从2001-2006外文图书在中国的翻译出版现状看本土文化对翻译选择的影响
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摘要
本研究以翻译的文化转向为理论框架。两千多年来,翻译研究几乎都是围绕‘怎么译’展开的,但是自20世纪50年代以来,西方翻译研究不再囿于狭隘单纯的语言转换层面,而是更多地从广阔的的文化层面去审视翻译。翻译研究中的“文化转向”逐渐成为翻译理论家研究和考察翻译的新视角。翻译的文化转向主张研究翻译在做什么并从文化因素来探讨翻译为什么这样做。因此,本文试图对外文图书在中国的翻译出版状况进行描述,以此来研究文化对翻译选择的影响和制约。
21世纪初正处于全球化最鼎盛的时代,各国之间经济、科技、教育的交流也日益加深,国内翻译出版了大量的外文图书。本文采取从具体到一般的方法,通过调查国内最有代表性的两个权威翻译出版社,即译林出版社和上海译文出版社在2001-2006年间所出版的汉译外文图书来发现目前翻译届翻译选择的一般趋势。笔者从原著国别和品种这两方面对其进行统计。统计后发现这些外文图书大多来自英国和美国,其余多是法国、德国、俄国、日本,还有一些图书来自第三世界国家。在翻译出版品种上,文学,哲学宗教,社会学较多,自然科学,经济,艺术,政治法律等也占一定比例。
作者将对这一翻译现象进行概括性的描述研究,包括2001-2006外文图书的翻译状况,影响和制约翻译选择的文化因素。在描述后又对这一翻译现象作了总结评论。为达到更高程度的相对全面、科学与客观,笔者关注隐藏在翻译选择背后的广义文化因素。论证部分主要按照翻译的文化转向中对影响翻译的文化因素的定义和分类,深入阐述和分析了译语社会的政治,意识形态,经济,狭义的精神文化及文化地位对翻译选择的影响,认为文化因素对翻译选择有很大影响。
The theoretical background of this research is cultural turn in translation studies. In the past 2000 years, translation studies have always focused on the issue of how to translate; while from the 1950s, translation studies in the west began to pay more attention to studying translation from the culture level, instead of the pure linguistic level concern. The "cultural turn" in translation studies has become a new perspective to study translation. It asserts that translation studies should deal with the problem of what translation does and why translation does so from the cultural perspective. Therefore, this thesis will discuss the influence of culture on translation choice from the perspective of the publication of translated foreign books.
In the early 21st century, a wealth of foreign books are translated and published in China. This research investigates the translated foreign books published by two domestic representative and authoritative publishing houses in China, YiLin Press and Shanghai Translation Press from the year 2001 to 2006, in order to get a general view to the trend of translation choice in Chinese translation circle at present. The author collected data from two aspects: source countries and subjects of the translated books. The statistics show that most of the source books come from U.S. and U.K., and most of the rest come from Germany, France, Russia, Italy and Japan. The third world countries also cover a small percentage of the source countries. As for the subjects, most of the books belong to the categories of literature children’s literature, philosophy and religion, social science. Translations of books on natural science, economics, art and law also occupy a small percentage. This thesis is a descriptive study on these translation phenomena, including the result
of translations of foreign books and the culture factors which affect translation choice. And some comments are made following the description. In order to make the research more scientific and objective, the author mainly pays attention to the culture factors in a broad sense hiding behind the translation choice. According to the classification and definition of different culture factors in the theory of culture turn in translation studies, the author makes a detailed and further illustration and analysis of the influence of culture factors on translation choice, including politics, ideology, economy, culture in a narrow sense and culture position. The analysis shows that translation choice is affected by culture factors to a great extent.
21世纪初正处于全球化最鼎盛的时代,各国之间经济、科技、教育的交流也日益加深,国内翻译出版了大量的外文图书。本文采取从具体到一般的方法,通过调查国内最有代表性的两个权威翻译出版社,即译林出版社和上海译文出版社在2001-2006年间所出版的汉译外文图书来发现目前翻译届翻译选择的一般趋势。笔者从原著国别和品种这两方面对其进行统计。统计后发现这些外文图书大多来自英国和美国,其余多是法国、德国、俄国、日本,还有一些图书来自第三世界国家。在翻译出版品种上,文学,哲学宗教,社会学较多,自然科学,经济,艺术,政治法律等也占一定比例。
作者将对这一翻译现象进行概括性的描述研究,包括2001-2006外文图书的翻译状况,影响和制约翻译选择的文化因素。在描述后又对这一翻译现象作了总结评论。为达到更高程度的相对全面、科学与客观,笔者关注隐藏在翻译选择背后的广义文化因素。论证部分主要按照翻译的文化转向中对影响翻译的文化因素的定义和分类,深入阐述和分析了译语社会的政治,意识形态,经济,狭义的精神文化及文化地位对翻译选择的影响,认为文化因素对翻译选择有很大影响。
The theoretical background of this research is cultural turn in translation studies. In the past 2000 years, translation studies have always focused on the issue of how to translate; while from the 1950s, translation studies in the west began to pay more attention to studying translation from the culture level, instead of the pure linguistic level concern. The "cultural turn" in translation studies has become a new perspective to study translation. It asserts that translation studies should deal with the problem of what translation does and why translation does so from the cultural perspective. Therefore, this thesis will discuss the influence of culture on translation choice from the perspective of the publication of translated foreign books.
In the early 21st century, a wealth of foreign books are translated and published in China. This research investigates the translated foreign books published by two domestic representative and authoritative publishing houses in China, YiLin Press and Shanghai Translation Press from the year 2001 to 2006, in order to get a general view to the trend of translation choice in Chinese translation circle at present. The author collected data from two aspects: source countries and subjects of the translated books. The statistics show that most of the source books come from U.S. and U.K., and most of the rest come from Germany, France, Russia, Italy and Japan. The third world countries also cover a small percentage of the source countries. As for the subjects, most of the books belong to the categories of literature children’s literature, philosophy and religion, social science. Translations of books on natural science, economics, art and law also occupy a small percentage. This thesis is a descriptive study on these translation phenomena, including the result
of translations of foreign books and the culture factors which affect translation choice. And some comments are made following the description. In order to make the research more scientific and objective, the author mainly pays attention to the culture factors in a broad sense hiding behind the translation choice. According to the classification and definition of different culture factors in the theory of culture turn in translation studies, the author makes a detailed and further illustration and analysis of the influence of culture factors on translation choice, including politics, ideology, economy, culture in a narrow sense and culture position. The analysis shows that translation choice is affected by culture factors to a great extent.
引文
[1] Bassnett, Susan& Lefevere Andre. Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation [C]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
[2] Bassnett, Susan& Lefevere Andre. Translation, History and Culture [M]. London and New York: Pinter Publishers, 1990.
[3] Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies [M]. London: Routledge, 1988.
[4] Even-Zohar, Irtamar.“The Position of Translated Literature within the Literary Polysystem: New Perspective in Literary Studies”[A]. In Literature and Translation. Eds. J.S. Holems, J. Lambert & R. Van Den Broeck. Leuven: Acco, 1978.
[5] Fan, Xiangtao. Objects and ways of description in descriptive translation studies [J]. Journal of Foreign Languages, 2004, (4), 60-67. (范祥涛, 2004,“描写译学中的描写对象和描写方式”,《外国语》第4期。)
[6] Feng Yujin. Cultural connotation and translation of Words [J]. Journal of Foreign Language, 1993, (1), 71-76. (冯玉津,1993,“词语的文化内涵与翻译”,《外国语》第1期。)
[7] Foucault, Michael. The History of Sexuality [M]. Trans. Robert Hurley New York: Vintage Books; Pantheon Books, 1990.
[8] Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary Translation Theories [M]. London& New York: Routledge. 1993.
[9] Guo Jianzhong. A cultural approach to translation [J]. Journal of Foreign Languages, 1998, (2), 13-20. (郭建中,1998,“翻译中的文化因素:异化与归化”,《外国语》第2期。)
[10] Guo Jianzhong a, Culture and Translation [M]. Beijing: China Translation & Publishing Corporation, 2000 (郭建中,2000,文化与翻译[M],北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。)
[11] Guo Jianzhong b. Contemporary Translation Studies in USA [M]. Hubei: Hubei Education Press, 2000 (郭建中,2000,当代美国翻译理论[M].武汉:湖北教育出版社。)
[12] Hermans, Theo. The Manipulation of Literature: Studies in Literary Translation [M]. London/Sydney: Croom Helm, 1985
[13] Jiang Qiuxia&Yang Ping. Taking stock of the empirical approach to translation studies [J]. Chinese Translators Journal, 2005, (1),23-28. (姜秋霞,杨平,2005,“翻译研究实证方法评析”,《中国翻译》第1期。)
[14] Jin Di & Eugene A. Nida. On Translation—With Special Reference to Chinese and English [M]. Beijing: China Translation Publishing House, 1984.
[15] Kong Huiyi. Translation, Literatures and Culture [M]. Beijing: Beijing University Press, 1999 (孔慧怡,1999,翻译,文学,文化[M],北京:北京大学出版社。)
[16] Lefevere, A. Translation Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame [M]. New York: Routledge. 1992
[17] Lemke, Jay L. Textural Politics: Discourse and Social Dynamics [M]. London: Taylor & Francis., 1995
[18] Liao Qiyi. Research paradigms and translation studies in China [J]. Chinese Translators Journal, 2001, (5),14-18. (廖七一,2001,“研究范式与中国译学”,《中国翻译》第5期。)
[19] Liu Miqing. An Outlined Theory of Cultural Translation [M]. Wuhan: Hubei Education Press, 1999 (刘宓庆,1999,文化翻译论纲[M]。武汉:湖北教育出版社。)
[20] Liu, Kang. Is there an Alternative to (Capitalist) Globalization? The Debate about Modernity in China [M]. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1998
[21] Mcrobbie, Angela. Postmodernism and Popular Culture [M]. London: Routledge, TJ Press Ltd, 1994
[22] Newmark, P. Approaches to Translation [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. 2001.
[23] Newmark,P. A Text Book of Translation [M]. Prentice Hall International (UK)Ltd.,1988
[24] Nida, E. A. Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. 2001
[25] Nida, E. A. Towards the Science of Translating [M]. Leiden: E. J Brill. 1964
[26] Niranjana, Tejaswini. Sitting Translation: History, Post-structuralism and the Colonial Context [M]. England: University of California Press, 1992
[27] Nord, C. Text Analysis in Translation [M]. Amsterdam: Rodopi. 1991
[28] Pan Wenguo. Contemporary translation studies in the west: translation studies as an independent academic discipline [J]. Chinese Translators Journal, 2002, (3), 18-22. (潘文国,2002,当代西方的翻译学研究—兼谈“翻译学”的学科性问题,《中国翻译》第3期。)
[29] Perez, Maria Calzada. Apropos of Ideology: Translation Studies on Ideology—Ideology in Translation Studies [M]. T.J. Cornwall, UK: International Ltd., 2002
[30] Philip, Bock. Modern Cultural Anthropology [M]. New York: Alfred & Knopf. 1979
[31] Shaw, R. Daniel. Transculturation: The Cultural Factors in Translation and Other Communication Tasks [M]. California: William Carvey Library. 1988
[32] Sherry Simon. Gender in Translation [M]. New York: Routledge. 1996
[33] Shi Xuehua, Political Science Theory [M]. Guangzhou: Zhongshan University Press, 2001 (施雪华,2001政治科学原理[M],广州:中山大学出版社。)
[34] Snell-Hornby. Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. 2001
[35] Tan Zaixi, Differences between Chinese and western translation Theory [J]. Chinese Translators Journal, 2000, (1), 15-21.(谭载喜, 2000,“中西译论的相异性”,《中国翻译》第一期。)
[36] Tan Zaixi. Brief Introduction of History of Western Translation [M]. Beijing: Commercial Press, 1991 (谭载喜,1991,西方翻译简史[M],北京:商务印书馆。)
[37] Venuti, L. The Translation Studies Reader [M]. London and New York: Routledge. 2000
[38] Wang Dongfeng, An invisible hand: ideological manipulation in the practice of translation [J], Chinese Translators Journal, 2003, (5), 16-23. (王东风,2003,“一只看不见的手——论意识形态对翻译实践的操纵”,《中国翻译》第5期。)
[39] Wang Dongfeng, Cultural position of translated literature and translator’s cultural attitude [J]. Chinese Translators Journal, 2000, (4), 1-8. (王东风,2000,“翻译文学的文化地位与译者的文化态度”,《中国翻译》第4期。)
[40] Wang Hongzhi, China Translation Studies in the 20th Century [M]. Shanghai: Oriental Publishing Center, 1999 (王宏志,1999,重释信达雅——二十世纪中国翻译研究[M],上海:东方出版中心。)
[41] Wang Hongzhi, Translation and Invention [M]. Beijing: Beijing University Press, 2000 (王宏志,2000翻译与创造[M],北京:北京大学出版社。)
[42] Wang Jiankai. Cross-cultural perspective of poetical translation [J]. Chinese Translators Journal, (4), 1997, 12-15 (王建开,1997,“诗歌翻译中的跨文化视角”,《中国翻译》第4期。)
[43] Wang Jinjuan. Cultural context and translation [J]. Shanghai Journal of Translators, 2006, (2), 54-56. (王金娟,2006,“文化语境与翻译”,《上海翻译》第2期。)
[44] Wang Kefei. On History of Translation Culture [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai EducationPress, 1997 (王克菲,1997,翻译文化史论[M],上海:上海教育出版社。)
[45] Wang Zuoliang, Translation: Reflections and Attempts [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Education and Research Press, 1989 (王佐良,1989,翻译:思考与试笔[M],北京:外语教学与研究出版社。)
[46] Williams, Raymond. Culture and Society [M]. Harmondsworth: Penguin. 1957
[47] Xie Tianzhen a. New Perspectives in Translation Studies [M]. Qingdao: Qingdao Press, 2003 (谢天振,2003,翻译研究新视野[M],青岛:青岛出版社。)
[48] Xie Tianzhen. Translations [M]. Shanghai: Shaghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1999 (谢天振,1999,译介学[M],上海:上海外语教育出版社。)
[49] Yang Meng. Pragmatic translation of culture and adaptation to multi-dimensional context [J]. Foreign Language Education, 2006, (3), 52-54 (杨蒙,2006,“语境顺应与文化翻译”,《外语教学》第3期。)
[2] Bassnett, Susan& Lefevere Andre. Translation, History and Culture [M]. London and New York: Pinter Publishers, 1990.
[3] Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies [M]. London: Routledge, 1988.
[4] Even-Zohar, Irtamar.“The Position of Translated Literature within the Literary Polysystem: New Perspective in Literary Studies”[A]. In Literature and Translation. Eds. J.S. Holems, J. Lambert & R. Van Den Broeck. Leuven: Acco, 1978.
[5] Fan, Xiangtao. Objects and ways of description in descriptive translation studies [J]. Journal of Foreign Languages, 2004, (4), 60-67. (范祥涛, 2004,“描写译学中的描写对象和描写方式”,《外国语》第4期。)
[6] Feng Yujin. Cultural connotation and translation of Words [J]. Journal of Foreign Language, 1993, (1), 71-76. (冯玉津,1993,“词语的文化内涵与翻译”,《外国语》第1期。)
[7] Foucault, Michael. The History of Sexuality [M]. Trans. Robert Hurley New York: Vintage Books; Pantheon Books, 1990.
[8] Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary Translation Theories [M]. London& New York: Routledge. 1993.
[9] Guo Jianzhong. A cultural approach to translation [J]. Journal of Foreign Languages, 1998, (2), 13-20. (郭建中,1998,“翻译中的文化因素:异化与归化”,《外国语》第2期。)
[10] Guo Jianzhong a, Culture and Translation [M]. Beijing: China Translation & Publishing Corporation, 2000 (郭建中,2000,文化与翻译[M],北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。)
[11] Guo Jianzhong b. Contemporary Translation Studies in USA [M]. Hubei: Hubei Education Press, 2000 (郭建中,2000,当代美国翻译理论[M].武汉:湖北教育出版社。)
[12] Hermans, Theo. The Manipulation of Literature: Studies in Literary Translation [M]. London/Sydney: Croom Helm, 1985
[13] Jiang Qiuxia&Yang Ping. Taking stock of the empirical approach to translation studies [J]. Chinese Translators Journal, 2005, (1),23-28. (姜秋霞,杨平,2005,“翻译研究实证方法评析”,《中国翻译》第1期。)
[14] Jin Di & Eugene A. Nida. On Translation—With Special Reference to Chinese and English [M]. Beijing: China Translation Publishing House, 1984.
[15] Kong Huiyi. Translation, Literatures and Culture [M]. Beijing: Beijing University Press, 1999 (孔慧怡,1999,翻译,文学,文化[M],北京:北京大学出版社。)
[16] Lefevere, A. Translation Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame [M]. New York: Routledge. 1992
[17] Lemke, Jay L. Textural Politics: Discourse and Social Dynamics [M]. London: Taylor & Francis., 1995
[18] Liao Qiyi. Research paradigms and translation studies in China [J]. Chinese Translators Journal, 2001, (5),14-18. (廖七一,2001,“研究范式与中国译学”,《中国翻译》第5期。)
[19] Liu Miqing. An Outlined Theory of Cultural Translation [M]. Wuhan: Hubei Education Press, 1999 (刘宓庆,1999,文化翻译论纲[M]。武汉:湖北教育出版社。)
[20] Liu, Kang. Is there an Alternative to (Capitalist) Globalization? The Debate about Modernity in China [M]. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1998
[21] Mcrobbie, Angela. Postmodernism and Popular Culture [M]. London: Routledge, TJ Press Ltd, 1994
[22] Newmark, P. Approaches to Translation [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. 2001.
[23] Newmark,P. A Text Book of Translation [M]. Prentice Hall International (UK)Ltd.,1988
[24] Nida, E. A. Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. 2001
[25] Nida, E. A. Towards the Science of Translating [M]. Leiden: E. J Brill. 1964
[26] Niranjana, Tejaswini. Sitting Translation: History, Post-structuralism and the Colonial Context [M]. England: University of California Press, 1992
[27] Nord, C. Text Analysis in Translation [M]. Amsterdam: Rodopi. 1991
[28] Pan Wenguo. Contemporary translation studies in the west: translation studies as an independent academic discipline [J]. Chinese Translators Journal, 2002, (3), 18-22. (潘文国,2002,当代西方的翻译学研究—兼谈“翻译学”的学科性问题,《中国翻译》第3期。)
[29] Perez, Maria Calzada. Apropos of Ideology: Translation Studies on Ideology—Ideology in Translation Studies [M]. T.J. Cornwall, UK: International Ltd., 2002
[30] Philip, Bock. Modern Cultural Anthropology [M]. New York: Alfred & Knopf. 1979
[31] Shaw, R. Daniel. Transculturation: The Cultural Factors in Translation and Other Communication Tasks [M]. California: William Carvey Library. 1988
[32] Sherry Simon. Gender in Translation [M]. New York: Routledge. 1996
[33] Shi Xuehua, Political Science Theory [M]. Guangzhou: Zhongshan University Press, 2001 (施雪华,2001政治科学原理[M],广州:中山大学出版社。)
[34] Snell-Hornby. Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. 2001
[35] Tan Zaixi, Differences between Chinese and western translation Theory [J]. Chinese Translators Journal, 2000, (1), 15-21.(谭载喜, 2000,“中西译论的相异性”,《中国翻译》第一期。)
[36] Tan Zaixi. Brief Introduction of History of Western Translation [M]. Beijing: Commercial Press, 1991 (谭载喜,1991,西方翻译简史[M],北京:商务印书馆。)
[37] Venuti, L. The Translation Studies Reader [M]. London and New York: Routledge. 2000
[38] Wang Dongfeng, An invisible hand: ideological manipulation in the practice of translation [J], Chinese Translators Journal, 2003, (5), 16-23. (王东风,2003,“一只看不见的手——论意识形态对翻译实践的操纵”,《中国翻译》第5期。)
[39] Wang Dongfeng, Cultural position of translated literature and translator’s cultural attitude [J]. Chinese Translators Journal, 2000, (4), 1-8. (王东风,2000,“翻译文学的文化地位与译者的文化态度”,《中国翻译》第4期。)
[40] Wang Hongzhi, China Translation Studies in the 20th Century [M]. Shanghai: Oriental Publishing Center, 1999 (王宏志,1999,重释信达雅——二十世纪中国翻译研究[M],上海:东方出版中心。)
[41] Wang Hongzhi, Translation and Invention [M]. Beijing: Beijing University Press, 2000 (王宏志,2000翻译与创造[M],北京:北京大学出版社。)
[42] Wang Jiankai. Cross-cultural perspective of poetical translation [J]. Chinese Translators Journal, (4), 1997, 12-15 (王建开,1997,“诗歌翻译中的跨文化视角”,《中国翻译》第4期。)
[43] Wang Jinjuan. Cultural context and translation [J]. Shanghai Journal of Translators, 2006, (2), 54-56. (王金娟,2006,“文化语境与翻译”,《上海翻译》第2期。)
[44] Wang Kefei. On History of Translation Culture [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai EducationPress, 1997 (王克菲,1997,翻译文化史论[M],上海:上海教育出版社。)
[45] Wang Zuoliang, Translation: Reflections and Attempts [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Education and Research Press, 1989 (王佐良,1989,翻译:思考与试笔[M],北京:外语教学与研究出版社。)
[46] Williams, Raymond. Culture and Society [M]. Harmondsworth: Penguin. 1957
[47] Xie Tianzhen a. New Perspectives in Translation Studies [M]. Qingdao: Qingdao Press, 2003 (谢天振,2003,翻译研究新视野[M],青岛:青岛出版社。)
[48] Xie Tianzhen. Translations [M]. Shanghai: Shaghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1999 (谢天振,1999,译介学[M],上海:上海外语教育出版社。)
[49] Yang Meng. Pragmatic translation of culture and adaptation to multi-dimensional context [J]. Foreign Language Education, 2006, (3), 52-54 (杨蒙,2006,“语境顺应与文化翻译”,《外语教学》第3期。)