中小企业板上市公司内部控制环境研究
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摘要
2004年5月28日,中小企业板块第一股-浙江新和成发布招股说明书,宣告中小企业正式运作。2004年6月25日,深交所举行中小企业板块首次上市仪式,新和成等八家公司挂牌上市。
中小板自2004年开设以来,发展速度令人瞩目,上市公司总数(截止到2009年12月3日)已经达到了313家,而且呈现出主营业务突出、成长性较好,募集资金项目进展顺利、效益良好,重视投资者合理回报、现金分红高,大股东及其附属企业占用上市公司的资金情况较少、对外担保主要为对控股子公司的担保等特点。与此同时,我们也注意到中小企业板以民营企业为主题,股市普遍存在“一股独大”的现象,而且家族控制的现象跟为严重。董事长地位比较突出,拥有绝对控股权。受到这种股权结构的影响,民营上市公司的所有权与经营权分离度很低,大多数公司都有董事会成员到管理层担任总经理、副总经理等高级职务等。这对中小板上市公司的内部控制和风险管理有很大的负面影响,决策机制与约束机制都有待于完善。
本文以截止至2008年12月31日共273家中小企业板上市公司为研究对象,以该273家上市公司2008年度报告及内部控制自我评估报告,以及中介机构对其发表的内部控制鉴证为数据来源,从股东控制方式入手,分五个方面,分析了我国中小板上市公司的内部控制环境：1、公司治理结构：2、机构设置及权责分配；3、内部审计；4、人力资源策略、5、企业文化。对针对该五部分出现的一些问题,进行归类,并对症下药,提出可行性的建议。
本文的主要结论有：l、中小企业板七成以上都是民营企业；2、全部的中小板企业都采用了“三会一层”的公司治理结构；3、公司实际控制人的集权度较高,实际控制人、董事长及总经理合为一人的现象较为普遍；4、独立董事的监督职能有待完善：5、监事会成员素质较低,无法起到真正的监督职能,应该提高监事的素质,并赋予更多的权限；6、内部审计的设置参差不齐,应该隶属于董事会,加强其监督及管理职能；7、提升企业文化等。
May 28,2004, the SME board's first stocks-----002001 prospectus issued, declaring the formal operation of small and medium enterprises. June 25,2004, The Shenzhen Stock Exchange held the first SME board listing ceremony.
The SME board created since 2004 has been impressive growth rate, the total number of listed companies (as of December 3,2009) has reached 313, and showing a prominent main business, growth is better, fund-raising project progress smooth, benefits are good, great importance to investors a reasonable return, cash dividends high, major shareholders of listed companies and their subsidiary companies of funds occupy less external guarantees are mainly subsidiaries of the holding of security and so on. At the same time, we also noted that the SME board in private enterprises as the main theme, common stock "due to the dominance" phenomenon, but also the phenomenon of family-controlled with the more serious.
Chairman and prominent position, with an absolute controlling stake. Affected by this shareholding structure, private listed companies, ownership and management separation is very low, most companies have a management board members to serve as president, vice president and other senior positions and so on. This small board listed company's internal control and risk management have great negative impact on the decision-making mechanism and the binding mechanisms need to be improved.
In this paper, I used 273 listed companies, the SME board as the research object, to the 273 listed companies 2008 annual reports and internal control self-assessment reports, as well as intermediate structure on the internal control issued by forensic for data sources, from the shareholders to start control mode, sub-5 context, the analysis of China's medium and small plates listed on the company's internal control environment:1,corporate governance structure; 2, institutional settings, and the distribution of competences; 3, internal audit; 4, human resources strategy,5, corporate culture. The five-part against the emergence of some problems are classified, and prescribe the right medicine, make feasible recommendations.
The main conclusions of this paper are:1,These are over70% private enterprises; 2, All small and medium sized enterprises board adopted the same corporate governance structure; 3, The company's centralization degree of actual control over high, the actual controller, Chairman and General Manager of the phenomenon of people together for one person;4,Independent directors, the oversight function of concern can be managed separately with the Commission of independent directors, and assigned to the target medium and small plates scheme; 5, Board of Supervisors members of the low quality and can not play a real oversight functions, should improve the quality of supervisors, and given more authority;6, The internal audit settings uneven, should be attached to the board of directors to strengthen its oversight and management functions; 7, Enhance corporate culture.
中小板自2004年开设以来,发展速度令人瞩目,上市公司总数(截止到2009年12月3日)已经达到了313家,而且呈现出主营业务突出、成长性较好,募集资金项目进展顺利、效益良好,重视投资者合理回报、现金分红高,大股东及其附属企业占用上市公司的资金情况较少、对外担保主要为对控股子公司的担保等特点。与此同时,我们也注意到中小企业板以民营企业为主题,股市普遍存在“一股独大”的现象,而且家族控制的现象跟为严重。董事长地位比较突出,拥有绝对控股权。受到这种股权结构的影响,民营上市公司的所有权与经营权分离度很低,大多数公司都有董事会成员到管理层担任总经理、副总经理等高级职务等。这对中小板上市公司的内部控制和风险管理有很大的负面影响,决策机制与约束机制都有待于完善。
本文以截止至2008年12月31日共273家中小企业板上市公司为研究对象,以该273家上市公司2008年度报告及内部控制自我评估报告,以及中介机构对其发表的内部控制鉴证为数据来源,从股东控制方式入手,分五个方面,分析了我国中小板上市公司的内部控制环境：1、公司治理结构：2、机构设置及权责分配；3、内部审计；4、人力资源策略、5、企业文化。对针对该五部分出现的一些问题,进行归类,并对症下药,提出可行性的建议。
本文的主要结论有：l、中小企业板七成以上都是民营企业；2、全部的中小板企业都采用了“三会一层”的公司治理结构；3、公司实际控制人的集权度较高,实际控制人、董事长及总经理合为一人的现象较为普遍；4、独立董事的监督职能有待完善：5、监事会成员素质较低,无法起到真正的监督职能,应该提高监事的素质,并赋予更多的权限；6、内部审计的设置参差不齐,应该隶属于董事会,加强其监督及管理职能；7、提升企业文化等。
May 28,2004, the SME board's first stocks-----002001 prospectus issued, declaring the formal operation of small and medium enterprises. June 25,2004, The Shenzhen Stock Exchange held the first SME board listing ceremony.
The SME board created since 2004 has been impressive growth rate, the total number of listed companies (as of December 3,2009) has reached 313, and showing a prominent main business, growth is better, fund-raising project progress smooth, benefits are good, great importance to investors a reasonable return, cash dividends high, major shareholders of listed companies and their subsidiary companies of funds occupy less external guarantees are mainly subsidiaries of the holding of security and so on. At the same time, we also noted that the SME board in private enterprises as the main theme, common stock "due to the dominance" phenomenon, but also the phenomenon of family-controlled with the more serious.
Chairman and prominent position, with an absolute controlling stake. Affected by this shareholding structure, private listed companies, ownership and management separation is very low, most companies have a management board members to serve as president, vice president and other senior positions and so on. This small board listed company's internal control and risk management have great negative impact on the decision-making mechanism and the binding mechanisms need to be improved.
In this paper, I used 273 listed companies, the SME board as the research object, to the 273 listed companies 2008 annual reports and internal control self-assessment reports, as well as intermediate structure on the internal control issued by forensic for data sources, from the shareholders to start control mode, sub-5 context, the analysis of China's medium and small plates listed on the company's internal control environment:1,corporate governance structure; 2, institutional settings, and the distribution of competences; 3, internal audit; 4, human resources strategy,5, corporate culture. The five-part against the emergence of some problems are classified, and prescribe the right medicine, make feasible recommendations.
The main conclusions of this paper are:1,These are over70% private enterprises; 2, All small and medium sized enterprises board adopted the same corporate governance structure; 3, The company's centralization degree of actual control over high, the actual controller, Chairman and General Manager of the phenomenon of people together for one person;4,Independent directors, the oversight function of concern can be managed separately with the Commission of independent directors, and assigned to the target medium and small plates scheme; 5, Board of Supervisors members of the low quality and can not play a real oversight functions, should improve the quality of supervisors, and given more authority;6, The internal audit settings uneven, should be attached to the board of directors to strengthen its oversight and management functions; 7, Enhance corporate culture.
引文
1深交所汇编,中小企业板大事记,深交所,2006年第5期
2期刊汇编,中小企业板基本情况与社会经济效应,中国科技研究,2006年第11期
3李静,中小板企业内部控制与公司治理互动关系的实证研究,华南理工大学2007年优秀硕士论文
4杨湘青,民营企业内部控制的设计与实施研究,复旦大学Mpacc优秀硕士论文
[1]AICPA, Internal Control:Elements of coordinated system and its importance to management and the independent public account,1949
[2]Journal of International Business Studies, The evolution of research on coordination mechanisms in multinational corporations, MartinelJ.I. JarillorJ.C.
[3]Journal of Accountancy, New York, What the tread way commission's internal control study means to you,1992.7
[4]The Committee of sponsoring organizations of the tread way commission, Internal control-integrated framework,1994
[5]The Committee of sponsoring organizations of the tread way commission, Enterprise risk management framework, Draft, July 2003
[6]Lawrence A Cunningham. The Appeal and Limits of Internal Controls to Fight Fraud, Terroriosm, Other Ills of Journal of Corporation Law,2004
[7]Kevin L. Jensen and Jeff, Management Trade-Offs of Internal Control and External Auditor Expertise, Auditing:A Journal of Practice&Theory, 2003
[8]COSO, Internal Control—Integrated Framework,1992
[9]COSO, Enterprise Risk Management Framework,2003
[10]Bower, J. B., Schlosser, R. E. Internal control:its true nature. The Accounting Review,1965
[11]Maijoor, S. The internal control explosion, International Journal of Auditing,2000
[12]IIA.SIAS No.1:Control:Concept and Responsibilities.Altamonete Springs,1983
[13]Herman son Heather M, An Analysis of the Demand for Reporting on Internal Control, Accounting Horizons,2000.9
[14]John, Internal Controls and Managing Enterprise-Wide Risks, The CPA Journal,2004.8
[15]Robert Simons,,Control in an Age of Empowerment. Harvard Business Review,1995.3
[16]李凤鸣、韩晓梅,内部控制理论的历史演进和未来展望,审计与经济研究,2001年第7期
[17]财政部会计司,《企业会计准则汇编》,中国财政经济出版社,2001年
[18]龚杰、方时雄,企业内部控制-理论、方法与案例,浙江大学出版社,2006
[19]朱荣恩、袁敏,企业内部控制制度设计-理论与时间,上海财经出版社,2005
[20]邓春华,企业内部控制：现状及发展建议,审计研究,2005年第3期
[21]戴彦,企业内部控制评价体系的构建,会计研究,2006年第1期
[22]张砚,内部控制历史发展的组织演化研究,会计研究,2005年第2期
[23]杨雄胜,内部控制理论研究新视野,会计研究,2005年第7期
[24]张砚、杨雄胜,内部控制理论研究的回顾与展望,2007年第1期
[25]杨雄胜,内部控制理论面临的困境及其出路,会计研究,2006年第2期
[26]施先旺,内部控制理论的变迁及其启示,审计研究,2008年第6期
[27]石爱中,从内部控制历史看内部控制发展,审计研究,2006年第6期
[28]赵爱玲,我国企业内部控制体系建设面临的困惑及思考,审计与经济研究,2008年第3期
[29]刘静、李竹梅,内部控制环境的探讨,会计研究,2005年第2期
[30]李连华：企业治理结构与内部控制的连接与互动,会计研究,2005年第2期
[31]杨有红、胡燕,试论企业治理与内部控制的对接,会计研究,2004年第10期
[32]王晓夏,中小企业内部控制问题研究-以山东省为例,山东农业大学优秀硕士论文,2008年6月
[33]李倩,我国小企业内部控制体系构建的研究,武汉大学优秀硕士论文,2005年
[34]缪艳娟,企业内部控制制度的产生与演进,审计与经济研究,2008年7月
[35]深交所汇编,中小企业板大事记,深交所,2006年第5期
[36]期刊汇编,中小企业板基本情况与社会经济效应,中国科技研究,2006年第11期
[37]李静,中小板企业内部控制与公司治理互动关系的实证研究,华南理工大学2007年优秀硕士论文
[38]杨湘青,民营企业内部控制的设计与实施研究,复旦大学Mpacc优秀硕士论文
[39]王淑臣,企业内部控制规范之中外比较,财会月刊,2009年3月
[40]李琳,企业内部控制整体框架浅析,合作经济与科技,2009年5月
[41]张蓉,浅谈企业内部控制制度的建立和实施,河北企业,2009年第4期
2期刊汇编,中小企业板基本情况与社会经济效应,中国科技研究,2006年第11期
3李静,中小板企业内部控制与公司治理互动关系的实证研究,华南理工大学2007年优秀硕士论文
4杨湘青,民营企业内部控制的设计与实施研究,复旦大学Mpacc优秀硕士论文
[1]AICPA, Internal Control:Elements of coordinated system and its importance to management and the independent public account,1949
[2]Journal of International Business Studies, The evolution of research on coordination mechanisms in multinational corporations, MartinelJ.I. JarillorJ.C.
[3]Journal of Accountancy, New York, What the tread way commission's internal control study means to you,1992.7
[4]The Committee of sponsoring organizations of the tread way commission, Internal control-integrated framework,1994
[5]The Committee of sponsoring organizations of the tread way commission, Enterprise risk management framework, Draft, July 2003
[6]Lawrence A Cunningham. The Appeal and Limits of Internal Controls to Fight Fraud, Terroriosm, Other Ills of Journal of Corporation Law,2004
[7]Kevin L. Jensen and Jeff, Management Trade-Offs of Internal Control and External Auditor Expertise, Auditing:A Journal of Practice&Theory, 2003
[8]COSO, Internal Control—Integrated Framework,1992
[9]COSO, Enterprise Risk Management Framework,2003
[10]Bower, J. B., Schlosser, R. E. Internal control:its true nature. The Accounting Review,1965
[11]Maijoor, S. The internal control explosion, International Journal of Auditing,2000
[12]IIA.SIAS No.1:Control:Concept and Responsibilities.Altamonete Springs,1983
[13]Herman son Heather M, An Analysis of the Demand for Reporting on Internal Control, Accounting Horizons,2000.9
[14]John, Internal Controls and Managing Enterprise-Wide Risks, The CPA Journal,2004.8
[15]Robert Simons,,Control in an Age of Empowerment. Harvard Business Review,1995.3
[16]李凤鸣、韩晓梅,内部控制理论的历史演进和未来展望,审计与经济研究,2001年第7期
[17]财政部会计司,《企业会计准则汇编》,中国财政经济出版社,2001年
[18]龚杰、方时雄,企业内部控制-理论、方法与案例,浙江大学出版社,2006
[19]朱荣恩、袁敏,企业内部控制制度设计-理论与时间,上海财经出版社,2005
[20]邓春华,企业内部控制：现状及发展建议,审计研究,2005年第3期
[21]戴彦,企业内部控制评价体系的构建,会计研究,2006年第1期
[22]张砚,内部控制历史发展的组织演化研究,会计研究,2005年第2期
[23]杨雄胜,内部控制理论研究新视野,会计研究,2005年第7期
[24]张砚、杨雄胜,内部控制理论研究的回顾与展望,2007年第1期
[25]杨雄胜,内部控制理论面临的困境及其出路,会计研究,2006年第2期
[26]施先旺,内部控制理论的变迁及其启示,审计研究,2008年第6期
[27]石爱中,从内部控制历史看内部控制发展,审计研究,2006年第6期
[28]赵爱玲,我国企业内部控制体系建设面临的困惑及思考,审计与经济研究,2008年第3期
[29]刘静、李竹梅,内部控制环境的探讨,会计研究,2005年第2期
[30]李连华：企业治理结构与内部控制的连接与互动,会计研究,2005年第2期
[31]杨有红、胡燕,试论企业治理与内部控制的对接,会计研究,2004年第10期
[32]王晓夏,中小企业内部控制问题研究-以山东省为例,山东农业大学优秀硕士论文,2008年6月
[33]李倩,我国小企业内部控制体系构建的研究,武汉大学优秀硕士论文,2005年
[34]缪艳娟,企业内部控制制度的产生与演进,审计与经济研究,2008年7月
[35]深交所汇编,中小企业板大事记,深交所,2006年第5期
[36]期刊汇编,中小企业板基本情况与社会经济效应,中国科技研究,2006年第11期
[37]李静,中小板企业内部控制与公司治理互动关系的实证研究,华南理工大学2007年优秀硕士论文
[38]杨湘青,民营企业内部控制的设计与实施研究,复旦大学Mpacc优秀硕士论文
[39]王淑臣,企业内部控制规范之中外比较,财会月刊,2009年3月
[40]李琳,企业内部控制整体框架浅析,合作经济与科技,2009年5月
[41]张蓉,浅谈企业内部控制制度的建立和实施,河北企业,2009年第4期