不同坪床结构对百慕大运动场草坪耐践踏性的影响
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摘要
随着社会进步和经济发展,体育运动越来越受到人们的热爱和重视,运动场草坪作为草坪家族中的贵族成员也在蓬勃兴起和发展。作为高水平草上体育项目的必备条件,运动场草坪除了要求具有一般绿地草坪的特征特性外,还要求具有很好的耐践踏性。论文从运动场草坪坪床基质配比出发,研究不同基质配比的理化性状差异以及对草坪草生长发育的影响,为合理确定坪床配比,建设高质量运动场草坪提供理论依据。试验在合理的坪床结构基础上,拟设了9种不同的坪床配比,即粗沙、细沙分别设0、25%、50%、75%、100%五个体积百分比梯度与田园土混合,整个试验在大田条件下进行。主要研究结果如下：
高含沙量的坪床土壤容重显著高于全土对照,土壤总孔隙度显著低于全土对照,随着滚压次数的增加,各处理间的土壤容重逐渐表现出差异性,土壤总孔隙度显著降低,进而使土壤的通气性得到了改善,其中以50～75%的含沙量的处理改善效果最好；土壤导水性随着含沙量的增加得到了改善,主要表现为土壤饱和导水率和稳定入渗率,都是随着含沙量的增加而逐渐增大,且变化趋势由缓变快,呈指数函数,而土壤持水性是随着含沙量的增加而逐渐降低的,其中50～75%含沙量的处理既符合国际上普遍接受的渗透率标准,又具有相对较好的保水保肥能力；随着含沙量的增加,各处理的土壤平均机械阻力呈现逐渐上升的趋势,当细沙含量高于50%、粗沙含量高于75%时,土壤平均机械阻力显著升高。
土壤通气性和导水性的改善可以促进草坪草根系的生长,但对地上部分的生长起到了一定的抑制作用。无论是根系长度、根系表面积、根平均直径,还是根系活力,都是50～75%含沙量的处理表现较好,甚至全沙结构的根尖数最多,而在草坪密度、质地、草坪质量、回弹性方面,25%粗沙含量的处理比75%粗沙含量要好。而土壤持水性则与地上部生长的相关性较根系生长显著,可以促进草坪密度和地上生物量的增加；土壤机械阻力与草坪地上部生长的相关性不大,而与根系直径、根的电导率和根尖数均呈显著正相关。
各处理的草坪密度、叶片宽度、草坪质量、回弹性以及生物量存在着不同程度的差异。草坪密度、草坪质量和生物量在50%粗沙或细沙含量时达到最大值,且显著高于全粗沙处理和对照CK,其次为75%细沙含量的处理；所有处理的叶片宽度均小于2.0cm,而50%细沙含量的处理Ⅶ表现出较强的优势；除个别月份处理Ⅰ、Ⅷ和对照CK超出50%外,各处理的草坪回弹性均符合运动场草坪的标准,无论是旺盛生长期,还是病虫害严重时期,50%细沙含量的处理的回弹力均显著低于对照CK。
各处理的地上与地下的生物量变化基本一致,中等含沙量的处理Ⅲ和Ⅶ的地上与地下的生物量最高。不同处理的根系生物量的垂直分布格局不同,但其分布特征相似,即根系生物量表现明显的随土壤深度的增加而减少的趋势,且各处理根系均达到20cm以下。根系集中分布于0～10cm的土层,各处理在0～10cm的根系生物量均占各自总生物量的90%以上,10～20cm土层生物量明显减少,20cm以下土层的生物量仅占总生物量的0.3～1%。对不同深度根系生物量的方差分析表明,0～10cm土层各处理根系生物量差异显著,其中处理Ⅲ、Ⅵ和Ⅶ显著高于处理Ⅰ和对照CK,与处理Ⅱ、Ⅳ和Ⅷ差异不显著,这与地下总生物量分布特征相似。地下总生物量与总根长0.05水平的决定系数为0.541,与根系表面积、根系体积在0.01水平的决定系数分别为0.651和0.615；根尖数与总根长、平均直径在0.01水平的决定系数分别为0.500和0.695。
With the progress of society and economic, Athletic sports was more and more loved and emphasized by peple, as aristocracy in lawn family, sports turf was elan rising and developing. As necessary condition of high lever sports project, sports turf should not only have the characters of general green lawns, but also have well trampling resistance. Starting from turf-bed substrate composition of sports turf, this paper resureches physical and chemical characters differences of different substrate compositions, and effect to growth and development of turfgrass, it provides theoretical basis for determining turf-bed composition reasonably and establishing high quality sportsturf. Under field condition, based on reasonable structure of turf-bed, the test ansatzes nine kinds of different turf-bed compositions, which coarse、fine sand respectively has five volume gradients:0、25%、50%、75%、100%, mixes with garden soil. The main results are as follows:
Bulk density of high sediment was significantly higher than the control, but total porosity was significantly lower than the control, with increase of roiling times, bulk density among treatments appeared difference gradually and total porosity was significantly lower, then soil aeration was improved, which the best improvement was 50～75% sediment treatments among them; Soil hydraulic conductivity was also improved with increase of sediment content, morphologically manifested as soil saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil stable infiltration, both increased exponentially; But soil water retention decreased gradually as sediment increasing, when sand content was 50～75%, it not only accorded with permeability standard of international general acceptance, but also had relative better preservation capacity of water and fertility; Soil average mechanical resistence rose gradually as sediment increasing, when fine content was more 50%, coarse content was more 75%, average mechanical resistence significantly increased.
Improvement of soil aeration and hydraulic conductivity can promote turf root growth, but inhibite aerial growth to some extent. Whether root length、root surface area、root average diameter, or root activity,50～75% sediment treatments showed better than others, even the most root tips was holo-sand treatment,25% coarse sediment treatment was better than 75% coarse sediment in turf density、texture、quality and resilience. However, soil water retention had more significant correlation with aerial growth than with root growth, can promote turf density and aboveground biomass increases; Soil average mechanical resistence had little correlation with aerial growth, but had significant positive correlation with root average diameter、root tips and root conductivity.
Turf density、leaf width、turf quality、resilience and biomass of different treatments had difference in different extent. When coarse or fine sediment was 50%, turf density、turf quality and biomass reached their highest values, and significantly greater than holo-coarse-sand treatment and CK, the next was 75% fine sediment treatment; Leaf width of all treatments was lower than 2.0cm, but 50% fine sediment showed more advantage than others; Except for treatmentsⅠ、Ⅷand CK in individual months, turf resilience of different treatment accorded with sportsturf standard, whether fast growth period, or serious pests period, resilience of 50% fine sediment was significantly lower than CK.
Above and belowground biomass of treatments showed similar changes, middle sediment treatmentsⅢandⅦwere highest in above and belowground biomass. Root biomass of different treatments had differet vertical distribution pattern, but had similar distribution characteristics, that root biomass decreased significantly with the soil depth, and distribution concentrated in 0～10cm layer, variance analysis indicated that, there were significant differences in 0～10cm belowground biomass between treatments, that treatmentsⅢ、ⅥandⅦwere significantly higher thanⅠand CK, the biomass in 10-20cm and below 20cm decreased significantly, and had no significant differences. The correlation coefficient between belowground biomass and total root length was 0.541 at the 0.05 level, the correlation coefficient between belowground biomass and root surface-area、root volume were 0.651 and 0.615 at the 0.01 level, the correlation coefficient between root number and total root length、average diameter were 0.500 and 0.695 at the 0.01 level.
高含沙量的坪床土壤容重显著高于全土对照,土壤总孔隙度显著低于全土对照,随着滚压次数的增加,各处理间的土壤容重逐渐表现出差异性,土壤总孔隙度显著降低,进而使土壤的通气性得到了改善,其中以50～75%的含沙量的处理改善效果最好；土壤导水性随着含沙量的增加得到了改善,主要表现为土壤饱和导水率和稳定入渗率,都是随着含沙量的增加而逐渐增大,且变化趋势由缓变快,呈指数函数,而土壤持水性是随着含沙量的增加而逐渐降低的,其中50～75%含沙量的处理既符合国际上普遍接受的渗透率标准,又具有相对较好的保水保肥能力；随着含沙量的增加,各处理的土壤平均机械阻力呈现逐渐上升的趋势,当细沙含量高于50%、粗沙含量高于75%时,土壤平均机械阻力显著升高。
土壤通气性和导水性的改善可以促进草坪草根系的生长,但对地上部分的生长起到了一定的抑制作用。无论是根系长度、根系表面积、根平均直径,还是根系活力,都是50～75%含沙量的处理表现较好,甚至全沙结构的根尖数最多,而在草坪密度、质地、草坪质量、回弹性方面,25%粗沙含量的处理比75%粗沙含量要好。而土壤持水性则与地上部生长的相关性较根系生长显著,可以促进草坪密度和地上生物量的增加；土壤机械阻力与草坪地上部生长的相关性不大,而与根系直径、根的电导率和根尖数均呈显著正相关。
各处理的草坪密度、叶片宽度、草坪质量、回弹性以及生物量存在着不同程度的差异。草坪密度、草坪质量和生物量在50%粗沙或细沙含量时达到最大值,且显著高于全粗沙处理和对照CK,其次为75%细沙含量的处理；所有处理的叶片宽度均小于2.0cm,而50%细沙含量的处理Ⅶ表现出较强的优势；除个别月份处理Ⅰ、Ⅷ和对照CK超出50%外,各处理的草坪回弹性均符合运动场草坪的标准,无论是旺盛生长期,还是病虫害严重时期,50%细沙含量的处理的回弹力均显著低于对照CK。
各处理的地上与地下的生物量变化基本一致,中等含沙量的处理Ⅲ和Ⅶ的地上与地下的生物量最高。不同处理的根系生物量的垂直分布格局不同,但其分布特征相似,即根系生物量表现明显的随土壤深度的增加而减少的趋势,且各处理根系均达到20cm以下。根系集中分布于0～10cm的土层,各处理在0～10cm的根系生物量均占各自总生物量的90%以上,10～20cm土层生物量明显减少,20cm以下土层的生物量仅占总生物量的0.3～1%。对不同深度根系生物量的方差分析表明,0～10cm土层各处理根系生物量差异显著,其中处理Ⅲ、Ⅵ和Ⅶ显著高于处理Ⅰ和对照CK,与处理Ⅱ、Ⅳ和Ⅷ差异不显著,这与地下总生物量分布特征相似。地下总生物量与总根长0.05水平的决定系数为0.541,与根系表面积、根系体积在0.01水平的决定系数分别为0.651和0.615；根尖数与总根长、平均直径在0.01水平的决定系数分别为0.500和0.695。
With the progress of society and economic, Athletic sports was more and more loved and emphasized by peple, as aristocracy in lawn family, sports turf was elan rising and developing. As necessary condition of high lever sports project, sports turf should not only have the characters of general green lawns, but also have well trampling resistance. Starting from turf-bed substrate composition of sports turf, this paper resureches physical and chemical characters differences of different substrate compositions, and effect to growth and development of turfgrass, it provides theoretical basis for determining turf-bed composition reasonably and establishing high quality sportsturf. Under field condition, based on reasonable structure of turf-bed, the test ansatzes nine kinds of different turf-bed compositions, which coarse、fine sand respectively has five volume gradients:0、25%、50%、75%、100%, mixes with garden soil. The main results are as follows:
Bulk density of high sediment was significantly higher than the control, but total porosity was significantly lower than the control, with increase of roiling times, bulk density among treatments appeared difference gradually and total porosity was significantly lower, then soil aeration was improved, which the best improvement was 50～75% sediment treatments among them; Soil hydraulic conductivity was also improved with increase of sediment content, morphologically manifested as soil saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil stable infiltration, both increased exponentially; But soil water retention decreased gradually as sediment increasing, when sand content was 50～75%, it not only accorded with permeability standard of international general acceptance, but also had relative better preservation capacity of water and fertility; Soil average mechanical resistence rose gradually as sediment increasing, when fine content was more 50%, coarse content was more 75%, average mechanical resistence significantly increased.
Improvement of soil aeration and hydraulic conductivity can promote turf root growth, but inhibite aerial growth to some extent. Whether root length、root surface area、root average diameter, or root activity,50～75% sediment treatments showed better than others, even the most root tips was holo-sand treatment,25% coarse sediment treatment was better than 75% coarse sediment in turf density、texture、quality and resilience. However, soil water retention had more significant correlation with aerial growth than with root growth, can promote turf density and aboveground biomass increases; Soil average mechanical resistence had little correlation with aerial growth, but had significant positive correlation with root average diameter、root tips and root conductivity.
Turf density、leaf width、turf quality、resilience and biomass of different treatments had difference in different extent. When coarse or fine sediment was 50%, turf density、turf quality and biomass reached their highest values, and significantly greater than holo-coarse-sand treatment and CK, the next was 75% fine sediment treatment; Leaf width of all treatments was lower than 2.0cm, but 50% fine sediment showed more advantage than others; Except for treatmentsⅠ、Ⅷand CK in individual months, turf resilience of different treatment accorded with sportsturf standard, whether fast growth period, or serious pests period, resilience of 50% fine sediment was significantly lower than CK.
Above and belowground biomass of treatments showed similar changes, middle sediment treatmentsⅢandⅦwere highest in above and belowground biomass. Root biomass of different treatments had differet vertical distribution pattern, but had similar distribution characteristics, that root biomass decreased significantly with the soil depth, and distribution concentrated in 0～10cm layer, variance analysis indicated that, there were significant differences in 0～10cm belowground biomass between treatments, that treatmentsⅢ、ⅥandⅦwere significantly higher thanⅠand CK, the biomass in 10-20cm and below 20cm decreased significantly, and had no significant differences. The correlation coefficient between belowground biomass and total root length was 0.541 at the 0.05 level, the correlation coefficient between belowground biomass and root surface-area、root volume were 0.651 and 0.615 at the 0.01 level, the correlation coefficient between root number and total root length、average diameter were 0.500 and 0.695 at the 0.01 level.
引文
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