激光照射纳米流体形成散斑的特性及应用研究
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摘要
纳米流体由于其优良的导热特性极有可能成为新一代传热工质,即使纳米流体中纳米粒子的体积百分比很小以至可以忽略不计,其导热系数也比基液提高很多。纳米粒子的运动是导致纳米流体导热系数显著提高的主要因素之一,但是目前尚无探测流体中动态纳米粒子的方法。本文从理论、数值模拟和实验三个方面研究了激光照射纳米流体形成散斑的机理及散斑的特性,并提出利用激光散斑测速法(Laser SpeckleVelocimetry,简写为LSV)测量定向纳米流体中纳米粒子的运动,进而构建实验装置进行了测量。
在分析纳米粒子光学特性的基础上,提出利用激光散斑测速法测量纳米流体中纳米粒子的运动。针对纳米粒子的光学特性,对传统的LSV系统进行了改进,即改用平行面光源照射流场、高速CCD正对入射光方向记录散斑图像的方式,使之具备了测试纳米流体中纳米粒子运动的特性。
为对改进后的测试方法进行论证,从实验和数值模拟两个方面证实了激光照射纳米流体确能形成散斑。其中通过静态实验确定激光照射含有合适体积百分比纳米粒子的纳米流体可以形成清晰的散斑图;基于光的波粒二象性,分别根据光的波动性和粒子性建立了“经典散射模型”和“光子——粒子随机碰撞模型”,基于这两个模型分别对激光照射纳米流体形成散斑的过程进行了数值模拟,并对散斑的形成机理进行了解释。
根据实验装置建立了层流物理模型,基于散斑的统计特性,通过数学推导得到了结论:在菲涅尔衍射区域,纳米粒子的运动速度等于接收屏上散斑的运动速度。进而构建了定向纳米流体实验装置,获得了时间间隔很短的序列散斑图。
对相邻两幅散斑图进行图象处理和信息提取,得到了纳米粒子运动矢量图。首先对图象进行同态滤波和二值化等图像处理;然后结合全局搜索算法和各种块匹配算法对两幅散斑图进行图象相关处理,得到了运动矢量图;进而引入了亚像素算法,利用曲面插值拟合,使散斑位置精度达到0.1个像素,得到了散斑运动矢量。
本文研究结果可为进一步研究激光散斑法测量纳米流体中纳米粒子的运动,以及开发新的动态纳米粒子光测方法提供理论和实验依据。
Nanofluids or liquids with suspended nanoparticles are likely to be the future heat transfer media as their thermal conductivities are significantly higher than those of the parent liquids even if the nanoparticle concentrations are negligible. The movement of nanoparticles in fluids is one of the main factors that result in the remarkable thermal conductivity of nanofluids; however, there is no suitable method to detect the movements of nanoparticles in nanofluids till now. In this paper, the formation-mechanism and characteristics of the speckles, which are formed by illuminating nanofluids with laser beam, are investigated. Laser Speckle Velocimetry (LSV) is presented to measure the velocities of nanoparticles in nanofluids. Moreover, experiments are carried out measure the velocities of nanoparticles in directional nanofluids with LSV.
According to the optical characteristics of nanoparticle, LSV is proposed to measure the velocities of nanoparticles in nanofluids, and traditional LSV system is modified in order to be competent for detecting the movements of nanoparticles. Light sheet is changed to plane light source, and CCD digital camera is placed perpendicular to the incident light.
By the means of experiments and numerical simulations, it is verified that speckles can be formed when nanofluids are illuminated by laser beam. First, clear speckles are formed by illuminating static nanofluids containing proper volume fraction of nanoparticles. Then, classic-scattering-model and photon-nanoparticle-collision-model are respectively established based on the wave-particle duality of light. The formation of speckles with nanofluids is simulated respectively on these two models, and the formation mechanism of speckles is figured out.
According to the experimental setup, a physical model is established. Based on statistical properties of speckles, the relationship between the movements of naoparticles and the movements of speckles on the screen is studied by formula deduction. A conclusion is drawn that the velocities of nanoparticles is identical to the velocities of speckles in Fresnel region. Thereafter, the experimental system is set up, and speckle patterns sequences are recorded with high speed CCD camera.
Two consecutive speckle patterns are processed with computer programs to obtain the motion vector diagram of speckles, thereby the motion of nanoparticles. Speckle patterns are first preprocessed with homomorphic filter and image threshold. Then they are correlated with global searching algorithm and several block-matching algorithms (BMA) to obtain the motion vector diagram of speckles. Furthermore, sub-pixel algorithm is introduced and the resolution is improved to 0.1 pixel. Finally, the velocities of speckles are obtained, thereby the movements of nanoparticles.
The research consequences may offer theoretical and experimental references to further study of the movement of nanoparticles in fluids with Laser Speckle Velocimetry or some new optical method.
在分析纳米粒子光学特性的基础上,提出利用激光散斑测速法测量纳米流体中纳米粒子的运动。针对纳米粒子的光学特性,对传统的LSV系统进行了改进,即改用平行面光源照射流场、高速CCD正对入射光方向记录散斑图像的方式,使之具备了测试纳米流体中纳米粒子运动的特性。
为对改进后的测试方法进行论证,从实验和数值模拟两个方面证实了激光照射纳米流体确能形成散斑。其中通过静态实验确定激光照射含有合适体积百分比纳米粒子的纳米流体可以形成清晰的散斑图;基于光的波粒二象性,分别根据光的波动性和粒子性建立了“经典散射模型”和“光子——粒子随机碰撞模型”,基于这两个模型分别对激光照射纳米流体形成散斑的过程进行了数值模拟,并对散斑的形成机理进行了解释。
根据实验装置建立了层流物理模型,基于散斑的统计特性,通过数学推导得到了结论:在菲涅尔衍射区域,纳米粒子的运动速度等于接收屏上散斑的运动速度。进而构建了定向纳米流体实验装置,获得了时间间隔很短的序列散斑图。
对相邻两幅散斑图进行图象处理和信息提取,得到了纳米粒子运动矢量图。首先对图象进行同态滤波和二值化等图像处理;然后结合全局搜索算法和各种块匹配算法对两幅散斑图进行图象相关处理,得到了运动矢量图;进而引入了亚像素算法,利用曲面插值拟合,使散斑位置精度达到0.1个像素,得到了散斑运动矢量。
本文研究结果可为进一步研究激光散斑法测量纳米流体中纳米粒子的运动,以及开发新的动态纳米粒子光测方法提供理论和实验依据。
Nanofluids or liquids with suspended nanoparticles are likely to be the future heat transfer media as their thermal conductivities are significantly higher than those of the parent liquids even if the nanoparticle concentrations are negligible. The movement of nanoparticles in fluids is one of the main factors that result in the remarkable thermal conductivity of nanofluids; however, there is no suitable method to detect the movements of nanoparticles in nanofluids till now. In this paper, the formation-mechanism and characteristics of the speckles, which are formed by illuminating nanofluids with laser beam, are investigated. Laser Speckle Velocimetry (LSV) is presented to measure the velocities of nanoparticles in nanofluids. Moreover, experiments are carried out measure the velocities of nanoparticles in directional nanofluids with LSV.
According to the optical characteristics of nanoparticle, LSV is proposed to measure the velocities of nanoparticles in nanofluids, and traditional LSV system is modified in order to be competent for detecting the movements of nanoparticles. Light sheet is changed to plane light source, and CCD digital camera is placed perpendicular to the incident light.
By the means of experiments and numerical simulations, it is verified that speckles can be formed when nanofluids are illuminated by laser beam. First, clear speckles are formed by illuminating static nanofluids containing proper volume fraction of nanoparticles. Then, classic-scattering-model and photon-nanoparticle-collision-model are respectively established based on the wave-particle duality of light. The formation of speckles with nanofluids is simulated respectively on these two models, and the formation mechanism of speckles is figured out.
According to the experimental setup, a physical model is established. Based on statistical properties of speckles, the relationship between the movements of naoparticles and the movements of speckles on the screen is studied by formula deduction. A conclusion is drawn that the velocities of nanoparticles is identical to the velocities of speckles in Fresnel region. Thereafter, the experimental system is set up, and speckle patterns sequences are recorded with high speed CCD camera.
Two consecutive speckle patterns are processed with computer programs to obtain the motion vector diagram of speckles, thereby the motion of nanoparticles. Speckle patterns are first preprocessed with homomorphic filter and image threshold. Then they are correlated with global searching algorithm and several block-matching algorithms (BMA) to obtain the motion vector diagram of speckles. Furthermore, sub-pixel algorithm is introduced and the resolution is improved to 0.1 pixel. Finally, the velocities of speckles are obtained, thereby the movements of nanoparticles.
The research consequences may offer theoretical and experimental references to further study of the movement of nanoparticles in fluids with Laser Speckle Velocimetry or some new optical method.
引文
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