration of 20mg.kg-1,which were 64.10% and 51.60% respectively.The treatment of ZRs(10～40 mg.kg-1)was not benefit for the forming of bouqueted fruiting branches.
2.The results showed that the growth and development period of‘Hongdeng’sweet cherry could be divided into three phases: I. The first fast-developed period (5th ~15th days after full bloom), during which the fruit weight, vertical and horizontal diameters developed fast, with the vertical diameter developed faster than the horizontal one; II. The core-harden period (15th~25th days after full bloom), during which the fruit developed slowly; III. The second fast-developed period (25th ~40th days after full bloom), during which the fruit weight, vertical and horizontal diameters resumed to develop fast, but the horizontal diameter developed faster than the vertical one this time.
3.The relationship between the contents of endogenous hormones and the fruit growth and development was consanguineous. The contents of ZRS,IAA and GAS in the pulp were high in the first fast-developed period (5th days after full bloom), then had a tendency of decrease in the core-harden period (15th～25th days after full bloom).and the contents of IAA and GAS reached the lowest values in this period, and they all had a tendency of increase in the second fast-developed period (25th ~40th days after full bloom) until maturity, corresponding with the fruit growth..On the contrary, the contents of ZRS,IAA and GAS in the seeds are lower in theⅠandⅡfast-developed period,and they all have the peak values in the core-harden period, corresponding with the growth of fruit and seed.The content of ABA had the peak values in the 5th, 15th, 35th days after full bloom, similar to the fruit (flower) dropping periods.
4. Different plant growth regulators with different concentrations were used to study the effects of them on the fruit setting rate and the fruit qulity. The results showed that:The fruit setting rate were all been enhanced under the treatments of GA3(10～50 mg.kg-1), and significantly improved at the concentration of 30～40 mg.kg-1.The fruit setting rate reached the peak value at the concentration of 40 mg.kg-1,which is 52.90%,but the fruit weight, vertical and horizontal diameter were not improved significantly, the content of soluble sugar decreased 1.08%, while the content of titrable acid increased 0.27%, the value of sugar/acid was 12.51,which is lower than the CK, the guality of the fruit was decreased significantly.The fruit setting rate was 50.10% on the treatment of 30 mg.kg-1GA3,which was only about 1.90% lower than the 40mg.kg-1 GA3 treatment,but the fruit weight, vertical and horizontal diameter were all reeached the highest values, the value of sugar/acid is 13.87,the fruit quality was improved significantly.
The fruit setting rate and the fruit quality were both more significantly improved under the treatment of GA3(30 mg.kg-1)+6-BA/6-KT(10～30 mg.kg-1) in full bloom than the treatment of GA3(30 mg.kg-1),and they all have the most effects at the concentration of 6-BA/6-KT(20 mg.kg-1). The effects of spraying GA3(30 mg.kg-1)+6-KT(10～30 mg.kg-1) on the fruit setting rate and the fruit quality were both more significantly improved than the treatment of GA3(30 mg.kg-1)+6-BA(10～30 mg.kg-1).The fruit setting rate had the highest value on the treatment of GA3(30 mg.kg-1)+6-KT(20 mg.kg-1),and the fruit qualitys were also been improved significantly.
1.水平和下垂拉枝均显著增加了芽体生长促进型内源激素含量,使GAs/ABA和ZRs/IAA比值显著高于对照,且均显著提高了萌芽率和花束状果枝比率,水平拉枝使中短梢比率达54.18%,比对照增加了79.17%。刻芽显著增加了芽体内源生长促进型激素(ZRs、GAs和IAA)含量,降低了内源ABA含量,使GAs/ABA和ZRs/IAA比值均显著高于对照,枝条萌芽率和长梢比率分别比对照增加了21.33%和54.09%。10～40 mg·kg-1的6-BA和ZR处理均有利于甜樱桃花束状果枝的形成,且当6-BA和ZR浓度均为20mg·kg-1时甜樱桃花束状果枝比率分别达到最大值为64.10%和51.60%,分别比对照增加了268.40%和196.60%;10～40 mg.kg-1的ZRs不利于甜樱桃花束状果枝的形成。
2.‘红灯’甜樱桃果实生长动态为较典型的双“S”曲线,甜樱桃果实生长发育过程可分为三个阶段:盛花后5～15 d为第Ⅰ速长期,果实纵横径生长较快,且纵径生长大于横径,单果重增加迅速;盛花后15～25 d为硬核期,果实增长较缓;盛花后25～40 d为第Ⅱ速长期,果实纵横径生长迅速,且横径生长大于纵径,单果重也迅速增加。
3.‘红灯’甜樱桃果实发育第Ⅰ速长期(盛花后第5～15 d),果肉中生长促进型激素(ZRS、IAA和GAS)含量均较高,进入硬核期(盛花后第15～25 d)均呈下降趋势,其中IAA和GAS均降到整个果实发育期的最低值,随果实的第Ⅱ次速长果肉中ZRS、IAA和GAS含量均迅速增加且分别出现整个生长发育期的最大值;与之相反,种子中ZRS、IAA和GAS含量在第Ⅰ、Ⅱ速长期较低,在硬核期含量最高。果肉中ABA含量分别在盛花后第5、15和35 d出现高峰,与甜樱桃的落果(花)时期基本一致。
4.花期喷施10～50 mg·kg-1的GA3均能不同程度的提高甜樱桃坐果率,且以30～40 mg·kg-1的GA3对提高‘红灯’甜樱桃的坐果率效果最佳。当GA3浓度为40 mg·kg-1时坐果率最高为52.90%,但果实的大小和单果重增加不显著,且可溶性糖含量降低了1.08%,可滴定酸含量增加了0.27%,果实糖酸比为12.51,低于对照,果实的品质明显下降。当GA3浓度为30 mg·kg-1时,果实的坐果率为50.10%,比对照提高了40.34%,果实纵横径和单果重均达到最大值,糖酸比值为13.87。花期喷施GA3(30 mg·kg-1)和6-BA/6-KT(10～30 mg·kg-1)的混合物均有利于提高‘红灯’甜樱桃果实的坐果率,但对果实品质的影响存在差异,30 mg·kg-1GA3与10～30 mg·kg-16-BA/6-KT配合使用在提高坐果率方面均显著优于单独使用30 mg·kg-1GA3,且均当6-BA/6-KT为20 mg·kg-1时效果最佳,且30 mg·kg-1GA3与20 mg·kg-16-KT使用效果优于30 mg·kg-1GA3与20 mg·kg-16-BA。
The present experiments, with the sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)‘Hongdeng’and‘Daihong’as its cultivar,were carred out in the cherry orchard of Diantai village,Changqing borough, Jinan, and the cherry orchard of Yuanzhuang village,Taian, Shandong. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) was used to investigate the dynamic changes of the fruit growth and development,the endogenous hormones contents of the pulp and seed as well as the contents of the endogenous hormones after branch-pulling and bud-notching treatments. The main intention were to study the relationship between the endogenous hormones and fruit growth and development as well as the relationship between the endogenous hormones and budding. The former experiment was order to find out the most effective plant growth regulator and its concentrations to improve the fruit quality. The latter results were validated by the treatment of extrinsic hormones in order to search the variety and concentration of extrinsic cytokinins that accelerate the forming of bouqueted fruiting branches.
The main results were as follows:
1. The present experiment, with the sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)‘Daihong’as its cultivar, investigated the effects of branch-pulling and bud-notching on the contents of endogenous hormones of the shoots as well as its’sprouting and growth status. The results were validated by the treatment of extrinsic hormones in order to search the variety and concentration of extrinsic cytokinins that accelerate the forming of bouqueted fruiting branches. The results showed that:The contents of endogenous hormones were increased remarkably as well as the values of GAs/ABA and ZRs/IAA after the stright-pulling and droop-pulling treatments. As a result the budding rate and shoot rate were both enhanced, the sprout rate was 54.18% after the stright-pulling treatment,which is 79.17% higher than the CK. The contents of ZRs,GAs and IAA were increased while the content of ABA was decreased after the bud-notching treatment.In the result, the values of GAs/ABA and ZRs/IAA were increased significantly,and the budding rate and shoot rate were 21.33% and 54.09% higher than the CK respectively. The validated experimentation indicated that:The rate of the bouqueted fruiting branches were acclerated by the treatments of 6-BA and ZR(10～40 mg.kg-1) ,and reached the peak values at the concentration of 20mg.kg-1,which were 64.10% and 51.60% respectively.The treatment of ZRs(10～40 mg.kg-1)was not benefit for the forming of bouqueted fruiting branches.
2.The results showed that the growth and development period of‘Hongdeng’sweet cherry could be divided into three phases: I. The first fast-developed period (5th ~15th days after full bloom), during which the fruit weight, vertical and horizontal diameters developed fast, with the vertical diameter developed faster than the horizontal one; II. The core-harden period (15th~25th days after full bloom), during which the fruit developed slowly; III. The second fast-developed period (25th ~40th days after full bloom), during which the fruit weight, vertical and horizontal diameters resumed to develop fast, but the horizontal diameter developed faster than the vertical one this time.
3.The relationship between the contents of endogenous hormones and the fruit growth and development was consanguineous. The contents of ZRS,IAA and GAS in the pulp were high in the first fast-developed period (5th days after full bloom), then had a tendency of decrease in the core-harden period (15th～25th days after full bloom).and the contents of IAA and GAS reached the lowest values in this period, and they all had a tendency of increase in the second fast-developed period (25th ~40th days after full bloom) until maturity, corresponding with the fruit growth..On the contrary, the contents of ZRS,IAA and GAS in the seeds are lower in theⅠandⅡfast-developed period,and they all have the peak values in the core-harden period, corresponding with the growth of fruit and seed.The content of ABA had the peak values in the 5th, 15th, 35th days after full bloom, similar to the fruit (flower) dropping periods.
4. Different plant growth regulators with different concentrations were used to study the effects of them on the fruit setting rate and the fruit qulity. The results showed that:The fruit setting rate were all been enhanced under the treatments of GA3(10～50 mg.kg-1), and significantly improved at the concentration of 30～40 mg.kg-1.The fruit setting rate reached the peak value at the concentration of 40 mg.kg-1,which is 52.90%,but the fruit weight, vertical and horizontal diameter were not improved significantly, the content of soluble sugar decreased 1.08%, while the content of titrable acid increased 0.27%, the value of sugar/acid was 12.51,which is lower than the CK, the guality of the fruit was decreased significantly.The fruit setting rate was 50.10% on the treatment of 30 mg.kg-1GA3,which was only about 1.90% lower than the 40mg.kg-1 GA3 treatment,but the fruit weight, vertical and horizontal diameter were all reeached the highest values, the value of sugar/acid is 13.87,the fruit quality was improved significantly.
The fruit setting rate and the fruit quality were both more significantly improved under the treatment of GA3(30 mg.kg-1)+6-BA/6-KT(10～30 mg.kg-1) in full bloom than the treatment of GA3(30 mg.kg-1),and they all have the most effects at the concentration of 6-BA/6-KT(20 mg.kg-1). The effects of spraying GA3(30 mg.kg-1)+6-KT(10～30 mg.kg-1) on the fruit setting rate and the fruit quality were both more significantly improved than the treatment of GA3(30 mg.kg-1)+6-BA(10～30 mg.kg-1).The fruit setting rate had the highest value on the treatment of GA3(30 mg.kg-1)+6-KT(20 mg.kg-1),and the fruit qualitys were also been improved significantly.
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