混凝土重力坝在水下冲击波作用下的损伤及防护决策研究
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摘要
目前,在世界范围内的高坝建设仍处于发展的阶段,一批150m-300m左右的高坝已经建成或正在建设中。这些高坝水库在和平时期,提供能源、通航、灌溉为社会创造巨大财富,但一旦发生破坏,将给国家和人民的生命财产带来巨大的损失和灾难。毋容置疑,水库大坝是现代军事对抗中的主要打击目标之一。而且未来战争,以远程攻击和精确打击为主的战争模式已基本形成,因此,预测混凝土重力坝在水下强冲击波作用下的损伤,建立完善的防护工程体系,有着重要的科学意义和工程价值。
本文通过物理模型试验手段,对混凝土重力坝在水下强冲击波作用下的损伤特征进行了研究,并提出了防护方案及应急决策系统的框架。
首先,对远距离深水爆炸引起的混凝土坝危险性进行了估计。通过经验公式计算了大计量炸药水下爆炸时作用在坝体上的冲击波压强,在弹性坝体条件下,用ANSYS软件数模了在冲击波作用下不同库水位时大坝的应力和应变场。还对断裂后的坝块运动和溃坝流量进行了估算。
其次,分析论证了模型试验的可行性,在模型试验中成功的使用多个锤的机械冲击模拟水下强冲击波,设计了一个简易的装置用来测定坝面冲击力,并用切片多自由度动力计算方法,计算验证了试验结果的可靠性,还在相同冲击下对坝基两种不同接触条件(锚固和弱连接条件)做了对比模型试验,比较了坝基接触条件对坝体损伤的影响。尽管模型与原型的损伤相似性还无法被验证,但是可以通过本文的试验方案近似预测混凝土坝的损伤,并为确定防护措施提供比较可靠的依据。
接着,针对高坝灾难控制这一核心的工程问题,试选用软质聚氨酯材料作为保护材料,对混凝土高坝在水下爆炸冲击波作用下的防护进行了研究。测量了软质聚氨酯材料的主要力学性质,通过两类对比试验(目标为刚性墙和模型坝),观察了在水下冲击波作用下软质聚氨酯材料作为保护结构的作用,然后提出了在水下爆炸强冲击波作用下,使用软质聚氨酯材料的设计方案。
最后,文中设计了系统的总体结构框架。由于深水核爆条件下混凝土重力坝风险管理决策支持系统是一个复杂的大跨度的系统,因此对大坝的危险性、易损性计算模型提出了设计思路,提出了混凝上坝结构损伤谱的构建方法,采用多属性效用理论对决策分析模型进行了设计,该模型可为决策者提供应急决策服务。
At present, worldwide dam construction is still in development stage, about a number of150m-300m high dam has been built or are under construction. In times of peace, they are often designed and built to store water for hydroelectric power, drinking and irrigation in adjacent areas, to add water recreation spaces, to create waterway for the short-distance transport of people and goods across deep canyons in mountainous regions, and to regulate the river during a flood event. On the other hand, the breaching and an accidental damage of a dam can lead to a catastrophic flood event, displace millions of people and environmental pollution. And in the future, war tactics will include more long-range and precision attacks than in the past. Dams are also vulnerable targets to man-made explosion events, particularly with the advent of advanced long-range and precision missile technologies. Therefore, it has important scientific significances and high practical engineering application values to study damages prediction and protection decision-making of the concrete gravity dam by the action of far-field deep-water explosion.
This paper presents the model test investigation of the concrete gravity dam structure by the action of an underwater shock wave, and protection scheme and emergency decision-making system's frame was proposed.
First of all, the risk of the concrete dam by the action of long-range deep-water explosion was estimated. In this paper the pressure of shock wave acting on the dam is calculated using a common used empiric formula. On the supposition of elasticity, the stress-strain and displacements is simulated with ANSYS software with different reservoir level. In the end of this part a quantitative estimated on the movement of fractured dam.
Second, the feasibility of the model test and test theories were analyzed. To study the effect of a strong underwater shock wave on a concrete dam, in model test mechanical impact tests have been successfully implemented using multiple hammers to mimic underwater shock wave effects on concrete dams. A new device was deployed for a direct measurement of the impact force at the upstream face of dams. Dynamic analysis according to a case was conducted, by calculating the results verify the effectiveness device for a direct measurement of the impact force. Two kinds of contact condition between dam and base such as weak contact and anchoring contact are selected to carry out destructive tests of concrete gravity model dam under impact loading, compared with base-dam contact condition to dam damage influence. Although the damage similarity of the model and prototype is not verified, this method may be used to approximately forecast the damage of concrete dam and offer evidence to define a protection project.
Then, to focus on the key engineering problem of process control of dynamic catastrophe of high dams, studied on the property of the flexible polyurethane foam as a material to protect the concrete gravity dam acting by strong underwater shock wave. The first, the main mechanical parameters of flexible polyurethane foam were measured. Second, two kind comparison tests(target:rigid wall and dam) were completed to examine the effect of flexible polyurethane foam layer on protection of structures from action by shock wave. Finally, the design scheme for thickness of the flexible polyurethane foam protection layer of the concrete dam in non-contact underwater explosion was proposed.
Finally, the dam risk management decision support system under the deep water nuclear explosion condition is a complex, large-scale system. In this paper the overall structure of the system framework was designed. The idea of the risk, the vulnerability computing model of the dam was designed. And spectrum of structural damage of the concrete dam construction method was proposed. A multi-attribute utility theory was used to design the decision-making model in the early stage. System will provide to an emergency decision-making services to decision makers.
本文通过物理模型试验手段,对混凝土重力坝在水下强冲击波作用下的损伤特征进行了研究,并提出了防护方案及应急决策系统的框架。
首先,对远距离深水爆炸引起的混凝土坝危险性进行了估计。通过经验公式计算了大计量炸药水下爆炸时作用在坝体上的冲击波压强,在弹性坝体条件下,用ANSYS软件数模了在冲击波作用下不同库水位时大坝的应力和应变场。还对断裂后的坝块运动和溃坝流量进行了估算。
其次,分析论证了模型试验的可行性,在模型试验中成功的使用多个锤的机械冲击模拟水下强冲击波,设计了一个简易的装置用来测定坝面冲击力,并用切片多自由度动力计算方法,计算验证了试验结果的可靠性,还在相同冲击下对坝基两种不同接触条件(锚固和弱连接条件)做了对比模型试验,比较了坝基接触条件对坝体损伤的影响。尽管模型与原型的损伤相似性还无法被验证,但是可以通过本文的试验方案近似预测混凝土坝的损伤,并为确定防护措施提供比较可靠的依据。
接着,针对高坝灾难控制这一核心的工程问题,试选用软质聚氨酯材料作为保护材料,对混凝土高坝在水下爆炸冲击波作用下的防护进行了研究。测量了软质聚氨酯材料的主要力学性质,通过两类对比试验(目标为刚性墙和模型坝),观察了在水下冲击波作用下软质聚氨酯材料作为保护结构的作用,然后提出了在水下爆炸强冲击波作用下,使用软质聚氨酯材料的设计方案。
最后,文中设计了系统的总体结构框架。由于深水核爆条件下混凝土重力坝风险管理决策支持系统是一个复杂的大跨度的系统,因此对大坝的危险性、易损性计算模型提出了设计思路,提出了混凝上坝结构损伤谱的构建方法,采用多属性效用理论对决策分析模型进行了设计,该模型可为决策者提供应急决策服务。
At present, worldwide dam construction is still in development stage, about a number of150m-300m high dam has been built or are under construction. In times of peace, they are often designed and built to store water for hydroelectric power, drinking and irrigation in adjacent areas, to add water recreation spaces, to create waterway for the short-distance transport of people and goods across deep canyons in mountainous regions, and to regulate the river during a flood event. On the other hand, the breaching and an accidental damage of a dam can lead to a catastrophic flood event, displace millions of people and environmental pollution. And in the future, war tactics will include more long-range and precision attacks than in the past. Dams are also vulnerable targets to man-made explosion events, particularly with the advent of advanced long-range and precision missile technologies. Therefore, it has important scientific significances and high practical engineering application values to study damages prediction and protection decision-making of the concrete gravity dam by the action of far-field deep-water explosion.
This paper presents the model test investigation of the concrete gravity dam structure by the action of an underwater shock wave, and protection scheme and emergency decision-making system's frame was proposed.
First of all, the risk of the concrete dam by the action of long-range deep-water explosion was estimated. In this paper the pressure of shock wave acting on the dam is calculated using a common used empiric formula. On the supposition of elasticity, the stress-strain and displacements is simulated with ANSYS software with different reservoir level. In the end of this part a quantitative estimated on the movement of fractured dam.
Second, the feasibility of the model test and test theories were analyzed. To study the effect of a strong underwater shock wave on a concrete dam, in model test mechanical impact tests have been successfully implemented using multiple hammers to mimic underwater shock wave effects on concrete dams. A new device was deployed for a direct measurement of the impact force at the upstream face of dams. Dynamic analysis according to a case was conducted, by calculating the results verify the effectiveness device for a direct measurement of the impact force. Two kinds of contact condition between dam and base such as weak contact and anchoring contact are selected to carry out destructive tests of concrete gravity model dam under impact loading, compared with base-dam contact condition to dam damage influence. Although the damage similarity of the model and prototype is not verified, this method may be used to approximately forecast the damage of concrete dam and offer evidence to define a protection project.
Then, to focus on the key engineering problem of process control of dynamic catastrophe of high dams, studied on the property of the flexible polyurethane foam as a material to protect the concrete gravity dam acting by strong underwater shock wave. The first, the main mechanical parameters of flexible polyurethane foam were measured. Second, two kind comparison tests(target:rigid wall and dam) were completed to examine the effect of flexible polyurethane foam layer on protection of structures from action by shock wave. Finally, the design scheme for thickness of the flexible polyurethane foam protection layer of the concrete dam in non-contact underwater explosion was proposed.
Finally, the dam risk management decision support system under the deep water nuclear explosion condition is a complex, large-scale system. In this paper the overall structure of the system framework was designed. The idea of the risk, the vulnerability computing model of the dam was designed. And spectrum of structural damage of the concrete dam construction method was proposed. A multi-attribute utility theory was used to design the decision-making model in the early stage. System will provide to an emergency decision-making services to decision makers.
引文
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