砌体结构地震破坏模式研究
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摘要
砌体结构由于其取材容易,造价低,一直是我国广大城乡房屋建筑的主要结构形式,但是在历次破坏性地震中,尤其是2008年5月12日汶川地震中,相对于其他结构形式的建筑,砌体结构建筑破坏尤为严重,造成大量的人员伤亡和巨大的经济损失。因此,在如何提高砌体结构抗震能力方面开展更加深入细致的研究工作是十分必要的。
本文在阅读大量文献的基础上,总结分析了汶川地震砌体结构震害规律,通过数值模拟与实际震害相对比验证的方法,取得了一些有意义的结果,主要表现在如下几个方面:
1、本文首先简要总结分析了砌体结构的发展历史和现今的发展状况。重点分析了汶川地震砌体结构震害调查结果,总结了在地震作用下,砌体结构发生破坏的特征,初步分析产生这些破坏的原因,并进一步总结了砌体结构建筑存在的问题。
2、在阅读大量文献的基础上,概括总结了国内外学者在砌体本构关系、破坏准则和变形模量方面研究的成果,并从中选取了单段式砌体本构关系及变形模量的计算方法应用于本文中对砌体结构算例有限元模型的计算和分析。
3、采用非线性有限元分析方法,模拟了汶川地震中映秀漩口中学学生宿舍的震害特征。选用ABAQUS软件建立整体式砌体结构有限元模型。验证了采用Concrete Damaged Plasticity材料模型模拟砌体结构力学性能的可行性。选取在汶川地震中遭受破坏的汶川县映秀镇漩口中学砌体结构学生宿舍为算例,选用了较为合理的约束单元模拟构造柱和墙体间的相互作用。通过设定拉压破坏参数来表征结构破坏的方式,很好的模拟出了砌体结构在地震作用下破坏特征:窗间墙出现较为典型的“ⅹ”型剪切斜裂缝;含有构造柱的窗间墙墙体破坏较轻,且破坏主要出现在墙体与构造柱的连接处;窗肚墙、窗洞角处墙体出现较为严重的破坏;结构破坏整体上呈现破坏程度从底部到结构顶部渐轻的规律等。
4、通过算例的结构非线性地震破坏模拟分析,讨论了窗间墙与窗肚墙刚度比变化对砌体结构房屋地震作用下破坏模式的影响:随着窗间墙与窗肚墙刚度比的增大,作为砌体结构竖向承重构件的窗间墙的破坏程度逐渐减轻,结构破坏模式由窗间墙和窗肚墙均破坏较重逐渐转变为窗间墙的破坏程度明显轻于窗肚墙的破坏程度;随着窗间墙与窗肚墙刚度比的增大,砌体结构窗间墙出现较严重破坏的时间点滞后于窗肚墙出现较严重破坏的时间点的现象愈加明显;结构窗间墙与窗肚墙刚度比相近的砌体结构,其窗间墙与窗肚墙的破坏程度相近,破坏模式也相近。因此,可以通过控制窗间墙与窗肚墙刚度比的方式,控制砌体结构建筑在地震作用下的破坏模式。
5、本文还采用ABAQUS软件提供的Brittle cracking材料模型初步模拟了无构造柱砌体结构模型在地震作用下的倒塌过程。
Due to its low cost and easily to get the materials, all the time, masonry structure is a major structure forms in towns and the framers’buildings in China. However, relative to other structure forms of architecture, architectural damage of masonry structure is particularly prominent in the devastating earthquake, especially in the earthquake on May 12, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, that causes large numbers of casualties and heavy property losses. It is very necessary to do some thorough research work to improve the seismic capability of masonry building structures.
Based on large amounts of literatures, summarize the damage features of masonry building structures in Wenchuan earthquake. By the method of comparing the numerical simulation results and actual damage, obtain some interesting results, Mainly lie in the following aspects:
1. Firstly, this paper summarizes and analyses the development of history and current situation of masonry building structures. Analyse the seismic survey results of masonry building structures in Wenchuan earthquake, sum up the damage features of the masonry building structures in the earthquake, and preliminary analysis the reason of the destruction. Ulteriorly, summarize the problems in masonry building structures.
2. Based on large amounts of literatures, summarize the domestic and foreign scholars’research achievements on masonry structure constitutive relation, the failure criterion and deformation modulus, and the calculation method about constitutive relation containing Single Passages only and deformation modulus selected from the research achievements apply to the calculation and analysis of the finite element model of masonry building structures.
3. Using the nonlinear finite element analysis method, simulate the damage features of the dormitory of Xuankou middle school. Use ABAQUS software to establish the unitary finite element model of masonry building structures. Verify the feasibility to use the Damaged Concrete Plasticity material model to simulate the mechanical properties of masonry structure. Select the destructed masonry structure in Wenchuan earthquake as an example, a students’dormitory of Xuankou middle school on Yingxiu town in Wenchuan country, establish a simplified model of masonry structure, and choose the reasonable restraint elements to simulate the interactions between constructional column and wall. By the method of setting the tension and compression damage parameter to characterize structure damage, simulate the damage features commendably of the masonry building structures under the action of the earthquake: Typical“X”type shear inclined cracks on the pier; the pier containing constructional column destroys lighter, and the damage mainly appears in the joint of wall and constructional column; there is serious destruction on the breast and hollow horn; as a whole, structural damage present the rule that is asymptotic light from bottom to top structure, etc.
4. Through the seismic damage simulation and the analysis of the nonlinear structure, discuss the effect of stiffness ratio of the pier to the breast for the damage modes of masonry building structures under the action of the earthquake: with the stiffness ratio of the pier to the breast increasing, the damage extent of the breast, as the vertical bearing component of masonry building structures, gradually ease, structural damage mode transforms that pier and breast are both are severely damaged to that the damage extent of the pier is obviously easier than the damage extent of the breast; with the stiffness ratio of the pier to the breast increasing, the phenomena that the time for pier of masonry building structures appearing severe damage lags behind the time for breast appearing severe damage is more obvious. The damage extent and the damage modes of the masonry structure are both similar, whose stiffness ratio of the pier to the breast is similar. Therefore, we can control the damage mode of the masonry structure by the way of controlling the stiffness ratio of the pier to the breast.
5. This paper also adopt the Brittle cracking material model to simulate preliminary the collapse of masonry structure without constructional column.
本文在阅读大量文献的基础上,总结分析了汶川地震砌体结构震害规律,通过数值模拟与实际震害相对比验证的方法,取得了一些有意义的结果,主要表现在如下几个方面:
1、本文首先简要总结分析了砌体结构的发展历史和现今的发展状况。重点分析了汶川地震砌体结构震害调查结果,总结了在地震作用下,砌体结构发生破坏的特征,初步分析产生这些破坏的原因,并进一步总结了砌体结构建筑存在的问题。
2、在阅读大量文献的基础上,概括总结了国内外学者在砌体本构关系、破坏准则和变形模量方面研究的成果,并从中选取了单段式砌体本构关系及变形模量的计算方法应用于本文中对砌体结构算例有限元模型的计算和分析。
3、采用非线性有限元分析方法,模拟了汶川地震中映秀漩口中学学生宿舍的震害特征。选用ABAQUS软件建立整体式砌体结构有限元模型。验证了采用Concrete Damaged Plasticity材料模型模拟砌体结构力学性能的可行性。选取在汶川地震中遭受破坏的汶川县映秀镇漩口中学砌体结构学生宿舍为算例,选用了较为合理的约束单元模拟构造柱和墙体间的相互作用。通过设定拉压破坏参数来表征结构破坏的方式,很好的模拟出了砌体结构在地震作用下破坏特征:窗间墙出现较为典型的“ⅹ”型剪切斜裂缝;含有构造柱的窗间墙墙体破坏较轻,且破坏主要出现在墙体与构造柱的连接处;窗肚墙、窗洞角处墙体出现较为严重的破坏;结构破坏整体上呈现破坏程度从底部到结构顶部渐轻的规律等。
4、通过算例的结构非线性地震破坏模拟分析,讨论了窗间墙与窗肚墙刚度比变化对砌体结构房屋地震作用下破坏模式的影响:随着窗间墙与窗肚墙刚度比的增大,作为砌体结构竖向承重构件的窗间墙的破坏程度逐渐减轻,结构破坏模式由窗间墙和窗肚墙均破坏较重逐渐转变为窗间墙的破坏程度明显轻于窗肚墙的破坏程度;随着窗间墙与窗肚墙刚度比的增大,砌体结构窗间墙出现较严重破坏的时间点滞后于窗肚墙出现较严重破坏的时间点的现象愈加明显;结构窗间墙与窗肚墙刚度比相近的砌体结构,其窗间墙与窗肚墙的破坏程度相近,破坏模式也相近。因此,可以通过控制窗间墙与窗肚墙刚度比的方式,控制砌体结构建筑在地震作用下的破坏模式。
5、本文还采用ABAQUS软件提供的Brittle cracking材料模型初步模拟了无构造柱砌体结构模型在地震作用下的倒塌过程。
Due to its low cost and easily to get the materials, all the time, masonry structure is a major structure forms in towns and the framers’buildings in China. However, relative to other structure forms of architecture, architectural damage of masonry structure is particularly prominent in the devastating earthquake, especially in the earthquake on May 12, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, that causes large numbers of casualties and heavy property losses. It is very necessary to do some thorough research work to improve the seismic capability of masonry building structures.
Based on large amounts of literatures, summarize the damage features of masonry building structures in Wenchuan earthquake. By the method of comparing the numerical simulation results and actual damage, obtain some interesting results, Mainly lie in the following aspects:
1. Firstly, this paper summarizes and analyses the development of history and current situation of masonry building structures. Analyse the seismic survey results of masonry building structures in Wenchuan earthquake, sum up the damage features of the masonry building structures in the earthquake, and preliminary analysis the reason of the destruction. Ulteriorly, summarize the problems in masonry building structures.
2. Based on large amounts of literatures, summarize the domestic and foreign scholars’research achievements on masonry structure constitutive relation, the failure criterion and deformation modulus, and the calculation method about constitutive relation containing Single Passages only and deformation modulus selected from the research achievements apply to the calculation and analysis of the finite element model of masonry building structures.
3. Using the nonlinear finite element analysis method, simulate the damage features of the dormitory of Xuankou middle school. Use ABAQUS software to establish the unitary finite element model of masonry building structures. Verify the feasibility to use the Damaged Concrete Plasticity material model to simulate the mechanical properties of masonry structure. Select the destructed masonry structure in Wenchuan earthquake as an example, a students’dormitory of Xuankou middle school on Yingxiu town in Wenchuan country, establish a simplified model of masonry structure, and choose the reasonable restraint elements to simulate the interactions between constructional column and wall. By the method of setting the tension and compression damage parameter to characterize structure damage, simulate the damage features commendably of the masonry building structures under the action of the earthquake: Typical“X”type shear inclined cracks on the pier; the pier containing constructional column destroys lighter, and the damage mainly appears in the joint of wall and constructional column; there is serious destruction on the breast and hollow horn; as a whole, structural damage present the rule that is asymptotic light from bottom to top structure, etc.
4. Through the seismic damage simulation and the analysis of the nonlinear structure, discuss the effect of stiffness ratio of the pier to the breast for the damage modes of masonry building structures under the action of the earthquake: with the stiffness ratio of the pier to the breast increasing, the damage extent of the breast, as the vertical bearing component of masonry building structures, gradually ease, structural damage mode transforms that pier and breast are both are severely damaged to that the damage extent of the pier is obviously easier than the damage extent of the breast; with the stiffness ratio of the pier to the breast increasing, the phenomena that the time for pier of masonry building structures appearing severe damage lags behind the time for breast appearing severe damage is more obvious. The damage extent and the damage modes of the masonry structure are both similar, whose stiffness ratio of the pier to the breast is similar. Therefore, we can control the damage mode of the masonry structure by the way of controlling the stiffness ratio of the pier to the breast.
5. This paper also adopt the Brittle cracking material model to simulate preliminary the collapse of masonry structure without constructional column.
引文
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[2]东南大学,天津大学,同济大学.混凝土结构[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2002
[3]杜修力,夏敬谦.砌体结构地震破损反应研究[J].哈尔滨建筑工程学院报,1991,24(3)
[4]冯延明.巴基斯坦砖砌体的力学性能试验及数值模拟[D],中国地震局工程力学研究所,2007
[5]黄亮,张梦芳,李青宁.砖砌体非线性有限元分析模型研究[J].武汉化工学院学报,Mar.2005,27(2):24-27
[6]混凝土结构设计规范(GB 50010-2002)[S].中国建筑工业出版社,2002
[7]建筑抗震设计规范(GB 50011-2001)[S].中国建筑工业出版社,2001
[8]江见鲸,陆新征,叶列平.混凝土结构有限元分析[M].清华大学出版社,2005
[9]李峰.带构造柱圈梁水平配筋砖墙的抗震性能研究[D].西安建筑科技大学,2004
[10]李妍,孟广伟,尹新生,仲崇凌.砌体本构关系的研究进展[J].吉林建筑工程学院学报, Aug.2009,26(4):5-8
[11]林旭川,陆新征,叶列平.砌体结构的地震倒塌模拟与分析[M].汶川地震建筑震害调查与灾后重建分析报告,中国建筑工业出版社,2008
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