《韩非子》寓言刍论
摘要
在我国,寓言这种文学样式大致产生于春秋末年,形成于战国初期,成熟于先秦时期,并出现了古代寓言史上最繁荣的一次高峰。《韩非子》是先秦的一部重要典籍,对中国古代思想文化的发展演变具有承前启后的作用。和先秦诸子一样,《韩非子》在治国理论论证过程当中也广泛地采用了寓言这种文学形式。据陈蒲清《中国古代寓言史》统计,书中运用寓言达325则。本文以《韩非子》寓言作为研究主体,探索先秦寓言这种文学体裁在春秋战国时期所呈现的特点。在韩非之前,寓言故事几乎都是零散分布于诸子散文或历史散文中,充当说理的一种手段或叙事的一个部分,而《韩非子》中的寓言,尤其是《说林》和《内外储说》简直就是两部寓言故事专集,这说明韩非已经开始有意识、有系统地收集、整理和创作寓言故事。
本文在体例上分为六章,从《韩非子》寓言的取材、成因、思想内容、艺术特色以及其影响意义和不足等方面进行探讨,试图在吸收前人研究成果的基础上,涉足某些空白领域,希望在对《韩非子》寓言有较深入、系统的认识的同时,能引起研究者对《韩非子》寓言的重视。
《韩非子》寓言的成因是极其复杂的,取材也是极其丰富的。《韩非子》寓言主要受社会历史、文学自身和接受对象等因素的影响,其来源主要有历史故事、神话传说和自然生活等,几乎包括了先秦寓言来源的各种渠道,体现了《韩非子》寓言集先秦寓言之大成的特点。
《韩非子》创作的主要目的是将其认识到的治国方法传达给君主。韩非本人是法家思想的集大成者,因此谈及很多的治理国家的思想。本文主要是从法家思想为切入点,对其寓言在政治、经济和教育思想内容等进行分类。
《韩非子》寓言作为先秦寓言的集大成之作在很多方面拥有非凡的艺术特色:其强烈的现实主义精神与庄子的浪漫主义色彩并列为先秦寓言不可超越的两座巨峰;塑造了丰富的人物形象,但最终都是为其法家思想服务、立言;运用冷峻夸张、幽默诙谐的语言和悲喜交加的创作手法,这些都向我们展示着其独特的艺术魅力。
《韩非子》的价值表现在文学和社会两方面。同时由于书中的历史寓言居多,因此这些寓言更多地倾向于现实主义的文学方向,具有文学价值。在谈到书中寓言的影响方面,主要从体裁和语言两个方面来论述这些寓言的使用给后世带来的影响。一本书能够流传两千年实属不易,闪光之处遮蔽了瑕疵,但用今人的眼光去衡量,书中所使用的寓言也有不足之处。其中所使用的寓言片面站在统治阶级的角度和过于重视现实忽略文学性两个方面论述了书中寓言的不足。但这些不足并没有妨碍《韩非子》成为一本流传千古的佳作。韩非寓言的出现,将先秦寓言的发展推上了全盛时期,并以其卓越的寓言创作成就成为了诸子寓言的杰出代表。
今天,《韩非子》已被学界所重视,但其文学领域却少有涉及。综观全书,寓言是最能代表其文学成就的一个方面。因此,通过《韩非子》的寓言研究,抛砖引玉,力求为《韩非子》文学艺术的研究献微薄之力。
In China, the fables that have more or less literary style in the late Spring and Autumn Period, the Warring States was formed in the early stage of maturity in the pre-Qin period, and a history of the ancient fable of the first peak of the most prosperous. "Hanfeizi" is an important pre-Qin classics, ideology and culture of ancient China with a link between past and future evolution of the role. And pre-Qin philosophers, like, "Hanfeizi" theory of argumentation in the process of governing the country is also widely used in the fable of this form of literature. According to ChenPuqing"the history of ancient Chinese fable, " Statistics show that the use of allegory of the book 325. In this paper, "Hanfeizi" fable as a research subject of this fable to explore the pre-Qin literature presented in the Spring and Autumn Period features. Before the Han Fei, a fable scattered almost all philosophers or the history of prose in prose, to serve as a means of reasoning or a part of narrative, and "Hanfeizi" The fable, in particular, "Shuo Lin, " and "Nei Wai Chu Shuo "It is a fable of two albums, This shows that there is awareness of Han has begun to systematically collect, collate and create a fable.
This article attempts to absorb the results of previous studies based on the style is divided into six chapters, from "Hanfeizi" Fables of the subjects, the causes of ideological content and artistic characteristics as well as its lack of impact on the meaning and context to explore some of the gaps to get involved areas of hope in "Hanfeizi" Fable has a more in-depth and systematic understanding of the At the same time, can cause researchers to "Hanfeizi" Fables attention.
"Hanfeizi" Fables of the causes is extremely complex and is very rich material. "Hanfeizi" fable is mainly affected by the social history, literature and accepted by the object itself and other factors, the main sources of historical stories, myths and legends and natural life, nearly all sources of pre-Qin channels fable embodies the principle of "Hanfeizi" Fables Pre-set epitomize the characteristics of fables.
"Hanfeizi" The main purpose of creation is to recognize that their methods of governing the country to convey to the monarchy. Han Fei thought I Legalists expression, and therefore a lot of talk about the idea of governing the country. This article is from the entry point for thinking Legalists their fable in the political, economic and educational content, such as classification of ideas.
"Hanfeizi" fables of the expression as a fable of pre-Qin to make in many aspects of art have remarkable characteristics: its strong spirit of realism, romanticism and Zhuangzi as a Pre-color should not exceed two fables Kyoho; create a wealth of characters , but are thinking of their Legalists services; use coll exaggeration, humorous language, which shows us its unique artistic charm.
"Hanfeizi, " the value of literature and society in two ways. At the same time, the history of fable as a result of most of the book, these fables more inclined to the direction of literary realism, has literary value. On the parable of the impact of the book, mainly from the genre and language to describe these two aspects of the use of allegory to the impact of future generations. A book can be easily spread two thousand years, flashing a flaw of the shelter, but to modern eyes as measured by the use of the parable of the book also has shortcomings. Fables of which used one-sided perspective of the ruling class stand and ignore the reality of literature too much emphasis on two aspects of the book discusses the shortcomings of fable. However, these deficiencies did not prevent "Hanfeizi" has become one of the excellent work down through the ages. The emergence of Han Fei' s Fables, will push the development of pre-Qin fable of its heyday, and its outstanding creative achievements fable fable has become the outstanding representatives of various schools.
Today, "Hanfeizi" has been valued by scholars, but the literature has rarely involved. Looking at the book, Fables is the best way to represent their achievements in one aspect of literature. Therefore, through the "Hanfeizi" The Fable of research forward to the "Hanfeizi" the study of literature and art offer modest.
本文在体例上分为六章,从《韩非子》寓言的取材、成因、思想内容、艺术特色以及其影响意义和不足等方面进行探讨,试图在吸收前人研究成果的基础上,涉足某些空白领域,希望在对《韩非子》寓言有较深入、系统的认识的同时,能引起研究者对《韩非子》寓言的重视。
《韩非子》寓言的成因是极其复杂的,取材也是极其丰富的。《韩非子》寓言主要受社会历史、文学自身和接受对象等因素的影响,其来源主要有历史故事、神话传说和自然生活等,几乎包括了先秦寓言来源的各种渠道,体现了《韩非子》寓言集先秦寓言之大成的特点。
《韩非子》创作的主要目的是将其认识到的治国方法传达给君主。韩非本人是法家思想的集大成者,因此谈及很多的治理国家的思想。本文主要是从法家思想为切入点,对其寓言在政治、经济和教育思想内容等进行分类。
《韩非子》寓言作为先秦寓言的集大成之作在很多方面拥有非凡的艺术特色:其强烈的现实主义精神与庄子的浪漫主义色彩并列为先秦寓言不可超越的两座巨峰;塑造了丰富的人物形象,但最终都是为其法家思想服务、立言;运用冷峻夸张、幽默诙谐的语言和悲喜交加的创作手法,这些都向我们展示着其独特的艺术魅力。
《韩非子》的价值表现在文学和社会两方面。同时由于书中的历史寓言居多,因此这些寓言更多地倾向于现实主义的文学方向,具有文学价值。在谈到书中寓言的影响方面,主要从体裁和语言两个方面来论述这些寓言的使用给后世带来的影响。一本书能够流传两千年实属不易,闪光之处遮蔽了瑕疵,但用今人的眼光去衡量,书中所使用的寓言也有不足之处。其中所使用的寓言片面站在统治阶级的角度和过于重视现实忽略文学性两个方面论述了书中寓言的不足。但这些不足并没有妨碍《韩非子》成为一本流传千古的佳作。韩非寓言的出现,将先秦寓言的发展推上了全盛时期,并以其卓越的寓言创作成就成为了诸子寓言的杰出代表。
今天,《韩非子》已被学界所重视,但其文学领域却少有涉及。综观全书,寓言是最能代表其文学成就的一个方面。因此,通过《韩非子》的寓言研究,抛砖引玉,力求为《韩非子》文学艺术的研究献微薄之力。
In China, the fables that have more or less literary style in the late Spring and Autumn Period, the Warring States was formed in the early stage of maturity in the pre-Qin period, and a history of the ancient fable of the first peak of the most prosperous. "Hanfeizi" is an important pre-Qin classics, ideology and culture of ancient China with a link between past and future evolution of the role. And pre-Qin philosophers, like, "Hanfeizi" theory of argumentation in the process of governing the country is also widely used in the fable of this form of literature. According to ChenPuqing"the history of ancient Chinese fable, " Statistics show that the use of allegory of the book 325. In this paper, "Hanfeizi" fable as a research subject of this fable to explore the pre-Qin literature presented in the Spring and Autumn Period features. Before the Han Fei, a fable scattered almost all philosophers or the history of prose in prose, to serve as a means of reasoning or a part of narrative, and "Hanfeizi" The fable, in particular, "Shuo Lin, " and "Nei Wai Chu Shuo "It is a fable of two albums, This shows that there is awareness of Han has begun to systematically collect, collate and create a fable.
This article attempts to absorb the results of previous studies based on the style is divided into six chapters, from "Hanfeizi" Fables of the subjects, the causes of ideological content and artistic characteristics as well as its lack of impact on the meaning and context to explore some of the gaps to get involved areas of hope in "Hanfeizi" Fable has a more in-depth and systematic understanding of the At the same time, can cause researchers to "Hanfeizi" Fables attention.
"Hanfeizi" Fables of the causes is extremely complex and is very rich material. "Hanfeizi" fable is mainly affected by the social history, literature and accepted by the object itself and other factors, the main sources of historical stories, myths and legends and natural life, nearly all sources of pre-Qin channels fable embodies the principle of "Hanfeizi" Fables Pre-set epitomize the characteristics of fables.
"Hanfeizi" The main purpose of creation is to recognize that their methods of governing the country to convey to the monarchy. Han Fei thought I Legalists expression, and therefore a lot of talk about the idea of governing the country. This article is from the entry point for thinking Legalists their fable in the political, economic and educational content, such as classification of ideas.
"Hanfeizi" fables of the expression as a fable of pre-Qin to make in many aspects of art have remarkable characteristics: its strong spirit of realism, romanticism and Zhuangzi as a Pre-color should not exceed two fables Kyoho; create a wealth of characters , but are thinking of their Legalists services; use coll exaggeration, humorous language, which shows us its unique artistic charm.
"Hanfeizi, " the value of literature and society in two ways. At the same time, the history of fable as a result of most of the book, these fables more inclined to the direction of literary realism, has literary value. On the parable of the impact of the book, mainly from the genre and language to describe these two aspects of the use of allegory to the impact of future generations. A book can be easily spread two thousand years, flashing a flaw of the shelter, but to modern eyes as measured by the use of the parable of the book also has shortcomings. Fables of which used one-sided perspective of the ruling class stand and ignore the reality of literature too much emphasis on two aspects of the book discusses the shortcomings of fable. However, these deficiencies did not prevent "Hanfeizi" has become one of the excellent work down through the ages. The emergence of Han Fei' s Fables, will push the development of pre-Qin fable of its heyday, and its outstanding creative achievements fable fable has become the outstanding representatives of various schools.
Today, "Hanfeizi" has been valued by scholars, but the literature has rarely involved. Looking at the book, Fables is the best way to represent their achievements in one aspect of literature. Therefore, through the "Hanfeizi" The Fable of research forward to the "Hanfeizi" the study of literature and art offer modest.
引文
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[2]苏健《储说博寓说林生辉--浅论韩非子寓言的艺术特色》,《考试周刊》,2007年第30期
[1]司马迁《史记》,中华书局,1959年版
[1]陈蒲清《中固古代寓言史研究》,湖南教育出版社,1983年版,P38
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[2]公木《先秦寓言概论》,齐鲁书社,1984年版,P140
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[1]王焕镳《先秦寓言研究》,中华书局,1959年版,P1
[2]公木《先秦寓言概论》,齐鲁书社,P41
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(2)白本松《先秦寓言史》,河南大学出版社,2001年版,P277
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