斜面冰载荷研究及其数值模拟方法探索
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摘要
海冰在海面上运动时会对海洋工程结构物产生巨大的作用力,对海洋结构物的安全造成了巨大威胁;同时,海冰的威胁也严重限制了人们利用海洋资源进行生产活动的能力。特别是在高纬度地区,海冰已被视为海洋工程设计的控制载荷。为了在对海洋资源开发利用的同时最大程度的降低冰害,冰对结构物的作用与影响成为众多科研工作者研究的重要课题。
由于结构物上的最大冰力由其强度控制,冰的弯曲强度仅为其挤压强度的三分之一左右,因此当冰发生弯曲破坏时,其对结构的作用力小于相同环境条件下的挤压破坏作用力。经过科研人员长期的探索、观察,在有冰海域采用倾斜结构型式抗冰的理念开始被关注和接受。
本论文首先对斜体冰力研究的发展与现状进行了介绍与总结,在阐述和讨论斜体冰力作用原理与冰的材料特性的基础上,运用显式动力分析软件进行斜面冰力模拟分析,探索斜体冰力显式动力数值方法的应用。并在此基础上,进一步研究角度变换对冰力值的影响,分析冰力变化规律。?
Ice will exert large forces on offshore structures when moving on the sea, which may pose a threat to the safety of offshore structures. In the mean time, the threats from sea-ice also restrict the capability of people in exploring ocean resources for industrial production activities. Ice load has been used as a control load in the field of ocean engineering, especially in the high latitude regions. In order to avoid or to decrease losses, effects of ice loads on offshore structures have become the subject of many ocean engineers.
The maximum ice load on a structure is controlled by the strength of ice. Because the flexural strength of ice is about only a third of its compressive strength, the ice load of flexural failure is lower than that of the compressive failure. After years of observation and investigation, the concept of using sloping structures in ice covered area has been noticed and accepted by many researchers.
This paper firstly introduced and summarized the development of researches on ice forces of inclined structures. Then, the application of explicit dynamic numerical simulation to the calculation of ice loads on sloping structures had been explored according to the mechanics of ice-inclined-structure interaction. Furthermore, on the basis of previous study, the effect of sloping angle on ice loads will be discussed.
由于结构物上的最大冰力由其强度控制,冰的弯曲强度仅为其挤压强度的三分之一左右,因此当冰发生弯曲破坏时,其对结构的作用力小于相同环境条件下的挤压破坏作用力。经过科研人员长期的探索、观察,在有冰海域采用倾斜结构型式抗冰的理念开始被关注和接受。
本论文首先对斜体冰力研究的发展与现状进行了介绍与总结,在阐述和讨论斜体冰力作用原理与冰的材料特性的基础上,运用显式动力分析软件进行斜面冰力模拟分析,探索斜体冰力显式动力数值方法的应用。并在此基础上,进一步研究角度变换对冰力值的影响,分析冰力变化规律。?
Ice will exert large forces on offshore structures when moving on the sea, which may pose a threat to the safety of offshore structures. In the mean time, the threats from sea-ice also restrict the capability of people in exploring ocean resources for industrial production activities. Ice load has been used as a control load in the field of ocean engineering, especially in the high latitude regions. In order to avoid or to decrease losses, effects of ice loads on offshore structures have become the subject of many ocean engineers.
The maximum ice load on a structure is controlled by the strength of ice. Because the flexural strength of ice is about only a third of its compressive strength, the ice load of flexural failure is lower than that of the compressive failure. After years of observation and investigation, the concept of using sloping structures in ice covered area has been noticed and accepted by many researchers.
This paper firstly introduced and summarized the development of researches on ice forces of inclined structures. Then, the application of explicit dynamic numerical simulation to the calculation of ice loads on sloping structures had been explored according to the mechanics of ice-inclined-structure interaction. Furthermore, on the basis of previous study, the effect of sloping angle on ice loads will be discussed.
引文
[1]周森.不同冰速下半圆型构件冰作用力试验与研究[D].大连:大连理工大学,2004.
[2]丁德文.工程海冰学概论[M].北京:海洋出版社,1999.225~227.
[3]白珊,宋学家,刘钦政等.渤海海冰灾害[A].中国科协2002年减轻自然灾害研讨会论文汇编之六[C].北京:2002.
[4] Movses J. Kaldjian. Ice-sheet failure against inclined and conical surfaces[J]. Computers & Structures, 1987, 26(1/2): 145~152.
[5] R. M. W. Frederking, G. W. Timco. Quantitative analysis of ice sheet failure against an inclined plane[A]. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering Symposimu[C]. Dallas, Texas: 1985. 160~169.
[6]李锋,岳前进.窄锥结构冰力分析[J].大连理工大学学报,2001,41(2):223~227.
[7]王可光,吴辉碇,刘良坤.锦州9-3单沉箱的海冰爬升和堆积研究:I.计算方法[J].中国海上油气(工程),1999,11(2):17~21.
[8]宋安,孙金亮,史庆增等.作用在引航导堤堤头冰力的模型试验研究[J].天津大学学报,2006,39(5):537~542.
[9]宋安,卢海,汪震宇等.斜面结构上冰载荷的模型试验与有限元分析[J].天津大学学报,2006,39:394~397.
[10]隋吉学.作用于斜坡结构物上海冰荷载的二维计算[J].海洋环境科学,1996,15(2):70~73.
[11]李志军,Riska K.斜面结构物上冰作用力三维理论实验检验[J].大连理工大学学报,2001,41(1):100~103.
[12] K. R. Croasdale, A. B. Cammaert. An improved method for the calculation of ice loads on sloping structures in first-year ice[J]. Hydrotechnical Construction, 1994, 28(3): 174~179.
[13] Yuan-Neng Li, Zdenek P. Bazant, F. ASCE. Penetration fracture of ice plate: 2D analysis and size effect[J]. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 1994, 120(7): 1418~1498.
[14]李锋,岳前进.冰在斜面结构上的纵横弯曲破坏分析[J].水利学报,2000,9:44~47.
[15] FENG Wei, SHI Zhong-min, LIU Li-ming. A New Model for Ice Forces on A Conical Structure[J]. China Ocean Engineering, 2005, 19(1): 139~146.
[16]冯玮,时忠民,刘立名等.冰排与斜面结构作用时的破断长度分析[J].力学与实践,2005,27(2):14~17.
[17]李志军,高树刚.斜面结构上二维冰力计算模型的物理模拟实验研究[J].海洋环境科学,2001,19(1):22~26.
[18]史庆增,宋安.海冰静力作用的特点及几种典型结构的冰力模型试验[J].海洋学报,1994,16(6):133~141.
[19] Karl Shkhinek, Ekaterina Uvarova. Dynamics of the ice sheet interaction with the sloping structure[A]. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions[C]. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: 2001. 639~648.
[20]李锋,岳前进.斜面结构冰荷载的动荷效应[J].力学与实践,2003,25(2):28~30.
[21]季顺迎,岳前进,王瑞学.海冰动力学数值方法研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2004,19(6):963~970.
[22]王勖成.有限单元法[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2003.13~51.
[23]汪震宇.斜坡结构冰载荷的有限元分析和试验研究[D].天津:天津大学,2006.
[24] Bj?rnar Sand, Lennart Fransson. Nonlinear finite element simulations of ice sheet forces on conical structures[A]. 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, Hamburg[C]. Germany: 2006. 1~10.
[25] A. Derradji-Aouat, M. Lau. Ice loads on electric power generating stations in the belle isle strait[A]. Proceedings of 18th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions[C]. Potsdam, New York, USA: 2005. 387~398.
[26] Baijie Yu, Wenhua Wu, Ning Xu. Numerical simulation of dynamic ice force on conical structure[A]. In: Yue, ed. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions[C]. Dalian, China, Dalian University of Technology Press: 2007. 277~285.
[27] Mohamed Sayed, Garry W. Timco. A Lattice Model of Ice Failure[A]. Proceedings of the 9th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference[C]. Cupertino, California, USA : 1999. vol 2: 528~534.
[28] Loset S. Discrete element modeling of a broken ice field, Part I: Model development[J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 1994, 22 : 339~347.
[29] Loset S. Discrete element modeling of a broken ice field, Part II: simulation of ice loads on a boom[J ]. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 1994, 22 :349~360.
[30] Sel, adurai A P S, Sepehr K. Two-dimensional discrete element simulation of ice-structure interaction[J]. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 1999, 36: 4919~4940.
[31] Michael Lau. A three-dimensional discrete element simulation of ice sheet impacting on a 60°conical structure[A]. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions[C]. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: 2001. 431~440.
[32] Hocking G, Mustoe G GW, Williams J R. Influence of artificial island side slopes on ice ride-up and pile-up[A]. Proceedings of the Conference Arctic’85[C]. San Francisco, CA: 1985. 185~192.
[33] Hopkins M A. Numerical simulation of systems of multitudinous polygonal blocks[R]. USA: US Army Corps of Engineering, 1992.
[34]王永学,李春花,孙鹤泉.斜坡式防波堤前海冰堆积数值模拟[J].水利学报,2003,6:105~110.
[35]张运良,李志军,林皋.冰-结构动力相互作用过程的DDA模拟[J].冰川冻土,2003,25(2):314~316.
[36] Ralston, T.D. An analysis of sheet ice indentation. In: Proceedings, 4th IAHR Symposium on ice, Lulea, Sweden: 1978. Part 1: 13~31.
[37]于百杰.海冰与锥体抗冰平台相互作用的数值分析[D].大连:大连理工大学,2007.
[38] Ahmed Derradji-Aouat. A unified failure envelope for isotropic fresh water ice and iceberg ice[A]. Proceedings of ETCE/OMAE conference[C]. New Orleans: 2000.
[39] Ahmed Derradji-Aouat, Nirmal K. Sinha, Erman Evgin. Mathematical modelling of monotonic and cyclic behaviour of fresh water columnar grained S-2 ice[J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2000, 31: 59~81.
[40] Ahmed Derradji-Aouat. Multi-surface failure criterion for saline ice in the brittle regime[J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2003, 36: 47~70.
[41] Kelly S. Carney, David J. Benson, Paul DuBois. A phenomenological high strain rate model with failure for ice[J]. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 2006, 43: 7820~7839.
[42] Edwin L Fasanella, Richard L. Boitnott, Sotiris Kellas. Test and analysis correlation of high speed impacts of ice cylinders[A]. The 9th International LS-DYNA Users Conference[C]. Dearborn, Michigan, USA: 2006. 14: 31~42.
[43]景立平.动力有限元方程显式逐步积分格式稳定性条件[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(1):5120~5124.
[44]白金泽.LS-DYNA3D理论基础与实例分析[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.160~166.
[2]丁德文.工程海冰学概论[M].北京:海洋出版社,1999.225~227.
[3]白珊,宋学家,刘钦政等.渤海海冰灾害[A].中国科协2002年减轻自然灾害研讨会论文汇编之六[C].北京:2002.
[4] Movses J. Kaldjian. Ice-sheet failure against inclined and conical surfaces[J]. Computers & Structures, 1987, 26(1/2): 145~152.
[5] R. M. W. Frederking, G. W. Timco. Quantitative analysis of ice sheet failure against an inclined plane[A]. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering Symposimu[C]. Dallas, Texas: 1985. 160~169.
[6]李锋,岳前进.窄锥结构冰力分析[J].大连理工大学学报,2001,41(2):223~227.
[7]王可光,吴辉碇,刘良坤.锦州9-3单沉箱的海冰爬升和堆积研究:I.计算方法[J].中国海上油气(工程),1999,11(2):17~21.
[8]宋安,孙金亮,史庆增等.作用在引航导堤堤头冰力的模型试验研究[J].天津大学学报,2006,39(5):537~542.
[9]宋安,卢海,汪震宇等.斜面结构上冰载荷的模型试验与有限元分析[J].天津大学学报,2006,39:394~397.
[10]隋吉学.作用于斜坡结构物上海冰荷载的二维计算[J].海洋环境科学,1996,15(2):70~73.
[11]李志军,Riska K.斜面结构物上冰作用力三维理论实验检验[J].大连理工大学学报,2001,41(1):100~103.
[12] K. R. Croasdale, A. B. Cammaert. An improved method for the calculation of ice loads on sloping structures in first-year ice[J]. Hydrotechnical Construction, 1994, 28(3): 174~179.
[13] Yuan-Neng Li, Zdenek P. Bazant, F. ASCE. Penetration fracture of ice plate: 2D analysis and size effect[J]. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 1994, 120(7): 1418~1498.
[14]李锋,岳前进.冰在斜面结构上的纵横弯曲破坏分析[J].水利学报,2000,9:44~47.
[15] FENG Wei, SHI Zhong-min, LIU Li-ming. A New Model for Ice Forces on A Conical Structure[J]. China Ocean Engineering, 2005, 19(1): 139~146.
[16]冯玮,时忠民,刘立名等.冰排与斜面结构作用时的破断长度分析[J].力学与实践,2005,27(2):14~17.
[17]李志军,高树刚.斜面结构上二维冰力计算模型的物理模拟实验研究[J].海洋环境科学,2001,19(1):22~26.
[18]史庆增,宋安.海冰静力作用的特点及几种典型结构的冰力模型试验[J].海洋学报,1994,16(6):133~141.
[19] Karl Shkhinek, Ekaterina Uvarova. Dynamics of the ice sheet interaction with the sloping structure[A]. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions[C]. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: 2001. 639~648.
[20]李锋,岳前进.斜面结构冰荷载的动荷效应[J].力学与实践,2003,25(2):28~30.
[21]季顺迎,岳前进,王瑞学.海冰动力学数值方法研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2004,19(6):963~970.
[22]王勖成.有限单元法[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2003.13~51.
[23]汪震宇.斜坡结构冰载荷的有限元分析和试验研究[D].天津:天津大学,2006.
[24] Bj?rnar Sand, Lennart Fransson. Nonlinear finite element simulations of ice sheet forces on conical structures[A]. 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, Hamburg[C]. Germany: 2006. 1~10.
[25] A. Derradji-Aouat, M. Lau. Ice loads on electric power generating stations in the belle isle strait[A]. Proceedings of 18th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions[C]. Potsdam, New York, USA: 2005. 387~398.
[26] Baijie Yu, Wenhua Wu, Ning Xu. Numerical simulation of dynamic ice force on conical structure[A]. In: Yue, ed. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions[C]. Dalian, China, Dalian University of Technology Press: 2007. 277~285.
[27] Mohamed Sayed, Garry W. Timco. A Lattice Model of Ice Failure[A]. Proceedings of the 9th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference[C]. Cupertino, California, USA : 1999. vol 2: 528~534.
[28] Loset S. Discrete element modeling of a broken ice field, Part I: Model development[J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 1994, 22 : 339~347.
[29] Loset S. Discrete element modeling of a broken ice field, Part II: simulation of ice loads on a boom[J ]. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 1994, 22 :349~360.
[30] Sel, adurai A P S, Sepehr K. Two-dimensional discrete element simulation of ice-structure interaction[J]. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 1999, 36: 4919~4940.
[31] Michael Lau. A three-dimensional discrete element simulation of ice sheet impacting on a 60°conical structure[A]. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions[C]. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: 2001. 431~440.
[32] Hocking G, Mustoe G GW, Williams J R. Influence of artificial island side slopes on ice ride-up and pile-up[A]. Proceedings of the Conference Arctic’85[C]. San Francisco, CA: 1985. 185~192.
[33] Hopkins M A. Numerical simulation of systems of multitudinous polygonal blocks[R]. USA: US Army Corps of Engineering, 1992.
[34]王永学,李春花,孙鹤泉.斜坡式防波堤前海冰堆积数值模拟[J].水利学报,2003,6:105~110.
[35]张运良,李志军,林皋.冰-结构动力相互作用过程的DDA模拟[J].冰川冻土,2003,25(2):314~316.
[36] Ralston, T.D. An analysis of sheet ice indentation. In: Proceedings, 4th IAHR Symposium on ice, Lulea, Sweden: 1978. Part 1: 13~31.
[37]于百杰.海冰与锥体抗冰平台相互作用的数值分析[D].大连:大连理工大学,2007.
[38] Ahmed Derradji-Aouat. A unified failure envelope for isotropic fresh water ice and iceberg ice[A]. Proceedings of ETCE/OMAE conference[C]. New Orleans: 2000.
[39] Ahmed Derradji-Aouat, Nirmal K. Sinha, Erman Evgin. Mathematical modelling of monotonic and cyclic behaviour of fresh water columnar grained S-2 ice[J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2000, 31: 59~81.
[40] Ahmed Derradji-Aouat. Multi-surface failure criterion for saline ice in the brittle regime[J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2003, 36: 47~70.
[41] Kelly S. Carney, David J. Benson, Paul DuBois. A phenomenological high strain rate model with failure for ice[J]. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 2006, 43: 7820~7839.
[42] Edwin L Fasanella, Richard L. Boitnott, Sotiris Kellas. Test and analysis correlation of high speed impacts of ice cylinders[A]. The 9th International LS-DYNA Users Conference[C]. Dearborn, Michigan, USA: 2006. 14: 31~42.
[43]景立平.动力有限元方程显式逐步积分格式稳定性条件[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(1):5120~5124.
[44]白金泽.LS-DYNA3D理论基础与实例分析[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.160~166.