煤巷顶板岩层锚固系统稳定性影响因素试验研究
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摘要
煤矿单期顶板事故造成的后果通常不像瓦斯事故、透水事故严重,但顶板事故的发生频率较高,其造成的伤亡人数约占煤矿总伤亡人数的30%,顶板事故在煤矿“五大”灾害中占有较大的比重。除煤矿的围岩条件和开采技术条件较复杂多变外,围岩支护与加固理论的不成熟是造成这种结果的重要原因之一。煤矿顶板事故中,回采巷道的顶板事故占首位。因此,探索正确的顶板支护理论、选择安全可靠的支护方法、确定经济合理的支护参数以及实用高效的施工工艺成了长期以来人们所致力解决的一个重大理论及技术课题。
本文以煤巷顶板岩层锚固系统稳定性影响因素为研究课题,综合考虑煤矿顶板基本条件,通过实验室相似模拟试验,在综合分析以往理论成果的基础上,运用理论分析、实验室相似模拟、UDEC离散元数值模拟等多种研究、分析方法,探讨了煤矿巷道顶板岩层锚固系统的稳定性影响因素,分析了锚固岩层的力学机制及锚固系统的应力分布规律。试验中,分别完成3个相似模拟模型试验,对巷道顶板无锚固,有锚杆锚固(不同的预紧力)的三种不同情况下,观测了锚固岩层随巷道开挖和锚固端滑移的变形、破坏过程,并记录试验数据。
通过对试验过程、试验现象和实验数据的分析研究及UDEC离散元数值模拟验证,获得了一些很有意义的认识,并发现了一些问题。概括如下：
(1)在一定的预应力锚杆作用下,顶板的变形、破坏情况减弱,顶板下沉量明显减小,但在有预应力锚杆锚固时,相对无锚杆锚固时顶板受开挖影响的范围稍微扩大。
(2)同等条件下,考虑预紧力的影响,对锚杆施加的预紧力越大,巷道变形量越小,锚固效果越好,但受开挖影响的范围大小和位置基本相同。
(3)随着巷道开挖的进行,巷道顶板变形量逐渐增大,变形情况在巷道中心线两侧成对称分布,巷道顶板中心线位置处的变形破坏最大,自中心线两侧到巷道两帮,受开挖影响的变形量逐渐减弱；在相同的开挖宽度情况下,越接近巷道顶板表面,受开挖影响的程度越大,下沉量越大。最后,在增加相同的开挖宽度时,每排测点的变形量增加接近一致。巷道顶板变形后会形成类似三铰拱结构。
(4)随着锚杆锚固端的滑移失稳,巷道顶板也会变形下沉,且随着滑移量的增加,下沉量随之加大,随滑移变形后亦形成类似三铰拱结构；下沉量的最大位置位于巷道顶板中心线处,从中心到巷道两帮逐渐减小
(5)预应力锚杆受力随巷道开挖宽度的变化在三铰拱形成时存在一拐点；在此拐点之后,锚杆受力随巷道开挖宽度的增加而增加。两根锚杆受力拐点的存在是由于三铰拱结构的形成所致。三铰拱结构形成前,两根锚杆受力随巷道开挖宽度增加而减少,而三铰拱形成后,两根锚杆受力随巷道开挖宽度增大而增大。
(6)锚杆的受力会随锚固端滑移量的增加而减小,工程实际中,如果锚杆被锚固在软弱岩层内或者锚固力不足时,会造成锚杆松脱或滑动,从而使锚杆受力减小甚至失效。
此外,试验中还发现一些问题,如锚杆受力随巷道开挖宽度的增加会存在拐点,随开挖增加,锚杆受力先增加后减小；材料的流变特性也会有影响等。
The roof accident of the coal mine during a single period usually don't like gas and permeable accidents, but it has a higher probability of occurrence. The casualties caused by it accounted for about 30% of the total casualties.The roof accident takes up large greater proportion in the " five big disasters ". Besides the more complicated surrounding conditions and coal mining technology conditions, the immaturity for the reinforcement and supporting theory of the surrounding rock is one of the important reasons causing this result. The roof accident in the extraction bears the bell in the roof accidents, therefore, exploring the correct roof supporting theory, selecting safe and reliable supporting method, seting economic reasonable supporting parameters and practical efficient construction craft have become a major theoretical and technical subject which people try to solve in the long term.
Based on analog simulation experiment for the anchor system in the roof comprehensive consideration of the coal mine, through the roof similar simulation test in laboratory, on the basis of comprehensive analysis of previous theoretical achievements, this paper probed into the stability factors with the roof anchorage system in the roadway, and analyzed the mechanical mechanism of the anchor rock and stress distribution of anchorage system by theoretical analysis, laboratory analog simulation, and numerical simulation, etc.
Through the research into the process, phenomenon and data of the experiment, and numerical simulation's validation, the paper obtained some very meaningful results, and found some neoteric problems. Summarized as follows:
(1)Under the action of a certain Pre-tightening force,the deformation and destruction of the roof weakened and the subsidence reduced significantly, but the affected scope of the roof under the influence of excavation is a bit larger in a pre-stressed anchor compared to no anchor.
(2)Under the same condition, considering the pre-tightening force, the bigger the pre-tightening force with the anchor, the smaller the deformation of the roadway, and the anchoring effect is better.
(3) With the roadway excavation, the roof deformation increased gradually, the deformation in the center line of both sides in roof roadway is the symmetric distribution, the deformation of the centerline position is biggest. After the deformation, the roof can form the similar three hinge arch structure.
(4) As the sliding instability of the anchor, the roof will sink, and with the increase of slippage, subsidence then increased, after the sliding deformation, the roof can form the similar three hinge arch structure; The position with the biggest subsidence located the roof centerline, and the subsidence reduced from the center to every help gradually.
(5)The stress of the anchor with the width of the roadway excavation has a inflection point when the three hinge arch structure forms; After this inflection point, the stress of the anchor increases as the width of roadway excavation increases. The inflection point's existence with the stress of two anchors is the result of the three hinge arch structure's formation.
(6) The stress of the anchor reduced with the increase of the anchor end's slippage. In engineering practice, if the anchor is anchored in soft rock or the anchorage force is insufficient, it will loose or sliding, then the stress of the anchor will reduce even fail.
In addition, the test also found some problems, such as the stress of the anchor has a inflection point with the increase of roadway excavation's width, there will be a increase with the excavation, and the stress first increases, then decreases; The rheological properties of materials will be also a effect, etc.
本文以煤巷顶板岩层锚固系统稳定性影响因素为研究课题,综合考虑煤矿顶板基本条件,通过实验室相似模拟试验,在综合分析以往理论成果的基础上,运用理论分析、实验室相似模拟、UDEC离散元数值模拟等多种研究、分析方法,探讨了煤矿巷道顶板岩层锚固系统的稳定性影响因素,分析了锚固岩层的力学机制及锚固系统的应力分布规律。试验中,分别完成3个相似模拟模型试验,对巷道顶板无锚固,有锚杆锚固(不同的预紧力)的三种不同情况下,观测了锚固岩层随巷道开挖和锚固端滑移的变形、破坏过程,并记录试验数据。
通过对试验过程、试验现象和实验数据的分析研究及UDEC离散元数值模拟验证,获得了一些很有意义的认识,并发现了一些问题。概括如下：
(1)在一定的预应力锚杆作用下,顶板的变形、破坏情况减弱,顶板下沉量明显减小,但在有预应力锚杆锚固时,相对无锚杆锚固时顶板受开挖影响的范围稍微扩大。
(2)同等条件下,考虑预紧力的影响,对锚杆施加的预紧力越大,巷道变形量越小,锚固效果越好,但受开挖影响的范围大小和位置基本相同。
(3)随着巷道开挖的进行,巷道顶板变形量逐渐增大,变形情况在巷道中心线两侧成对称分布,巷道顶板中心线位置处的变形破坏最大,自中心线两侧到巷道两帮,受开挖影响的变形量逐渐减弱；在相同的开挖宽度情况下,越接近巷道顶板表面,受开挖影响的程度越大,下沉量越大。最后,在增加相同的开挖宽度时,每排测点的变形量增加接近一致。巷道顶板变形后会形成类似三铰拱结构。
(4)随着锚杆锚固端的滑移失稳,巷道顶板也会变形下沉,且随着滑移量的增加,下沉量随之加大,随滑移变形后亦形成类似三铰拱结构；下沉量的最大位置位于巷道顶板中心线处,从中心到巷道两帮逐渐减小
(5)预应力锚杆受力随巷道开挖宽度的变化在三铰拱形成时存在一拐点；在此拐点之后,锚杆受力随巷道开挖宽度的增加而增加。两根锚杆受力拐点的存在是由于三铰拱结构的形成所致。三铰拱结构形成前,两根锚杆受力随巷道开挖宽度增加而减少,而三铰拱形成后,两根锚杆受力随巷道开挖宽度增大而增大。
(6)锚杆的受力会随锚固端滑移量的增加而减小,工程实际中,如果锚杆被锚固在软弱岩层内或者锚固力不足时,会造成锚杆松脱或滑动,从而使锚杆受力减小甚至失效。
此外,试验中还发现一些问题,如锚杆受力随巷道开挖宽度的增加会存在拐点,随开挖增加,锚杆受力先增加后减小；材料的流变特性也会有影响等。
The roof accident of the coal mine during a single period usually don't like gas and permeable accidents, but it has a higher probability of occurrence. The casualties caused by it accounted for about 30% of the total casualties.The roof accident takes up large greater proportion in the " five big disasters ". Besides the more complicated surrounding conditions and coal mining technology conditions, the immaturity for the reinforcement and supporting theory of the surrounding rock is one of the important reasons causing this result. The roof accident in the extraction bears the bell in the roof accidents, therefore, exploring the correct roof supporting theory, selecting safe and reliable supporting method, seting economic reasonable supporting parameters and practical efficient construction craft have become a major theoretical and technical subject which people try to solve in the long term.
Based on analog simulation experiment for the anchor system in the roof comprehensive consideration of the coal mine, through the roof similar simulation test in laboratory, on the basis of comprehensive analysis of previous theoretical achievements, this paper probed into the stability factors with the roof anchorage system in the roadway, and analyzed the mechanical mechanism of the anchor rock and stress distribution of anchorage system by theoretical analysis, laboratory analog simulation, and numerical simulation, etc.
Through the research into the process, phenomenon and data of the experiment, and numerical simulation's validation, the paper obtained some very meaningful results, and found some neoteric problems. Summarized as follows:
(1)Under the action of a certain Pre-tightening force,the deformation and destruction of the roof weakened and the subsidence reduced significantly, but the affected scope of the roof under the influence of excavation is a bit larger in a pre-stressed anchor compared to no anchor.
(2)Under the same condition, considering the pre-tightening force, the bigger the pre-tightening force with the anchor, the smaller the deformation of the roadway, and the anchoring effect is better.
(3) With the roadway excavation, the roof deformation increased gradually, the deformation in the center line of both sides in roof roadway is the symmetric distribution, the deformation of the centerline position is biggest. After the deformation, the roof can form the similar three hinge arch structure.
(4) As the sliding instability of the anchor, the roof will sink, and with the increase of slippage, subsidence then increased, after the sliding deformation, the roof can form the similar three hinge arch structure; The position with the biggest subsidence located the roof centerline, and the subsidence reduced from the center to every help gradually.
(5)The stress of the anchor with the width of the roadway excavation has a inflection point when the three hinge arch structure forms; After this inflection point, the stress of the anchor increases as the width of roadway excavation increases. The inflection point's existence with the stress of two anchors is the result of the three hinge arch structure's formation.
(6) The stress of the anchor reduced with the increase of the anchor end's slippage. In engineering practice, if the anchor is anchored in soft rock or the anchorage force is insufficient, it will loose or sliding, then the stress of the anchor will reduce even fail.
In addition, the test also found some problems, such as the stress of the anchor has a inflection point with the increase of roadway excavation's width, there will be a increase with the excavation, and the stress first increases, then decreases; The rheological properties of materials will be also a effect, etc.
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