陕西小麦品种性状演变及其营养特性研究
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摘要
在了解我国小麦生产现状和小麦品种更替研究现状基础上,本文选取自上世纪40年代至今60余年间陕西关中平原和渭北旱塬不同时期的主栽品种为研究材料,分别于2005和2006两个生产年度展开试验,采用田间试验和实验室分析相结合方法,系统研究两地小麦品种更替中农艺性状、干物质累积运移、灌浆特性、植株和籽粒中营养元素累积动态过程、氮肥对品种的效应以及品种氮素利用效率等方面的演变特征,研究所得主要结论如下。
1.品种是影响产量和株高性状的主要因素。随品种更替千粒重、产量增加,收获指数提高,株高降低,各茎节缩短。关中平原60年间千粒重年平均改良率为1.19%,产量年均提高率为3.45%,收获指数提高了2.5倍,株高降低了54.58%,年平均降低率为0.91%;渭北旱塬千粒重年平均改良率为1.06%,产量年提高率为1.61%,收获指数提高了2.4倍,株高年平均降低率为0.78%。
2.关中平原不施肥条件下群体性状对产量的作用大于个体性状;施肥后个体性状对产量提高作用大于群体性状;渭北旱塬千粒重对产量的作用较大。在两地收获指数对产量的作用均大于生物产量。关中平原七十年代以前的品种产量和生物产重随肥力波动明显,栽培因素对其影响较大;而现代推广品种稳定性较强。在生产力水平较高时,改良品种自身的丰产性状对提高产量作用更大。
3.开花后品种营养器官干重总体呈下降趋势,随品种更替最高干重出现时间有推迟趋势,小偃22和长武134等当前种植品种在花后5～10d时营养器官干重最高。随品种更替营养器官运转量、移动率和运转率有增加趋势。施肥能提高关中平原小麦品种营养器官花期和最高干物重,70年代以前的品种增加幅度较大。
4.随品种更替灌浆阶段籽粒干重累积量和灌浆速率增加。在关中平原冬小麦灌浆渐增期、速增期延长,施肥能提高品种平均灌浆速率和最大灌浆速率,中肥时对品种的影响明显;灌浆速率和产量相关性强,平均灌浆速率是决定产量高低的关键因子。渭北旱塬随小麦品种更替灌浆持续时间延长,产量和灌浆速率、灌浆天数均表现为正相关关系,灌浆总天数是决定产量高低的关键因子。
5.关中平原植株营养元素含量在苗期和返青期较高,到孕穗期含量下降。施肥可提高植株氮、磷含量,对苗期和返青期作用明显,推广年代较早的品种提高幅度较大;施肥对植株含钾量影响作用不明显。营养器官含氮、磷量在抽穗期和花期较高,成熟期含量最低,施肥对花期营养器官含氮、磷量影响较大,对成熟期含量影响小。推广年代较早的品种在较高肥力条件下含量较高;茎鞘中含钾量多表现为抽穗期和收获期较高而开花期和灌浆期较低;叶子中含钾量由抽穗到收获明显降低。随品种更替不同时期营养元素含量规律性不明显;茎鞘磷运转量、叶片氮和磷运转量呈增加趋势。
6.关中平原冬小麦灌浆初期籽粒中含氮、磷量较高,灌浆中期降到最低,随后又开始回升直至成熟;籽粒含钾量在灌浆初期最高,随着籽粒重量增加含钾量逐渐降低;变化近似于满足曲线Y=A+BX+CX2;施肥量较高有利于提高籽粒营养元素含量。随小麦品种更替籽粒中营养元素累积量呈逐步增加趋势,可用4次方程拟合灌浆期籽粒营养元素累积量与灌浆天数间的函数关系;渭北旱塬不同时期品种灌浆期籽粒含氮量变化趋势和关中平原小麦趋势相似,籽粒中含磷、钾量在灌浆初期较高,随着籽粒重量迅速增加呈明显下降趋势;两地不同条件下随品种更替每hm2籽粒营养元素吸收量均逐步增加。施肥后七十年代以前的品种营养元素吸收量增加更明显。
7.关中平原小麦成熟期氮累积量随品种更替明显增加。小麦植株氮累积量从苗期到拔节期增加趋势明显,拔节到收获增加趋势减缓。不施肥时苗期氮累积量占到总累积量的15.57%-33.04%;中肥时为24.32 %-34.57 %;施肥后植株氮累积量增加明显,中肥时蚂蚱麦各生育时期增幅均在100%以上;高肥时品种各生育时期氮累积量增加更明显,灌浆期以前的增幅较高,推广年代较早的品种氮累积量增加明显。随品种更替返青期前氮累积量占总累积量的比率降低,返青期至成熟氮累积量占总累积量的比率显著升高。推广年代较早的品种返青期前吸收的氮素占总吸收量的比率较大。随品种更替灌浆和收获期磷素累积量明显增加。不施肥时抽穗期前累积的磷素量占总累积量的65.74 %-100.00 %。种植年代较早的品种生育期磷素累积量均来自于抽穗期以前。小麦植株累积的钾素均来自于拔节前,植株钾累积量在拔节期最高。施肥能明显提高品种不同生育时期P、K元素累积量,对推广年代较早的品种作用更明显。
8.关中地区氮肥农学效率和氮肥生理效率随品种更替明显降低,氮肥利用率随品种更替表现为先增加后降低;农家种氮肥利用率、农学效率和生理效率均高于当前推广品种,施用氮肥对其增产效果明显,在较高肥力水平下,能获得较高的籽粒产量;当前品种对氮素依赖性减弱,单纯依靠肥料投入已不能实现高产,此时品种改良显得更为重要。
Based on the wheat produce and status quo of wheat variety alternation research in China, cross-sectional winter wheat varieties form 1940 to 2006 of Guanzhong Plain and Weibei Dry Plateau in Shanxi province were selected, and painted in Yanling and Changwu from 2004 to 2006. Succession characteristics of agronomy traits, dry matter accumulation and transport, filling characteristics, nutrition elements dynamic accumulation of stock and kernel, varieties’s nitrogenons utilization efficiency and nitrogenons fertilizers effect to variety were studies. The results were as follows:
1. The variety had a principal influence on traits of yield and plant high. With the succession of variety, the 1000 grain weight and yield were increased and harvest index added, the plant high were lower and nodes length were shorten. In Guanzhong Plain, the averge improvement rate of 1000 grain weight, yield, the harvest index respectively was 1.19%, 3.45%; 250%, while the plant high decreased 54.58%, the averge improvement rate was 0.91%. In Weibei Dry Plateau, the data aboved was 1.06%, 1.61%; 240%, the averge improvement rate of plant high was 0.78%.
2. In Guanzhong Plain,The effect of group traits to yield were more important than individnality traits in CK, the effect of individnality traits to yield were more improtant than group traits in manure; In Weibei Dry Plateau, 1000 grain weight were more great to yield than other traits. The harvest index to yield had main effect on biomass yield in both regions. The yield and biomass yield of vatieties before 1970’s obviously fluctuated with manure, the cultivate factors were important to yield and biomass yield; the moder varieties were stability. Improvd the variety’s yield traits were inprotant to increased yield.
3. The dry matter weight of nutritive organ were decreased from florescence to maturation, the days of max weight were delay with the variety succession, the xiaoyan 22 and changwu 134 were max weight after florescencn 5-10 days. The transportation weight, move ratio and transportation ratio of nutritive organ increased with variety succession. The weight could add in manure and the varieties before 1970’s increased more obviously.
4. In filling stage, the kernel cumulant and filling velocity were increased with variety succession. in Guanzhong Plain, the gradually and quickly increasing time were prolong with variety succession; the average and max filling velocity were raised in manure, the effect of middle manure were obvious; the dependability of filling velocity and yield were better, the average filling velocity was the key factor to increasing yield. In Weibei Dry Plateau, the total filling time were prolong with variety succession, the relationship of filling velocity and filling time to yield were positive correlation, the filling time was the key factor to yield.
5. In Guanzhong Plain, the nutritive element content were higher in seedling and regrowing stage and lower in boot stage; using N fertilizer could increase the N and P content and the effect were obvious in seedling and regrowing stage and older variety.The N and P content of nutritive organ were higher in heading and florescence and lower in maturation, the manure’s effection was more obviously in florescence and to older varieties. The K content of stem and sheath was higher in heading and maturation and was lower in florescence and filling, the K content of leaf was descreasing from heading to maturation. There was no obviously regularity in different stage of nutritive element content. The transportation weight of P in stem and sheath and N, P in leaf were added with variety succession.
6. In Guanzhong Plain, the N and P content of kernal were higher in filling initial stage, decreasd with the increment of grain weight in filling intermediate stage, then increased from intermediate to maturation. The K content of kernal were higher in filling initial stage, then decreasd with filling, the dynamic plot could express by Y=A+BX+CX2;The nutritive element content was higher in conditions of higher fertilizers. The nutritive element cumulant were gradually increased with variety succession. The functional relation of nutritive element cumulant and filling day were fiting four order equations. In Weibei Dry Plateau,the dynamic content N in kernal was same as Guanzhong region, the P and K content were higher in filling initial stage, then decreasd with the increment of grain weight in filling. The obsorbed weights of nutritive element average hm2 were gradually increased with variety succession in both regions. The weight of varieties planted before 1970’s were obvirously increased.
7. The N cumulant in maturation was obviously increased with variety successin in Guanzhong Plain. The N cumulant were increased quickly from seedling to elongation stage, and slowly from elongation to manturation stage. The ratio of seedling cumulant in total cumulant were 15.57%- 33.04% in CK, were 24.32 %-34.57 % in middle manure. The manure could obviously increased N cumulant, the increasing range of Mzhamai were high in different stage in middle manure; the increasing range were higher in high manure than other conditions; the increasing range were more obviously before filling stage in the varieties planted early. The ratios of cumulant before regrowing accounted total cumulant were decreased and the ratios of cumulant from regrowing to maturation accounted total cimulant were increased. The varieties planted more early, the ratio of cumulant before regrowing accounted total cumulant were more higher.
The P and K cumulant in maturation was obviously increased with the successin of variety in Guanzhong plain. The ratio of P cumulant before heading accounted total were 65.74%- 100.00% in CK, the P cumulants of varieties planted more early were come from seedling to heading. The K cumulants were come from seedling to elongation. The max value of K cumulants was in elongation stage. Manure could obviously increased P and K cumulant in different stage; the effection was great to varieties planted early.
8. In Guanzhong plain, the nitrogen agriculture and physiological efficiency were obviously decreased. The use efficiency of nitrogen raises, then to descend with variety succession. The farmer variety’s nitrogen agriculture, use and physiological efficiency were super than present variety. It had higher yield in higher manure; the present variety’s less dependended on nitrogen fertilizer. Purely depending on energy input should not increase yield, so the variety important appeared more important.
1.品种是影响产量和株高性状的主要因素。随品种更替千粒重、产量增加,收获指数提高,株高降低,各茎节缩短。关中平原60年间千粒重年平均改良率为1.19%,产量年均提高率为3.45%,收获指数提高了2.5倍,株高降低了54.58%,年平均降低率为0.91%;渭北旱塬千粒重年平均改良率为1.06%,产量年提高率为1.61%,收获指数提高了2.4倍,株高年平均降低率为0.78%。
2.关中平原不施肥条件下群体性状对产量的作用大于个体性状;施肥后个体性状对产量提高作用大于群体性状;渭北旱塬千粒重对产量的作用较大。在两地收获指数对产量的作用均大于生物产量。关中平原七十年代以前的品种产量和生物产重随肥力波动明显,栽培因素对其影响较大;而现代推广品种稳定性较强。在生产力水平较高时,改良品种自身的丰产性状对提高产量作用更大。
3.开花后品种营养器官干重总体呈下降趋势,随品种更替最高干重出现时间有推迟趋势,小偃22和长武134等当前种植品种在花后5～10d时营养器官干重最高。随品种更替营养器官运转量、移动率和运转率有增加趋势。施肥能提高关中平原小麦品种营养器官花期和最高干物重,70年代以前的品种增加幅度较大。
4.随品种更替灌浆阶段籽粒干重累积量和灌浆速率增加。在关中平原冬小麦灌浆渐增期、速增期延长,施肥能提高品种平均灌浆速率和最大灌浆速率,中肥时对品种的影响明显;灌浆速率和产量相关性强,平均灌浆速率是决定产量高低的关键因子。渭北旱塬随小麦品种更替灌浆持续时间延长,产量和灌浆速率、灌浆天数均表现为正相关关系,灌浆总天数是决定产量高低的关键因子。
5.关中平原植株营养元素含量在苗期和返青期较高,到孕穗期含量下降。施肥可提高植株氮、磷含量,对苗期和返青期作用明显,推广年代较早的品种提高幅度较大;施肥对植株含钾量影响作用不明显。营养器官含氮、磷量在抽穗期和花期较高,成熟期含量最低,施肥对花期营养器官含氮、磷量影响较大,对成熟期含量影响小。推广年代较早的品种在较高肥力条件下含量较高;茎鞘中含钾量多表现为抽穗期和收获期较高而开花期和灌浆期较低;叶子中含钾量由抽穗到收获明显降低。随品种更替不同时期营养元素含量规律性不明显;茎鞘磷运转量、叶片氮和磷运转量呈增加趋势。
6.关中平原冬小麦灌浆初期籽粒中含氮、磷量较高,灌浆中期降到最低,随后又开始回升直至成熟;籽粒含钾量在灌浆初期最高,随着籽粒重量增加含钾量逐渐降低;变化近似于满足曲线Y=A+BX+CX2;施肥量较高有利于提高籽粒营养元素含量。随小麦品种更替籽粒中营养元素累积量呈逐步增加趋势,可用4次方程拟合灌浆期籽粒营养元素累积量与灌浆天数间的函数关系;渭北旱塬不同时期品种灌浆期籽粒含氮量变化趋势和关中平原小麦趋势相似,籽粒中含磷、钾量在灌浆初期较高,随着籽粒重量迅速增加呈明显下降趋势;两地不同条件下随品种更替每hm2籽粒营养元素吸收量均逐步增加。施肥后七十年代以前的品种营养元素吸收量增加更明显。
7.关中平原小麦成熟期氮累积量随品种更替明显增加。小麦植株氮累积量从苗期到拔节期增加趋势明显,拔节到收获增加趋势减缓。不施肥时苗期氮累积量占到总累积量的15.57%-33.04%;中肥时为24.32 %-34.57 %;施肥后植株氮累积量增加明显,中肥时蚂蚱麦各生育时期增幅均在100%以上;高肥时品种各生育时期氮累积量增加更明显,灌浆期以前的增幅较高,推广年代较早的品种氮累积量增加明显。随品种更替返青期前氮累积量占总累积量的比率降低,返青期至成熟氮累积量占总累积量的比率显著升高。推广年代较早的品种返青期前吸收的氮素占总吸收量的比率较大。随品种更替灌浆和收获期磷素累积量明显增加。不施肥时抽穗期前累积的磷素量占总累积量的65.74 %-100.00 %。种植年代较早的品种生育期磷素累积量均来自于抽穗期以前。小麦植株累积的钾素均来自于拔节前,植株钾累积量在拔节期最高。施肥能明显提高品种不同生育时期P、K元素累积量,对推广年代较早的品种作用更明显。
8.关中地区氮肥农学效率和氮肥生理效率随品种更替明显降低,氮肥利用率随品种更替表现为先增加后降低;农家种氮肥利用率、农学效率和生理效率均高于当前推广品种,施用氮肥对其增产效果明显,在较高肥力水平下,能获得较高的籽粒产量;当前品种对氮素依赖性减弱,单纯依靠肥料投入已不能实现高产,此时品种改良显得更为重要。
Based on the wheat produce and status quo of wheat variety alternation research in China, cross-sectional winter wheat varieties form 1940 to 2006 of Guanzhong Plain and Weibei Dry Plateau in Shanxi province were selected, and painted in Yanling and Changwu from 2004 to 2006. Succession characteristics of agronomy traits, dry matter accumulation and transport, filling characteristics, nutrition elements dynamic accumulation of stock and kernel, varieties’s nitrogenons utilization efficiency and nitrogenons fertilizers effect to variety were studies. The results were as follows:
1. The variety had a principal influence on traits of yield and plant high. With the succession of variety, the 1000 grain weight and yield were increased and harvest index added, the plant high were lower and nodes length were shorten. In Guanzhong Plain, the averge improvement rate of 1000 grain weight, yield, the harvest index respectively was 1.19%, 3.45%; 250%, while the plant high decreased 54.58%, the averge improvement rate was 0.91%. In Weibei Dry Plateau, the data aboved was 1.06%, 1.61%; 240%, the averge improvement rate of plant high was 0.78%.
2. In Guanzhong Plain,The effect of group traits to yield were more important than individnality traits in CK, the effect of individnality traits to yield were more improtant than group traits in manure; In Weibei Dry Plateau, 1000 grain weight were more great to yield than other traits. The harvest index to yield had main effect on biomass yield in both regions. The yield and biomass yield of vatieties before 1970’s obviously fluctuated with manure, the cultivate factors were important to yield and biomass yield; the moder varieties were stability. Improvd the variety’s yield traits were inprotant to increased yield.
3. The dry matter weight of nutritive organ were decreased from florescence to maturation, the days of max weight were delay with the variety succession, the xiaoyan 22 and changwu 134 were max weight after florescencn 5-10 days. The transportation weight, move ratio and transportation ratio of nutritive organ increased with variety succession. The weight could add in manure and the varieties before 1970’s increased more obviously.
4. In filling stage, the kernel cumulant and filling velocity were increased with variety succession. in Guanzhong Plain, the gradually and quickly increasing time were prolong with variety succession; the average and max filling velocity were raised in manure, the effect of middle manure were obvious; the dependability of filling velocity and yield were better, the average filling velocity was the key factor to increasing yield. In Weibei Dry Plateau, the total filling time were prolong with variety succession, the relationship of filling velocity and filling time to yield were positive correlation, the filling time was the key factor to yield.
5. In Guanzhong Plain, the nutritive element content were higher in seedling and regrowing stage and lower in boot stage; using N fertilizer could increase the N and P content and the effect were obvious in seedling and regrowing stage and older variety.The N and P content of nutritive organ were higher in heading and florescence and lower in maturation, the manure’s effection was more obviously in florescence and to older varieties. The K content of stem and sheath was higher in heading and maturation and was lower in florescence and filling, the K content of leaf was descreasing from heading to maturation. There was no obviously regularity in different stage of nutritive element content. The transportation weight of P in stem and sheath and N, P in leaf were added with variety succession.
6. In Guanzhong Plain, the N and P content of kernal were higher in filling initial stage, decreasd with the increment of grain weight in filling intermediate stage, then increased from intermediate to maturation. The K content of kernal were higher in filling initial stage, then decreasd with filling, the dynamic plot could express by Y=A+BX+CX2;The nutritive element content was higher in conditions of higher fertilizers. The nutritive element cumulant were gradually increased with variety succession. The functional relation of nutritive element cumulant and filling day were fiting four order equations. In Weibei Dry Plateau,the dynamic content N in kernal was same as Guanzhong region, the P and K content were higher in filling initial stage, then decreasd with the increment of grain weight in filling. The obsorbed weights of nutritive element average hm2 were gradually increased with variety succession in both regions. The weight of varieties planted before 1970’s were obvirously increased.
7. The N cumulant in maturation was obviously increased with variety successin in Guanzhong Plain. The N cumulant were increased quickly from seedling to elongation stage, and slowly from elongation to manturation stage. The ratio of seedling cumulant in total cumulant were 15.57%- 33.04% in CK, were 24.32 %-34.57 % in middle manure. The manure could obviously increased N cumulant, the increasing range of Mzhamai were high in different stage in middle manure; the increasing range were higher in high manure than other conditions; the increasing range were more obviously before filling stage in the varieties planted early. The ratios of cumulant before regrowing accounted total cumulant were decreased and the ratios of cumulant from regrowing to maturation accounted total cimulant were increased. The varieties planted more early, the ratio of cumulant before regrowing accounted total cumulant were more higher.
The P and K cumulant in maturation was obviously increased with the successin of variety in Guanzhong plain. The ratio of P cumulant before heading accounted total were 65.74%- 100.00% in CK, the P cumulants of varieties planted more early were come from seedling to heading. The K cumulants were come from seedling to elongation. The max value of K cumulants was in elongation stage. Manure could obviously increased P and K cumulant in different stage; the effection was great to varieties planted early.
8. In Guanzhong plain, the nitrogen agriculture and physiological efficiency were obviously decreased. The use efficiency of nitrogen raises, then to descend with variety succession. The farmer variety’s nitrogen agriculture, use and physiological efficiency were super than present variety. It had higher yield in higher manure; the present variety’s less dependended on nitrogen fertilizer. Purely depending on energy input should not increase yield, so the variety important appeared more important.
引文
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