喙尾琵甲生殖生物学与食性研究
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摘要
喙尾琵甲(Blaps rhynchopetera Fairmaire),属于鞘翅目(Coleoptera),拟步甲科(Tenebrionidae),琵甲属(Blaps)。喙尾琵甲成虫防御液含有具有药用价值的抗菌活性成分,是一种云南民间传统药用昆虫。本文从喙尾琵甲雌雄生殖器构造、产卵量、卵发育及孵化和食性等4个方面对喙尾琵甲进行了较系统全面的生殖生物学和食性方面的研究探索。
1.雌雄生殖器构造观察喙尾琵甲雌雄内外生殖系统解剖结果表明,喙尾琵甲雌虫外生殖器主要由生殖刺突、基腹片、肛侧板组成,内生殖器由卵巢、输卵管、受精囊等结构组成,受精囊极细长,没有附腺;雄虫外生殖器由阳茎和阳基组成,阳基又由基板和基侧突等组成,内生殖器由精巢、贮精囊、附腺、输精管、射精管等结构组成,精巢、附腺较为发达。
2.多因子对喙尾琵甲成虫存活及产卵量影响研究分为实验种群产卵量动态及食物营养、生态因子、种群结构对成虫存活及产卵量影响等几个方面。实验种群产卵量研究结果表明,产卵量呈现一定的年变化规律,产卵量年变化与温度有较为密切的关系,温湿系数、湿度对其影响不大。喙尾琵甲单日死亡成虫数自12月初试验开始至下年11月末1年期间有较为明显的波动规律,随着饲养时间的延长,单日死亡成虫数呈逐渐增加趋势。食物营养对成虫种群存活及产卵量影响结果表明,鸡饲料、麦麸及二者搭配的高蛋白饲料喂养成虫种群,单雌日产卵量较高;小麦、水稻秸秆及米糠等低蛋白饲料饲喂成虫,单雌日产卵量较低,且成虫种群死亡率较高。麦麸、玉米面、鸡饲料及小麦秸秆等4种食物饲喂喙尾琵甲新羽化成虫结果表明,麦麸饲喂成虫的日产卵量较高,可持续产卵,未见成虫死亡。玉米面饲喂成虫产卵集中于2个月内,成虫死亡率低,二者产卵前期均约2个月。鸡饲料饲喂成虫产卵集中在1个月内,产卵前期约88天。小麦秸秆饲喂成虫产卵量很低。鸡饲料和小麦秸秆饲喂成虫死亡率较高。生态因子及种群结构等因素影响成虫存活及产卵量结果表明,温度对喙尾琵甲成虫产卵量影响显著,10~30℃下均有卵产出,22℃达最大值,其中30℃高温显著降低了成虫种群的存活率。持续光照、长光照、长无光和持续无光条件对喙尾琵甲产卵无显著影响,等光照条件,则对其影响较大,产卵量较低。种群密度2.10~10.52只/ dm~2梯度间,喙尾琵甲产卵量较高,31.56~52.61只/dm~2高种群密度时,产卵受到抑制。♀:♂=1:1是比较适合喙尾琵甲产卵的性比。
3.卵发育及孵化研究喙尾琵甲卵呈椭圆形,卵壳表面无饰纹等特殊结构;卵胚胎发育结果表明,喙尾琵甲卵发育分为胚盘形成期,胚带形成期,分节期,胚胎发育成熟期4个阶段,历时约7天左右。生态因子影响卵孵化结果表明,温度在12~28℃范围内,卵均可孵化,8℃、31℃不孵化。喙尾琵甲卵发育起点温度:C±S C=10.08±0.93℃,有效积温:K±S K=99.91±8.11日·度。基质含水量2%~20%间均有幼虫孵化。光照度在0~6 600Lux之间均有卵孵化,8 000、12 000 Lux无卵孵化;低温对卵孵化率影响结果表明,10℃保存新产卵粒20天,卵依然有较高的孵化率,孵化率为79.38±8.00%,30天后孵化率骤降。2℃、4℃、6℃、8℃等4个温度梯度保存喙尾琵甲卵5天后,孵化率均急剧下降。
4.食性研究食性研究由生境调查与室内试验组成。生境调查发现,幼虫和成虫生境多处于阴暗潮湿而又相对稳定的小环境中,玉米秸秆、水稻秸秆碎屑在生境中均有较高的出现百分比,并对成虫取食行为进行了描述;室内试验包括取食和食物对幼虫生长发育影响两方面内容。幼虫和成虫取食试验表明,喙尾琵甲中龄幼虫对玉米面、鸡饲料、麦麸等高粗蛋白、适量粗脂肪、较低粗纤维含量的Ⅱ类食物均有较高的相对取食量、食物利用率、近似消化率及食物转化率,水稻秸秆、小麦秸秆等低粗蛋白、粗脂肪及高粗纤维含量Ⅲ类食物则较低。喙尾琵甲成虫对鸡饲料有较高的相对取食量、食物利用率及食物转化率,对鸡饲料、玉米面、麦麸等Ⅱ类食物及豆面均有较高的相对取食量、食物利用率、近似消化率及食物转化率,对米糠及Ⅲ类的水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆等食物则较低;食物对各龄幼虫生长发育影响结果表明,低龄、中龄、老熟幼虫等3个发育阶段幼虫在单虫增重、存活率及发育等方面表现不同,易受食物影响程度依次为低龄幼虫、中龄幼虫和老熟幼虫。低龄、中龄幼虫喜食如玉米面、鸡饲料和麦麸等Ⅱ类食物,幼虫增重较明显,并有较高的存活率。老熟幼虫受食物影响不明显。
Blaps rhynchopetera Fairmaire belongs to Tenebrionidae, Coleoptera. It is a traditional folk medicinal insect in Yunnan Province. The defensive secretion of adults contains antibacterial active ingredients.This paper focused on reproductive physiology, fecundity, egg development and hatching, and feeding of B. rhynchopetera for a more systematic and comprehensive study of reproductive biology and feeding habits.
1. Structure of reproductive system Anatomy of reproductive system showed that external genitalia of female adults mainly consist of gonostyle, coxite and paraproct. Internal genitalia mainly contain ovaries, fallopian tubes, spermatheca, and spermatheca was slender, gland was not found; External genitalia of male adults mainly contained aedeagus and tegmen which consisted of basal piece and paramera and etc. Internal genitalia mainly consisted of testis, seminal vesicle, accessory gland, vas deferens.
2. Effects of factors on mortality and fecundity of adults Mainly focused on fecundity of experimental population, and effects of food, ecological factors, and population structure on oviposition. Fecundity of experimental population showed certain regulary vibration. Single-day mortality of adults had significant variation during the experiment, and the mortality displayed increasing trend with the time. Fecundity variation was more closely related to temperature than ratio of relative humidity to temperature and humidity. Adults fed on wheat straw, rice straw, and rice straw had low single-day fecundity.while adults fed on chicken feed, wheat bran and their mixture had high single-day high fecundity. Fecundity for newly hatched adults showed that variation of individual fecundity and mortality of adults fed on Wheat bran, cornmeal, chicken feed and wheat straw were different. Fecundity of adults fed on bran over time performed continuous irregular fluctuation, and daily fecundity was higher with no adult death. The stage of individual oviposition for adults fed on cornmeal focused in 2 months, and mortality was low. Preovipositon period of two above was about2 months. The stage of individual oviposition for adults fed on chicken feed focused in 1 month, and eggs were hard to find after October. Eggs of adults fed on Wheat straw were foud on December, and no eggs were found at the rest of time. Mortality of adults reared on Wheat bran and chicken feed was higher. Among the factors affecting fecundity, constant temperatures had significant effect on adult fecundity. Eggs of adults under constant temperatures of 10~30℃were found, and fecundity under 22℃reached to maximum. Extreme temperature like 30℃was not suitable for adults survival. Similar natural illumination was more influential on oviposition, while completely light and dark, long light and dark had no significant effects on egg production. Fecundity of adults in 2.10~10.52 /m~2 of population density was higher than in 31.56~52.61只/dm~2 .♀:♂=1:1 is the most suitable sex ratio for oviposition.
3. Egg development and hatching Eggs of B. rhynchopetera were oval, and shell surface did not have special structures. Among factors affecting egg hatching, eggs laid in the range of 12 ~ 28℃may hatch out, while eggs laid in 8℃and 31℃without hatching. The developmental threshold temperature required for eggs was 10.08±0.93℃. While the effective accumulated temperature was 99.91±8.11 degree-day. Water content of substrate between 2% and 20% and 0~6 600 Lux were suitable for eggs hatching. Hatching rate was still higher treated in 10℃for 20d, and hatching rate had sudden drop 30d later, Hatching rate of eggs treated under 2℃, 4℃, 6℃and 8℃for 5d or longer decreased rapidly.
4. Feeding habits Mainly focused on survey of habitats and indoor experiments. Survey showed that most of larvae and adults were found in the dark, damp habitats and relatively stable environment. Corn stalks, rice straw debris in the larval and adult habitats had a higher percentage of emergence, and feeding behavior of adults was described. Feeding experiment showed that relative consumption rate, food utilization rate, approximate digestibility, and efficiency of conversion of corn flour, chicken feed, wheat bran for 3rd to 9th instars larvae was higher than rice straw, wheat straw. Except for chicken feed having a lower approximate digestibility, Relative consumption rate, food utilization rate, approximate digestibility, and efficiency of conversion of chicken feed, corn flour, bean flour and wheat bran were relatively higher for adults, while those of rice bran, rice straw, corn stalks, wheat straw were lower. The performance of three stages of larvae was different in increased weight per larva, survival rate and development. The primary larvae were the most Vulnerable to food followed by middle aged and mature larvae. The primary and middle aged larvae were apt to take high protein, moderate fat, low crude fiber content of food such as corn flour, chicken feed and wheat bran, and larval weight gain was obvious, and had a higher survival rate. Whereas mature larvae not significant.
1.雌雄生殖器构造观察喙尾琵甲雌雄内外生殖系统解剖结果表明,喙尾琵甲雌虫外生殖器主要由生殖刺突、基腹片、肛侧板组成,内生殖器由卵巢、输卵管、受精囊等结构组成,受精囊极细长,没有附腺;雄虫外生殖器由阳茎和阳基组成,阳基又由基板和基侧突等组成,内生殖器由精巢、贮精囊、附腺、输精管、射精管等结构组成,精巢、附腺较为发达。
2.多因子对喙尾琵甲成虫存活及产卵量影响研究分为实验种群产卵量动态及食物营养、生态因子、种群结构对成虫存活及产卵量影响等几个方面。实验种群产卵量研究结果表明,产卵量呈现一定的年变化规律,产卵量年变化与温度有较为密切的关系,温湿系数、湿度对其影响不大。喙尾琵甲单日死亡成虫数自12月初试验开始至下年11月末1年期间有较为明显的波动规律,随着饲养时间的延长,单日死亡成虫数呈逐渐增加趋势。食物营养对成虫种群存活及产卵量影响结果表明,鸡饲料、麦麸及二者搭配的高蛋白饲料喂养成虫种群,单雌日产卵量较高;小麦、水稻秸秆及米糠等低蛋白饲料饲喂成虫,单雌日产卵量较低,且成虫种群死亡率较高。麦麸、玉米面、鸡饲料及小麦秸秆等4种食物饲喂喙尾琵甲新羽化成虫结果表明,麦麸饲喂成虫的日产卵量较高,可持续产卵,未见成虫死亡。玉米面饲喂成虫产卵集中于2个月内,成虫死亡率低,二者产卵前期均约2个月。鸡饲料饲喂成虫产卵集中在1个月内,产卵前期约88天。小麦秸秆饲喂成虫产卵量很低。鸡饲料和小麦秸秆饲喂成虫死亡率较高。生态因子及种群结构等因素影响成虫存活及产卵量结果表明,温度对喙尾琵甲成虫产卵量影响显著,10~30℃下均有卵产出,22℃达最大值,其中30℃高温显著降低了成虫种群的存活率。持续光照、长光照、长无光和持续无光条件对喙尾琵甲产卵无显著影响,等光照条件,则对其影响较大,产卵量较低。种群密度2.10~10.52只/ dm~2梯度间,喙尾琵甲产卵量较高,31.56~52.61只/dm~2高种群密度时,产卵受到抑制。♀:♂=1:1是比较适合喙尾琵甲产卵的性比。
3.卵发育及孵化研究喙尾琵甲卵呈椭圆形,卵壳表面无饰纹等特殊结构;卵胚胎发育结果表明,喙尾琵甲卵发育分为胚盘形成期,胚带形成期,分节期,胚胎发育成熟期4个阶段,历时约7天左右。生态因子影响卵孵化结果表明,温度在12~28℃范围内,卵均可孵化,8℃、31℃不孵化。喙尾琵甲卵发育起点温度:C±S C=10.08±0.93℃,有效积温:K±S K=99.91±8.11日·度。基质含水量2%~20%间均有幼虫孵化。光照度在0~6 600Lux之间均有卵孵化,8 000、12 000 Lux无卵孵化;低温对卵孵化率影响结果表明,10℃保存新产卵粒20天,卵依然有较高的孵化率,孵化率为79.38±8.00%,30天后孵化率骤降。2℃、4℃、6℃、8℃等4个温度梯度保存喙尾琵甲卵5天后,孵化率均急剧下降。
4.食性研究食性研究由生境调查与室内试验组成。生境调查发现,幼虫和成虫生境多处于阴暗潮湿而又相对稳定的小环境中,玉米秸秆、水稻秸秆碎屑在生境中均有较高的出现百分比,并对成虫取食行为进行了描述;室内试验包括取食和食物对幼虫生长发育影响两方面内容。幼虫和成虫取食试验表明,喙尾琵甲中龄幼虫对玉米面、鸡饲料、麦麸等高粗蛋白、适量粗脂肪、较低粗纤维含量的Ⅱ类食物均有较高的相对取食量、食物利用率、近似消化率及食物转化率,水稻秸秆、小麦秸秆等低粗蛋白、粗脂肪及高粗纤维含量Ⅲ类食物则较低。喙尾琵甲成虫对鸡饲料有较高的相对取食量、食物利用率及食物转化率,对鸡饲料、玉米面、麦麸等Ⅱ类食物及豆面均有较高的相对取食量、食物利用率、近似消化率及食物转化率,对米糠及Ⅲ类的水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆等食物则较低;食物对各龄幼虫生长发育影响结果表明,低龄、中龄、老熟幼虫等3个发育阶段幼虫在单虫增重、存活率及发育等方面表现不同,易受食物影响程度依次为低龄幼虫、中龄幼虫和老熟幼虫。低龄、中龄幼虫喜食如玉米面、鸡饲料和麦麸等Ⅱ类食物,幼虫增重较明显,并有较高的存活率。老熟幼虫受食物影响不明显。
Blaps rhynchopetera Fairmaire belongs to Tenebrionidae, Coleoptera. It is a traditional folk medicinal insect in Yunnan Province. The defensive secretion of adults contains antibacterial active ingredients.This paper focused on reproductive physiology, fecundity, egg development and hatching, and feeding of B. rhynchopetera for a more systematic and comprehensive study of reproductive biology and feeding habits.
1. Structure of reproductive system Anatomy of reproductive system showed that external genitalia of female adults mainly consist of gonostyle, coxite and paraproct. Internal genitalia mainly contain ovaries, fallopian tubes, spermatheca, and spermatheca was slender, gland was not found; External genitalia of male adults mainly contained aedeagus and tegmen which consisted of basal piece and paramera and etc. Internal genitalia mainly consisted of testis, seminal vesicle, accessory gland, vas deferens.
2. Effects of factors on mortality and fecundity of adults Mainly focused on fecundity of experimental population, and effects of food, ecological factors, and population structure on oviposition. Fecundity of experimental population showed certain regulary vibration. Single-day mortality of adults had significant variation during the experiment, and the mortality displayed increasing trend with the time. Fecundity variation was more closely related to temperature than ratio of relative humidity to temperature and humidity. Adults fed on wheat straw, rice straw, and rice straw had low single-day fecundity.while adults fed on chicken feed, wheat bran and their mixture had high single-day high fecundity. Fecundity for newly hatched adults showed that variation of individual fecundity and mortality of adults fed on Wheat bran, cornmeal, chicken feed and wheat straw were different. Fecundity of adults fed on bran over time performed continuous irregular fluctuation, and daily fecundity was higher with no adult death. The stage of individual oviposition for adults fed on cornmeal focused in 2 months, and mortality was low. Preovipositon period of two above was about2 months. The stage of individual oviposition for adults fed on chicken feed focused in 1 month, and eggs were hard to find after October. Eggs of adults fed on Wheat straw were foud on December, and no eggs were found at the rest of time. Mortality of adults reared on Wheat bran and chicken feed was higher. Among the factors affecting fecundity, constant temperatures had significant effect on adult fecundity. Eggs of adults under constant temperatures of 10~30℃were found, and fecundity under 22℃reached to maximum. Extreme temperature like 30℃was not suitable for adults survival. Similar natural illumination was more influential on oviposition, while completely light and dark, long light and dark had no significant effects on egg production. Fecundity of adults in 2.10~10.52 /m~2 of population density was higher than in 31.56~52.61只/dm~2 .♀:♂=1:1 is the most suitable sex ratio for oviposition.
3. Egg development and hatching Eggs of B. rhynchopetera were oval, and shell surface did not have special structures. Among factors affecting egg hatching, eggs laid in the range of 12 ~ 28℃may hatch out, while eggs laid in 8℃and 31℃without hatching. The developmental threshold temperature required for eggs was 10.08±0.93℃. While the effective accumulated temperature was 99.91±8.11 degree-day. Water content of substrate between 2% and 20% and 0~6 600 Lux were suitable for eggs hatching. Hatching rate was still higher treated in 10℃for 20d, and hatching rate had sudden drop 30d later, Hatching rate of eggs treated under 2℃, 4℃, 6℃and 8℃for 5d or longer decreased rapidly.
4. Feeding habits Mainly focused on survey of habitats and indoor experiments. Survey showed that most of larvae and adults were found in the dark, damp habitats and relatively stable environment. Corn stalks, rice straw debris in the larval and adult habitats had a higher percentage of emergence, and feeding behavior of adults was described. Feeding experiment showed that relative consumption rate, food utilization rate, approximate digestibility, and efficiency of conversion of corn flour, chicken feed, wheat bran for 3rd to 9th instars larvae was higher than rice straw, wheat straw. Except for chicken feed having a lower approximate digestibility, Relative consumption rate, food utilization rate, approximate digestibility, and efficiency of conversion of chicken feed, corn flour, bean flour and wheat bran were relatively higher for adults, while those of rice bran, rice straw, corn stalks, wheat straw were lower. The performance of three stages of larvae was different in increased weight per larva, survival rate and development. The primary larvae were the most Vulnerable to food followed by middle aged and mature larvae. The primary and middle aged larvae were apt to take high protein, moderate fat, low crude fiber content of food such as corn flour, chicken feed and wheat bran, and larval weight gain was obvious, and had a higher survival rate. Whereas mature larvae not significant.
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