从模因选择和规范理论的视角看翻译中的存异
摘要
自从人类有交往以来,翻译(口译或笔译)就出现了。源语文化中的异质因子通过翻译被目的语文化吸收、保存,反之亦然。异质因子被同化、保存的情形是不同的。有的被完整地,有的被部分地,有的则是逐渐地被移植到另一文化中。不同的文本是不同规范下的产物。源语文化中的异质因子被目的语文化接受的重要前提是得到目的语文化规范的认可。模因论是从生物学角度演而来的一种涉关文化传播的新理论,它着重于探究在文化进化领域是否存在着生物进化过程中类似于基因的传播单位。有鉴于此,作者试图从模因选择标准的视角,结合规范理论来探讨跨文化过程中异质因子保存类型的规律。
在本文中,作者认为在跨文化交际的过程中,翻译是一种传播异质模因的活动。并不是所有的异质模因都会被目的语文化接受,这取决于两个因素:首先,成功模因要经得起模因同化、保留、表达和传播四个传播过程中选择标准的选择;其次,异质模因要得到目的语规范的认同和接纳。
根据模因理论中关于模因选择标准的理论和规范理论,作者提出了异质模因的模因的保存可分为权威型和非权威型两类。前者由于源语模因对于目的语读者而言具有权威性,符合权威选择标准,翻译时,译者会倾向于采取源语规范,从而使异质模因保存下来。当然,权威型模因的保存程度并不是一致的,它与不同的时间、地点和文化等因素相关。后者由于选择标准的历时演化而导致规范的演变。选择标准和规范的互动会引起目的语文化对异质模因的接受度。换言之,目的语规范对非权威型异质模因的接纳是渐进的。
本研究只是对异质模因经过翻译保存规律宏观的、概括的尝试性研究,实际的情况要复杂得多。但是本文作者希冀通过本研究,能对跨文化交际过程如何处理异质文化因子有所启迪,能对规范理论的研究有所帮助。
Communication has been fostering translation, either interpretation or translation, through which, the foreign elements in the source language (text) may be absorbed by and preserved in the target language and vice versa. The degrees that the foreign elements are accepted by the target language are different. Some are completely transplanted into the target language; some are partly accepted; and some penetrate into the target language in a progressive way. Memetics is a newly-born theory devoted to the study of cultural transmission, with the focus on the study of whether there exists a gene-like unit in the cultural evolution. As for the topic in question, the thesis attempts to explore the law of the patterns of preserving of the foreign from the perspective of memetic selection criteria in light of norm theory, for the source text and the target text are products of norms in different cultures.
This thesis argues that translation is an activity of transmitting the foreign memes from the source language to the target language, during which not all the memes in the source language can survive in its long course of transmission and be accepted by the target culture. The survival of the foreign memes is up to the two factors: first, a successful meme must stand the selection criteria in the four memetic transmission stages; second, the foreign memes must be accepted by the target language norms.
With the combination of theory about memetic selection criteria and norm theory, the author puts forward two patterns of preserving of the foreign memes: authoritative memes and non-authoritative memes. The former, being of authority over the receptors in the target language and conforming to the authority criterion in the memetic transmission, tend to be translated literally, with the translated text moving to the norms of the source language. Therefore, the foreign memes can be remarkably preserved in the target culture. Certainly, due to different times, places, cultures etc, the degrees that the authoritative memes can be preserved in the target culture are different. The selection criteria change diachronically, which results in the modifications in the norms accordingly. The interactions between the two will lead to changes in attitudes that the target culture holds toward the foreign memes. In other words, the acceptance of the foreign memes in the latter is in a progressive way.
The research is a tentative macro-study of the law of preserving of the foreign, but the real situations are much more complicated. What the research expects is to make some suggestions on how to treat the foreign in the course of translation and to make some contributions to the study of norm theory.
在本文中,作者认为在跨文化交际的过程中,翻译是一种传播异质模因的活动。并不是所有的异质模因都会被目的语文化接受,这取决于两个因素:首先,成功模因要经得起模因同化、保留、表达和传播四个传播过程中选择标准的选择;其次,异质模因要得到目的语规范的认同和接纳。
根据模因理论中关于模因选择标准的理论和规范理论,作者提出了异质模因的模因的保存可分为权威型和非权威型两类。前者由于源语模因对于目的语读者而言具有权威性,符合权威选择标准,翻译时,译者会倾向于采取源语规范,从而使异质模因保存下来。当然,权威型模因的保存程度并不是一致的,它与不同的时间、地点和文化等因素相关。后者由于选择标准的历时演化而导致规范的演变。选择标准和规范的互动会引起目的语文化对异质模因的接受度。换言之,目的语规范对非权威型异质模因的接纳是渐进的。
本研究只是对异质模因经过翻译保存规律宏观的、概括的尝试性研究,实际的情况要复杂得多。但是本文作者希冀通过本研究,能对跨文化交际过程如何处理异质文化因子有所启迪,能对规范理论的研究有所帮助。
Communication has been fostering translation, either interpretation or translation, through which, the foreign elements in the source language (text) may be absorbed by and preserved in the target language and vice versa. The degrees that the foreign elements are accepted by the target language are different. Some are completely transplanted into the target language; some are partly accepted; and some penetrate into the target language in a progressive way. Memetics is a newly-born theory devoted to the study of cultural transmission, with the focus on the study of whether there exists a gene-like unit in the cultural evolution. As for the topic in question, the thesis attempts to explore the law of the patterns of preserving of the foreign from the perspective of memetic selection criteria in light of norm theory, for the source text and the target text are products of norms in different cultures.
This thesis argues that translation is an activity of transmitting the foreign memes from the source language to the target language, during which not all the memes in the source language can survive in its long course of transmission and be accepted by the target culture. The survival of the foreign memes is up to the two factors: first, a successful meme must stand the selection criteria in the four memetic transmission stages; second, the foreign memes must be accepted by the target language norms.
With the combination of theory about memetic selection criteria and norm theory, the author puts forward two patterns of preserving of the foreign memes: authoritative memes and non-authoritative memes. The former, being of authority over the receptors in the target language and conforming to the authority criterion in the memetic transmission, tend to be translated literally, with the translated text moving to the norms of the source language. Therefore, the foreign memes can be remarkably preserved in the target culture. Certainly, due to different times, places, cultures etc, the degrees that the authoritative memes can be preserved in the target culture are different. The selection criteria change diachronically, which results in the modifications in the norms accordingly. The interactions between the two will lead to changes in attitudes that the target culture holds toward the foreign memes. In other words, the acceptance of the foreign memes in the latter is in a progressive way.
The research is a tentative macro-study of the law of preserving of the foreign, but the real situations are much more complicated. What the research expects is to make some suggestions on how to treat the foreign in the course of translation and to make some contributions to the study of norm theory.
引文
Bartsh, Renate. Norms of Language. London: Longman, 1987.
Bassnett, Susan.“The Translation Turn in Cultural Studies.”Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation. Ed. Bassnett, Susan and Lefevere, André. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001. 123-140.
Blackmore, Susan. The Meme Machine.Oxford: Oxford University Press,1999.
---.“Evolution and Memes: The Human Brain as a selective imitation Device.”Cybernetics and Systems . Ed.Taylor and Francis. Philadelphia: Philadelphia University Press, 2001: 225-255.
Boyd, R. and Richerson, P.J. Culture and the Evolution Process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.
Catford, J. C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
Chesterman, Andrew. Memes of Translation: the Spread of Ideas in Translation Theory. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1997.
Cicero, M. T.“De Optimo Genere Oratorum”. De Inventione, De Optimo Genere Oratorum, Topica , trans. H. M. Hubell. London: Heinemann, 1960: 360.
Dawkins, Richard. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976.
“Domestcation.”and“Foreinization.”Def. Dictionary of Translation Studies. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Dennett, D. C. Darwin’s Dangerous Idea. London: Penguin, 1995.
Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary Translation Theories. 2nd ed. Shanghai: Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd. 2001. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press , 2004.
Hailman, J. P.“Evolution and Behavior: an Iconoclastic View.”Learning, Development and Culture. Ed. Plotkin, H.C. Chichester: Wily, 1982: 232-3.
Hermans, Theo. Translation in Systems—Descriptive and System-oriented Approaches Explained. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing, 1999; Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Heylighen, Francis.“Selfish Memes and the Evolution of Cooperation.”Competition between Memes and Genes. 15 Jan. 2008.
---.“Objective, Subjective and Intersubjective Selectors of Knowledge.”Memetic Selection Criteria. 13 Mar. 2008 .
---.“Objective, Subjective and Intersubjective Selectors of Knowledge.”Memetic Selection Criteria.13 Mar. 2008 .
---.“What Makes a Meme Successful? Selection Criteria for Cultural Evolution.”Memetics. 20 Mar. 2008.
Holz-Manttari, J. Translatiorische Handeln, Theorie and Methode. Helsinki, 1984.
Lefevere, André. Translating literature; Practice and Theory in a Comparative Context. New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1991.
---.“Chinese and Western Thinking on Translation.”Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation. Ed. Bassnett, Susan. and Lefevere, André. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Languages Education Press, 2001.
Jakobson, Roman.“On Linguistic Aspect of Translation.”Theories of Translation: An Anthology of Essays from Dryden to Derrida. Ed. Shulte, Rainer and Biguenet, John. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1992. 114-5.
Jerome, E. H. (St Jerome) (395 CE/1997)“De Optime Genere Interpretandi”(Letter 101 to Pammachiu). Epistolae D. Hieronymi Stidoniensis. Rome: Aldi F, 165: 285-91. trans. by P. Carroll as“On the Best Kind of Translator”in D. Robinson. Ed, 1997: 25.
Lynch, A. Thought of Contagion: How Brief Spreads through Society. New York: Basic Books, 1996.
Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications. London: Routledge, 2001. Nida, Eugene. A. Toward a Science of Translating. Leiden: E. j. Brill, 1964.
Pearsall, J. The New Oxford Dictionary of English. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Languages Education Press, 2002: 1154.
Pym, Anthony. Translation and Text Transfer. Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1992.
Saussure, F de. Course in General Linguistics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.
Schleiermacher, Friedrich.“On the Different Methods of Translating.”Theories of Translation: An Anthology of Essays from Dryden to Derrida. 1813. Ed. Shulte, Rainer and Biguenet, John. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1992. 36-54.
Shulte, Rainer and Biguenet, John, ed. Theories of Translation: An Anthology of Essays from Dryden to Derrida. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1992. 73-74.
Steiner, George. After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation. 3rd ed. London, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Toury. Gideon. In Search of a Theory of Translation. Tel Aviv: Porter Institute, 1980.
---. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001..
Veith, Ilza. The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine. Baltimore: The William and Wilkins Co., 1949.
Venuti, Lawrence. Rethinking Translation: Discourse, Subjectivity, Ideology. London and New York: Routledge, 1992.
---. The Translator’s Invisibility: A history of Translation. London and New York: Routledge, 1995.
曹明伦.“五失本”乃佛经翻译之指导性原则.中国翻译, 2006(1):51-54.
陈琳霞.广告语言中的模因.外语教学, 2006(4):43-46.
陈福康.中国译学理论史稿(2版).上海:上海外语教学出版社, 2000.
丁衡祁.对外宣传中英语质量亟待提高.中国翻译, 2002(4):44-46.
杜瑞清,姜亚军.近二十年中国英语研究述评.外语教学与研究, 2001(1):39-43.
郭建中.文化与翻译.北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 1998.
郭建中.回顾与展望:中国翻译界十年大辩论(1987-1997).//谢天振.翻译的理论建构与文化透视. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2000:258.
葛校琴.当前归化/异化策略讨论的后殖民视阈.中国翻译, 2002(5):32-35.
何自然,何雪林.模因与社会语用.现代外语, 2003(2):200-209.
何自然.语言中的模因.语言科学, 2005(6): 54-64.
胡兆云.语言接触与英汉借词研究.济南:山东大学出版社, 2001.
蒋骁华,张景华.重新解读韦努蒂的异化翻译理论.中国翻译, 2007,28(3):39-44.
马祖毅.中国翻译简史:“五四”以前部分(2版).北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 1998.
兰凤利.中医古典文献中“阴阳”的源流与翻译.中国翻译, 2007(4):69-72.
刘英凯.归化——翻译的歧路.中国翻译, 1987(2):58-64.
刘正埮等.汉语外来词词典.上海:上海辞书出版社, 1984.
刘重德.“欧化”辨析——兼评“归化现象”.外语与外语教学, 1998(5):24-28.
刘重德.文学翻译十讲.北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 1998.
潘章仙.中国英语变体中的语言和文化认同.北京:北京大学出版社, 2002.
史有为.异文化的使者——外来词.长春:吉林教育出版社, 1991.
史有为.汉语外来词.北京:商务印书馆, 2000.
孙艺风.离散译者的文化使命.中国翻译, 2006,27(1):3-10.
孙致礼.中国文学翻译:从归化趋向异化.中国翻译, 2002(1):40-44.
谭惠娟.从文化差异与渗透看翻译的异化与归化.中国翻译,1999(1):45-47.
王斌.觅母与翻译.外语研究, 2004(3):38-44.
王东风.归化与异化:矛与盾的交锋?中国翻译, 2002(5):24-26.
王立.汉语史稿(下).北京:中华书局, 1980.
徐盛桓.幂姆与文学作品互文性研究.暨南大学华文学院学报,2005(1): 59-67.
王弄笙.近年来汉英翻译中出现的一些新问题.中国翻译, 2002(1):23-28.
尹丕安.模因论与翻译的归化和异化.西安外国语学院学报, 2006(1):39-42.
尹衍桐.语境制约与国内的归化/异化讨论.外语研究, 2005(2):61-65.
张莹.从觅母的角度谈异化翻译的趋势.深圳大学学报, 2003(6):110-113.
郑海凌.译语的异化与优化.中国翻译, 2001(3):3-7.
朱志瑜.中国传统翻译思想:“神话说”(前期).中国翻译, 2001(2):3-8.
Bassnett, Susan.“The Translation Turn in Cultural Studies.”Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation. Ed. Bassnett, Susan and Lefevere, André. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001. 123-140.
Blackmore, Susan. The Meme Machine.Oxford: Oxford University Press,1999.
---.“Evolution and Memes: The Human Brain as a selective imitation Device.”Cybernetics and Systems . Ed.Taylor and Francis. Philadelphia: Philadelphia University Press, 2001: 225-255.
Boyd, R. and Richerson, P.J. Culture and the Evolution Process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.
Catford, J. C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
Chesterman, Andrew. Memes of Translation: the Spread of Ideas in Translation Theory. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1997.
Cicero, M. T.“De Optimo Genere Oratorum”. De Inventione, De Optimo Genere Oratorum, Topica , trans. H. M. Hubell. London: Heinemann, 1960: 360.
Dawkins, Richard. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976.
“Domestcation.”and“Foreinization.”Def. Dictionary of Translation Studies. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Dennett, D. C. Darwin’s Dangerous Idea. London: Penguin, 1995.
Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary Translation Theories. 2nd ed. Shanghai: Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd. 2001. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press , 2004.
Hailman, J. P.“Evolution and Behavior: an Iconoclastic View.”Learning, Development and Culture. Ed. Plotkin, H.C. Chichester: Wily, 1982: 232-3.
Hermans, Theo. Translation in Systems—Descriptive and System-oriented Approaches Explained. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing, 1999; Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Heylighen, Francis.“Selfish Memes and the Evolution of Cooperation.”Competition between Memes and Genes. 15 Jan. 2008
---.“Objective, Subjective and Intersubjective Selectors of Knowledge.”Memetic Selection Criteria. 13 Mar. 2008
---.“Objective, Subjective and Intersubjective Selectors of Knowledge.”Memetic Selection Criteria.13 Mar. 2008
---.“What Makes a Meme Successful? Selection Criteria for Cultural Evolution.”Memetics. 20 Mar. 2008
Holz-Manttari, J. Translatiorische Handeln, Theorie and Methode. Helsinki, 1984.
Lefevere, André. Translating literature; Practice and Theory in a Comparative Context. New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1991.
---.“Chinese and Western Thinking on Translation.”Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation. Ed. Bassnett, Susan. and Lefevere, André. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Languages Education Press, 2001.
Jakobson, Roman.“On Linguistic Aspect of Translation.”Theories of Translation: An Anthology of Essays from Dryden to Derrida. Ed. Shulte, Rainer and Biguenet, John. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1992. 114-5.
Jerome, E. H. (St Jerome) (395 CE/1997)“De Optime Genere Interpretandi”(Letter 101 to Pammachiu). Epistolae D. Hieronymi Stidoniensis. Rome: Aldi F, 165: 285-91. trans. by P. Carroll as“On the Best Kind of Translator”in D. Robinson. Ed, 1997: 25.
Lynch, A. Thought of Contagion: How Brief Spreads through Society. New York: Basic Books, 1996.
Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications. London: Routledge, 2001. Nida, Eugene. A. Toward a Science of Translating. Leiden: E. j. Brill, 1964.
Pearsall, J. The New Oxford Dictionary of English. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Languages Education Press, 2002: 1154.
Pym, Anthony. Translation and Text Transfer. Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1992.
Saussure, F de. Course in General Linguistics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.
Schleiermacher, Friedrich.“On the Different Methods of Translating.”Theories of Translation: An Anthology of Essays from Dryden to Derrida. 1813. Ed. Shulte, Rainer and Biguenet, John. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1992. 36-54.
Shulte, Rainer and Biguenet, John, ed. Theories of Translation: An Anthology of Essays from Dryden to Derrida. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1992. 73-74.
Steiner, George. After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation. 3rd ed. London, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Toury. Gideon. In Search of a Theory of Translation. Tel Aviv: Porter Institute, 1980.
---. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001..
Veith, Ilza. The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine. Baltimore: The William and Wilkins Co., 1949.
Venuti, Lawrence. Rethinking Translation: Discourse, Subjectivity, Ideology. London and New York: Routledge, 1992.
---. The Translator’s Invisibility: A history of Translation. London and New York: Routledge, 1995.
曹明伦.“五失本”乃佛经翻译之指导性原则.中国翻译, 2006(1):51-54.
陈琳霞.广告语言中的模因.外语教学, 2006(4):43-46.
陈福康.中国译学理论史稿(2版).上海:上海外语教学出版社, 2000.
丁衡祁.对外宣传中英语质量亟待提高.中国翻译, 2002(4):44-46.
杜瑞清,姜亚军.近二十年中国英语研究述评.外语教学与研究, 2001(1):39-43.
郭建中.文化与翻译.北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 1998.
郭建中.回顾与展望:中国翻译界十年大辩论(1987-1997).//谢天振.翻译的理论建构与文化透视. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2000:258.
葛校琴.当前归化/异化策略讨论的后殖民视阈.中国翻译, 2002(5):32-35.
何自然,何雪林.模因与社会语用.现代外语, 2003(2):200-209.
何自然.语言中的模因.语言科学, 2005(6): 54-64.
胡兆云.语言接触与英汉借词研究.济南:山东大学出版社, 2001.
蒋骁华,张景华.重新解读韦努蒂的异化翻译理论.中国翻译, 2007,28(3):39-44.
马祖毅.中国翻译简史:“五四”以前部分(2版).北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 1998.
兰凤利.中医古典文献中“阴阳”的源流与翻译.中国翻译, 2007(4):69-72.
刘英凯.归化——翻译的歧路.中国翻译, 1987(2):58-64.
刘正埮等.汉语外来词词典.上海:上海辞书出版社, 1984.
刘重德.“欧化”辨析——兼评“归化现象”.外语与外语教学, 1998(5):24-28.
刘重德.文学翻译十讲.北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 1998.
潘章仙.中国英语变体中的语言和文化认同.北京:北京大学出版社, 2002.
史有为.异文化的使者——外来词.长春:吉林教育出版社, 1991.
史有为.汉语外来词.北京:商务印书馆, 2000.
孙艺风.离散译者的文化使命.中国翻译, 2006,27(1):3-10.
孙致礼.中国文学翻译:从归化趋向异化.中国翻译, 2002(1):40-44.
谭惠娟.从文化差异与渗透看翻译的异化与归化.中国翻译,1999(1):45-47.
王斌.觅母与翻译.外语研究, 2004(3):38-44.
王东风.归化与异化:矛与盾的交锋?中国翻译, 2002(5):24-26.
王立.汉语史稿(下).北京:中华书局, 1980.
徐盛桓.幂姆与文学作品互文性研究.暨南大学华文学院学报,2005(1): 59-67.
王弄笙.近年来汉英翻译中出现的一些新问题.中国翻译, 2002(1):23-28.
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