含三苯胺树枝分子发光材料合成与电致发光性能研究/OLED器件的制作
|
摘要
本文以二苯并噻吩-三苯胺(ST-G1),萘-三苯胺树枝形分子(NP-G1)为发光层,制备了结构为ITO/TCTA/ ST-G1&NP-G1/BCP/Mg:Ag的三层发光器件,测试了器件的电致发光性能。该器件在6V开启,12V电压下亮度和效率接近1000 cd m~(-2)和0.2 lm W~(-1)。
测试所合成的材料的紫外可见光谱、单光子荧光谱性质,通过运用Lippert方程、偶极矩的变化、电化学循环伏安法等从理论上详细讨论了多枝分子结构、分子的平面性、分子“核”对其单光子吸收与荧光行为影响。得出如下研究结果:
(1)发现分子“核”不同导致分子内电荷转移的不同,从而影响了分子荧光性质,共轭度越大,分子的荧光越强。荧光强度的大小:二苯并噻吩核>萘核。
(2)在有机电致发光器件中较厚的发光层,低的LUMO和高的HOMO提高了发光强度与电流效率,电流密度随电压的变化曲线反映了器件的电学性质。
(3)在有机电致发光器件中ITO须要用臭氧对其表面处理提高表面功函数;有机材料的蒸气压比较高,导热性比较差,在较高温度下容易分解;有机电致发光器件对氧和水非常敏感,两者都会降低器件的发光效率,影响器件的工作寿命。
The paper dibenzothiophene - triphenylamine (ST-G1), naphthalene - triphenylamine Dendritic molecules (NP-G1) as the emission layer with the structure of ITO / TCTA / ST-G1 & NP-G1/BCP / Mg: Ag in the three light-emitting devices, test EL device performance. The device in the open 6V, 12V voltage, brightness and efficiency of close to 1000 cd m-2 and 0.2 lm/W.
System test the synthesized materials spectroscopy, single photon fluorescence spectral properties, through the use of Lippert equation, the dipole moment changes, cyclic voltammetry theory discussed in detail a number of branches of molecular structure, molecular plane of , molecular "core" of their single-photon absorption and fluorescence behaviors. The results obtained are as follows:
(1) Tound that elements of "nuclear" different result in the different intramolecular charge transfer, thereby affecting the nature of the molecular fluorescence, the greater the degree of conjugation, the stronger the fluorescent molecules. The size of fluorescence intensity: dibenzothiophene core> naphthalene nucleus.
(2) Electroluminescence device emitting layer of thick, low HOMO LUMO and high luminous intensity and improve the current efficiency, current density-voltage curves reflect the electrical properties of the device.
(3) Electroluminescent devices ITO surface treatment have increased their use of ozone surface work function; organic material vapor pressure is relatively high, relatively poor thermal conductivity, easy to decompose at high temperatures; Light-Emitting Devices on very sensitive to oxygen and water, both of which reduce the luminescence efficiency, affecting the working life of the device.
测试所合成的材料的紫外可见光谱、单光子荧光谱性质,通过运用Lippert方程、偶极矩的变化、电化学循环伏安法等从理论上详细讨论了多枝分子结构、分子的平面性、分子“核”对其单光子吸收与荧光行为影响。得出如下研究结果:
(1)发现分子“核”不同导致分子内电荷转移的不同,从而影响了分子荧光性质,共轭度越大,分子的荧光越强。荧光强度的大小:二苯并噻吩核>萘核。
(2)在有机电致发光器件中较厚的发光层,低的LUMO和高的HOMO提高了发光强度与电流效率,电流密度随电压的变化曲线反映了器件的电学性质。
(3)在有机电致发光器件中ITO须要用臭氧对其表面处理提高表面功函数;有机材料的蒸气压比较高,导热性比较差,在较高温度下容易分解;有机电致发光器件对氧和水非常敏感,两者都会降低器件的发光效率,影响器件的工作寿命。
The paper dibenzothiophene - triphenylamine (ST-G1), naphthalene - triphenylamine Dendritic molecules (NP-G1) as the emission layer with the structure of ITO / TCTA / ST-G1 & NP-G1/BCP / Mg: Ag in the three light-emitting devices, test EL device performance. The device in the open 6V, 12V voltage, brightness and efficiency of close to 1000 cd m-2 and 0.2 lm/W.
System test the synthesized materials spectroscopy, single photon fluorescence spectral properties, through the use of Lippert equation, the dipole moment changes, cyclic voltammetry theory discussed in detail a number of branches of molecular structure, molecular plane of , molecular "core" of their single-photon absorption and fluorescence behaviors. The results obtained are as follows:
(1) Tound that elements of "nuclear" different result in the different intramolecular charge transfer, thereby affecting the nature of the molecular fluorescence, the greater the degree of conjugation, the stronger the fluorescent molecules. The size of fluorescence intensity: dibenzothiophene core> naphthalene nucleus.
(2) Electroluminescence device emitting layer of thick, low HOMO LUMO and high luminous intensity and improve the current efficiency, current density-voltage curves reflect the electrical properties of the device.
(3) Electroluminescent devices ITO surface treatment have increased their use of ozone surface work function; organic material vapor pressure is relatively high, relatively poor thermal conductivity, easy to decompose at high temperatures; Light-Emitting Devices on very sensitive to oxygen and water, both of which reduce the luminescence efficiency, affecting the working life of the device.
引文
[1] Tang C W, Vanslyke S A.Organic elcctrlumincsccnt diodes [J] .Appl Phys Lett ,1987,51;913—915 .
[2] Burroughes J It ,Bradley D D C,BROWN A R,et a1 .Light—emitting diodes based Oil conjugated polymer [J] .Nature ,1990 ,347 ;539—541 .
[3] Kido J,Hayase H,Hongawa K,et a1 .Bright red light—emitting elcctrolmninesccnt devices having a europium complex as 811 emitter [J].Appl Phys tett,1994 ,65: 2124—2126 .
[4]Baldo M A,O’Brien D F,YOU Y,et a1.Hish ettlcient phosphorescent emission from organic electmluminescent devices [J].Nature,1998,395;151—154 .
[5]Muller C D,Falcou A L.Reckfuss N,et a1.Multi—colour organic light—emitting displays by solution processingl[J],Nature,2003,421;829—831 .
[6]Baldo M A,Thompson M E,Forrest S R,High—efiqciency fluorescent organic light—emitting devices using a phosphorescent sensitizer[J] .Nature,2000,403 :750—753 .
[7] Lane P.Seeing organic displays in a new light [J] .Phys worId ,2000 ( 5 ) :23—27 .
[8]Krasnowa N.ELDs rise on organic wings [J],Information Display .2OO2 ,3 :18—22 .
[9] Van Dijk; Joost T M. [J] Org. Chem. 1996, 61(3):1136-1140 .
[10] Kalosha I, Tolkachev V A. Zhu. Prikl. Spektroskopi, 1971, 14:537-540 .
[11]胡建军,于艳,周春隆,精细石油化工,1996, 6:4-9 .
[12] Okada T, Fujita T, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1972, (14):563 .
[13] Knibbe H, Rollig K, et al. [J] Chem. Phys., 1967, (47):1184 .
[14] Rettig W., Chen. Int. ED. Engl., 1986, (25):971 .
[15]干福熹主编,信息材料,吴世康著,有机光电子材料,天津大学出版社,2000,136 .
[16] Dai Z; Wu S K; Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 1999,15:1076 .
[17]杨锦宗,张芊卉,化学通报,1985,9,34-41 .
[18]王志刚,周毅,刘祖愉,王向荣,[J]塑料工业,1995,2:15-18 .
[19]王彦吉,宋增福,光谱分析与色谱分析,北京大学出版社,1995:118 .
[20]钱士雄,王恭明编著,非线性光学-原理与进展,复旦大学出版社,2001 .
[21]Drost K J, Jen A K-Y, Rao V P. Designing organic NLO Materials. Chemtech, 1995,Sep.16 .
[22] Goper-Mayer M. Ann Phys.,1931,9:273 .
[23]王筱梅,电荷转移的对称性与分子的双光子吸收/辐射(荧光、激射)性能研究,博士论文,2001,山东,济南。
[24] Wrappand, Bgronau. Chem Phys Lett, 1971,8:529 .
[25] ASKwok, Aserpenguzel, etal Opt Lett, 1992,17:1435 .
[26] Amukher jee. Appl Phys Lett, 1993,62:3423 .
[27] Parthenoponlos D.A.; Rentzepis P M, [J] Science, 1989,245:844 .
[28] Cumpston B H; Marder S R, et al, [J] Nature, 1999,398:51 .
[29] Alobata M, Beljionne D, Bradsa J L, et al, [J] Science, 1998,281:1653~1656 .
[30] Chen,deqiang; Zhou,yongjun; Xia,andong; Proceeding of SPIE-The international Society for Optical Engineering, 2001, Vol. 4601:390~395 .
[31] Sean M. Kirkpatrick; Rajesh R. Naik; Morley O. Stone; [J] Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol.105,n14, Apr. 12,2002:2867~2873 .
[32] Martin. Liphardt; Arosha. Goonesekera; Brian E. Ducharme; Stephen Ducharme; Zhang Lei, [J] Science, Jan 21, 1994,263:367~369 .
[33]Clair. Jean-Jacques; Landraud-Lamole. Anne, Proceeding of SPIE-The international Society for Optical Engineering,1995, Vol.2451:436~445 .
[34] Parthnopoulos D A; Rentzepis P, [J] Science,1989,245:843 .
[35]汪国平,[J]物理,2000,Vol.29,No.9:546~549 .
[36]雷虹,黄振立,汪河洲,[J]物理,2003,(32),1:19~26 .
[37] He G S, Rgvishi, Prasad P N, Reinhardt B A. Opt Commun, 1995,117:133.
[38] Ehrlich J E, Wu X L, etal Opt Lett, 1997,22:1843 .
[39] Spangler C W. J Mater Chem, 1999,9:2013 .
[40] Leite R C C, Proto S P S, Damen P C, [J] Appl. Phys. Lett. 1967,100(3):100 .
[41]杨在富等,激光防护器材的研究现状及进展,[J]激光杂志,1999,(20),1:4 .
[42] Cumpston B H; Ananthaval S P; Bsrlow S, [J] Nature, 1999, 398:51 .
[43] Kawata S, Sun H B; Tanaka T, [J] Nature, 2001, 412: 697 .
[44] Tang C W, Vanslyke S A, Appl. Phys. Lett., 1987, 51, 913 .
[1] Freeman, A. W. Koene S. C. et al. [J] J. Am. Chem. Soc, 2000, 122, 12385 .
[2] Halim M., Samuel J. N. et al. [J] Adv. Mater, 1999, 11, 371 .
[3] Huang Z. Z., Wang X. M., Li B., Lu C. G., Xu J., Jiang W. L., Tao X. T., Qian S. X., Cui Y. P., Yang P.. [J] Optical Materials, 2007, 29, 1084 .
[4] Li W. L., Wang X. M., Jiang W. L., Yang P., Yan Y. L., Qian S. X., Wang Z. M.. [J] Dyes and Pigments, 2008, 76, 485 .
[5] Wang X. M., Yang P., Li B., Jiang W. L., Huang W., Qian S. X., Tao X. T., Jiang M. H.. [J] Chemical Physics Letters, 2006, 424, 333 .
[6]王筱梅,杨平,施琴芬,蒋宛莉,程晶磊.[J]化学学报(ACTA CHIMICA SINIC), 2003,61,1646 .
[7]’Brien D. F. O, Baldo M. A., Thompson M. E., Forrest S. R.. [J] Appl. Phys. Lett, 1999, 74, 442 .
[8] Peumans P., Bulovic V., Forrest S. R.. [J] Appl. Phys. Lett, 2000, 76, 2650 .
[9] Pfeiffer G. H, M., Leo K., Hofmann M., Birnstock J., Pudzich R. and Salbeck J.. [J] Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 85, 3911 .
[1] Nikolaev Pavel,Michael J.B et al. Model of carbon nanotubes growth through chemical vapor deposition[J]. Chem.Phys.Lett., 2002,313:91-97 .
[2]刘璐琪,郭志新,戴黎明,等。碳纳米管的有机化学修饰[J]。化工新型材料,2004,32(7):1-5 .
[3]Tohji,KT. Goto. Purifying single-walled nanotubes[J]. Nature, 1996, 383:679-680 .
[4] Jorio, A.. Pimenta, M. A. Souza Filho, A. G et al. Characterizing carbon nanotube samples with resonance Raman scattering [J]. New Journal of Physics, 2003, 139: 1-17 .
[5] Jnone, E. Thorng, N. R. Fordst, T. G. et al. Double resonance Raman spectroscopy of single-wall carbon nanotubes [J]. New Journal of Chemstry 5, 2004, 162: 102-117 .
[6] Ferrari, A. C. Robertson. J. Interpretation of Raman spectra of disordered carbon[J]. Phys. Rev. B 2000,61: 14095 .
[7] Hemraj-Benny, T. Banerjee, S. Wong. S. S. Interactions of Lanthanide Complexes with Oxidized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes[J]. Chem. Mater., 2004, 16: 1855-1863 .
[8] Kukovecz, A. Pichler, T. Pfeiffer, R. et al. Diameter selective charge transfer in p- and n-doped single wall carbon nanotubes synthesized by the HiPCO method[J]. Chem. Commun. 2002, 5: 1730-1731 .
[9] Tsang, S.C. Chen,Y.K H.Green, M. L.et al. A simple chemical method of opening and filling carbon nanotubes[J]. Nature, 1994, 372:159-162 .
[10] Lago, R. M. Tsang, S. C. Green, M. L. H. et al. Filling carbon nanotubes with small palladium metal crystallites:the effect of surface acid groups[J].Chem Commu, 1995, 7(3): 1355-1365 .
[11] Hiura, H. Ebbesen, T. M. Tanigaki. K. Opening and purification of carbon nanotubes in high yields [J]. Adv mater, 1995, 7:275-276 .
[12] Liu, J. Rinzler, A. G. Dai, H. et al. Fullerene Pipes [J]. Science, 280: 1253 .
[13] Zh. H. Xu, Y. Wu, B. Hu, et al. Carbon nanotube effects on electroluminescence and photovoltaic response in conjugated polymers [J]. Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 2005,263: 118-120 .
[14]Woo,H.S.Czerw,R.Weberster,S.et al. Hole blocking in carbon nanotube--polymer composite organic light-emitting application[J]. Appl.Phys. Lett., 2000, 77: 1393 .
[15] Fujimoto, K. Toyoshi, T. Doi, Y. Inouye, M. et al. Special Issue of Carbon Nanotubes[J]. Acc. Chem. Res.2002, 35(12) .
[16] Ajayan. P. M. Nanotubes from Carbon[J]. Chem. Rev., 1999, 99: 1787 .
[17] Yakobson, B. I. Smalley R. E.. Fullerene Nanotubes: C. sub. 1,000,000 and Beyond[J]. Sci., 1997, 85:324 .
[18] Baughman, R. H. Zakhidov, A. A. Heer, W. A. Carbon Nanotubes-the Route Toward applications[J].Science, 2002, 297: 787 .
[19] Woo, H. S. zerw, R. C Weberster. S. Organic light emitting diodes fabricated with single wall carbon nanotubes dispersedin a hole conducting buffer: the role of carbon nanotubes in a hole conducting polymer[J]. Synth. Met. 2001, 116: 369-372 .
[20] Tans, S. J. Vershueren, A. R. M. Dekker. C. Chemically Modified Calcium Phosphates as Novel Materials for Bisphosphonate Delivery*[J]. Nature, 1998, 393: 49 .
[21] Xu, ZH, Wu, Y, Hu, B, et al.Carbon nanotube effects on electroluminescence and photovoltaic response in conjugated polymers[J]. Appl. Phys. Lett., 87 (26): - DEC 26 2005 .
[1] Forrest, S. R. Burrows, P. E. Thompson, M. E. Laser Focus World,February, 31, 99 (1995) .
[2] Parker, I. D. Carrier tunneling and device characteristics in polymer light-emitting diodes J. Appl. Phys. 75, 1656 (1994) .
[3]黄春辉,李富友,黄维,有机电致发光材料与器件导论,复旦大学出版社,2005年9月。
[4] Karg, S. Meier, M. Riess, W. Light-emitting diodes based on poly-p-phenylene-vinylene: I. Charge-carrier injection and transport, J. Appl.Phys. 82, 1951(1997) .
[5] Burrows, P. E. Shen, Z. Bulovic, V. McCarty, D. M. S. R. Forrest,Relationship between electroluminescence and current transport in organic heterojunction light-emitting devices J. Appl. Phys. 79, 7991(1996) .
[6] Blom, P. W. Mdejong, M. J. Vieggaar, J. J. Height of the energy barrier existing between cathodes and hydroxyquinoline–aluminum complex of organic electroluminescence devices Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 3308(1996) .
[7] Campbell, I.H. Davids, P.S. Smith, D.L. Barashkov. N.N. Ferraris, J.P. The schottky energy barrier dependence of charge injection in organic light-emitting diodes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 1863(1998) .
[8] Adachi, C. Tokito, S. Tsutsui, T. Saito, S. Electroluminescence in organic films with a 3-layer structure Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 27, L269 (1988) .
[9] Adachi, C. Tokito, S. Tsutsui, T. Saito, S. Organic electroluminescent devices with a 3-layer structure Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 27, L713 (1988) .
[10] Burrows, E. Sapochak, L. S. McCarty, D. M. Forrest,S. R. Thompson, M. E. Metal ion dependent luminescence effects in metal tris-quinolate organic heterojunction light emitting devices, Appl. Phys. Lett. 64,2718(1994) .
[11] Hopkins, T. A. Meerholz, K. Shaheen, S. Anderson, M. L. A. Schmidt,B. kippelen, A. B. Padias, H. K. Hall, Jr., Peyghambarian, N. and R.Armstrong , Chem. Mater. N. 8, 344(1996) .
[12] Hamada, Y. Sano, T. Fujita, M. Fujii, T. Nishio, Y. Shibata, K. Organi electroluminescent devices with 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative-metal complexes as an emitter, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 32, L514(1993) .
[13] Hamada, Y. Sano, T. Shibata, K. Kuroki, K. Influence of the emission site on the running durability of organic electroluminescent devices Jpn. J.Appl. Phys. 34, L824(1995) .
[14] Dodabalapur,A.Rothberg,L.J.Miller,T.M.Color variation with electroluminescent organic semiconductors in multimode resonant cavities,Appl. Phys. Lett.65, 2308(1994) .
[15] Kido, T. Matsumoto, Bright organic electroluminescent devices having a metal-doped electron-injecting layer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2866(1998) .
[16] Jabbour, G. E. Kippelen, B. Armstrong, N. R. Peyghambarian,Aluminum N. based cathode structure for enhanced electron injection in electroluminescent organic devices, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 1185 (1998) .
[17] Brown, T. M. Friend, R. H. Millard, I. S. Lacey, D. J. Burroughes, J. H. Cacialli. F.LiF/Al cathodes and the effect of LiF thickness on the device characteristics and built-in potential of polymer light-emitting diodes, Appl.Phys. Lett. 77, 3096(2000) .
[18]施琴芬,王筱梅,蒋宛莉,杨平,蒋雪璋,闻荻江,许宝贵,以萘为π-中心的双芪类衍生物双光子上转换荧光性能研究. [J]光谱学与光谱分析. 2005, 25 (12):1925。
[19]王筱梅,周玉芳,刘志强,蒋民华等。中国科学(E), 2002,32(1):20。
[20]王振何正红谭兴文陶敏龙李国庆熊祖洪磁场对有机电致发光的影响.物理学报. Vol. 56 .No. 5(2007)。
[21] Yue Wu and Bin Hu, Jane Howe, An-Ping Li and Jian Shen, Phys. Rev. B 75, 075413(2007) .
[22] Ern V. and Merrifield, R. E. Phys. Rev. Lett. 21, 609(1968) .
[23] Kalinowski, J. Cocchi, M. Virgili, D. Marco, P. D. and Fattori, V. Chem. Phys. Lett. 380, 710 (2003) .
[24] Finkenzeller W. J. and Yersin, H. Chem. Phys. Lett. 377, 299(2003) .
[25] Frankevich, E. L. Chem. Phys. 297, 315(2004) .
[26] Ito, F. Ikoma, T. Akiyama, K. Watanabe, A. and Tero-Kubota, S. Phys. J.Chem. B 108, 8707(2005) .
[27] Davis A. H. and Bussmann, K. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 22, 1885 (2004) .
[28] Rashba.E I. Theory of electrical spin injection: tunnelcontacts as a solution of the conductivity mismatch problems J. Phys Rev B, 62: R16267 2000 .
[29] Smith D L,Silver R N. Electrical spin injectioninto semiconductors J. Phys Rev B, 64:045323(2001) .
[30] Fert A, Jaff ES H. Conditions for efficient spininjection from aferromagnetic metal into a semiconductor, [J]. Phys Rev B, 64:184420(2001) .
[31] Malajovic I, Bery J, Awschalom D, Persistent souring of coherent spins for multifunctional semiconductor spintronics, [J]. Nature,411:770-772(2001) .
[32] Parker, I.D. Carrier tunneling and device characteristics in polymer light-emtting diodes, J .J. Appl. Phys. 75 (3):1656-1666(1994) .
[33] Heeger, A. J. Parker I. D. and Yang. Y Carrier injection into semiconducting polymers: Fowler-Nordheim field-emission tunneling [J]. Synth Met .67(1-3):23-29(1994) .
[34] Johnson, R. C. Merrifield, R. E. Avakian, P. and Flippen, R. B. Phys. Rev. Lett. 19, 285 (1967) .
[35] Ern V.and Merrifield, R. E. Phys. Rev. Lett.21, 609 (1968) .
[36] Cheng-Jun Sun Yue Wu, Zhihua Xu, and Bin Hu APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 90, 232110(2007) .
[37] Friend R. H., Gymer, R. W. Holmes, A. B. Burroughes, J. H..Marks, R. N Taliani, C. Bradley, D. D. C. Dos Santos, D. A. .Bredas, J. L ogdlund, M.Land Salaneck, W. R. Nature(London) 397, 121(1999) . .
[2] Burroughes J It ,Bradley D D C,BROWN A R,et a1 .Light—emitting diodes based Oil conjugated polymer [J] .Nature ,1990 ,347 ;539—541 .
[3] Kido J,Hayase H,Hongawa K,et a1 .Bright red light—emitting elcctrolmninesccnt devices having a europium complex as 811 emitter [J].Appl Phys tett,1994 ,65: 2124—2126 .
[4]Baldo M A,O’Brien D F,YOU Y,et a1.Hish ettlcient phosphorescent emission from organic electmluminescent devices [J].Nature,1998,395;151—154 .
[5]Muller C D,Falcou A L.Reckfuss N,et a1.Multi—colour organic light—emitting displays by solution processingl[J],Nature,2003,421;829—831 .
[6]Baldo M A,Thompson M E,Forrest S R,High—efiqciency fluorescent organic light—emitting devices using a phosphorescent sensitizer[J] .Nature,2000,403 :750—753 .
[7] Lane P.Seeing organic displays in a new light [J] .Phys worId ,2000 ( 5 ) :23—27 .
[8]Krasnowa N.ELDs rise on organic wings [J],Information Display .2OO2 ,3 :18—22 .
[9] Van Dijk; Joost T M. [J] Org. Chem. 1996, 61(3):1136-1140 .
[10] Kalosha I, Tolkachev V A. Zhu. Prikl. Spektroskopi, 1971, 14:537-540 .
[11]胡建军,于艳,周春隆,精细石油化工,1996, 6:4-9 .
[12] Okada T, Fujita T, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1972, (14):563 .
[13] Knibbe H, Rollig K, et al. [J] Chem. Phys., 1967, (47):1184 .
[14] Rettig W., Chen. Int. ED. Engl., 1986, (25):971 .
[15]干福熹主编,信息材料,吴世康著,有机光电子材料,天津大学出版社,2000,136 .
[16] Dai Z; Wu S K; Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 1999,15:1076 .
[17]杨锦宗,张芊卉,化学通报,1985,9,34-41 .
[18]王志刚,周毅,刘祖愉,王向荣,[J]塑料工业,1995,2:15-18 .
[19]王彦吉,宋增福,光谱分析与色谱分析,北京大学出版社,1995:118 .
[20]钱士雄,王恭明编著,非线性光学-原理与进展,复旦大学出版社,2001 .
[21]Drost K J, Jen A K-Y, Rao V P. Designing organic NLO Materials. Chemtech, 1995,Sep.16 .
[22] Goper-Mayer M. Ann Phys.,1931,9:273 .
[23]王筱梅,电荷转移的对称性与分子的双光子吸收/辐射(荧光、激射)性能研究,博士论文,2001,山东,济南。
[24] Wrappand, Bgronau. Chem Phys Lett, 1971,8:529 .
[25] ASKwok, Aserpenguzel, etal Opt Lett, 1992,17:1435 .
[26] Amukher jee. Appl Phys Lett, 1993,62:3423 .
[27] Parthenoponlos D.A.; Rentzepis P M, [J] Science, 1989,245:844 .
[28] Cumpston B H; Marder S R, et al, [J] Nature, 1999,398:51 .
[29] Alobata M, Beljionne D, Bradsa J L, et al, [J] Science, 1998,281:1653~1656 .
[30] Chen,deqiang; Zhou,yongjun; Xia,andong; Proceeding of SPIE-The international Society for Optical Engineering, 2001, Vol. 4601:390~395 .
[31] Sean M. Kirkpatrick; Rajesh R. Naik; Morley O. Stone; [J] Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol.105,n14, Apr. 12,2002:2867~2873 .
[32] Martin. Liphardt; Arosha. Goonesekera; Brian E. Ducharme; Stephen Ducharme; Zhang Lei, [J] Science, Jan 21, 1994,263:367~369 .
[33]Clair. Jean-Jacques; Landraud-Lamole. Anne, Proceeding of SPIE-The international Society for Optical Engineering,1995, Vol.2451:436~445 .
[34] Parthnopoulos D A; Rentzepis P, [J] Science,1989,245:843 .
[35]汪国平,[J]物理,2000,Vol.29,No.9:546~549 .
[36]雷虹,黄振立,汪河洲,[J]物理,2003,(32),1:19~26 .
[37] He G S, Rgvishi, Prasad P N, Reinhardt B A. Opt Commun, 1995,117:133.
[38] Ehrlich J E, Wu X L, etal Opt Lett, 1997,22:1843 .
[39] Spangler C W. J Mater Chem, 1999,9:2013 .
[40] Leite R C C, Proto S P S, Damen P C, [J] Appl. Phys. Lett. 1967,100(3):100 .
[41]杨在富等,激光防护器材的研究现状及进展,[J]激光杂志,1999,(20),1:4 .
[42] Cumpston B H; Ananthaval S P; Bsrlow S, [J] Nature, 1999, 398:51 .
[43] Kawata S, Sun H B; Tanaka T, [J] Nature, 2001, 412: 697 .
[44] Tang C W, Vanslyke S A, Appl. Phys. Lett., 1987, 51, 913 .
[1] Freeman, A. W. Koene S. C. et al. [J] J. Am. Chem. Soc, 2000, 122, 12385 .
[2] Halim M., Samuel J. N. et al. [J] Adv. Mater, 1999, 11, 371 .
[3] Huang Z. Z., Wang X. M., Li B., Lu C. G., Xu J., Jiang W. L., Tao X. T., Qian S. X., Cui Y. P., Yang P.. [J] Optical Materials, 2007, 29, 1084 .
[4] Li W. L., Wang X. M., Jiang W. L., Yang P., Yan Y. L., Qian S. X., Wang Z. M.. [J] Dyes and Pigments, 2008, 76, 485 .
[5] Wang X. M., Yang P., Li B., Jiang W. L., Huang W., Qian S. X., Tao X. T., Jiang M. H.. [J] Chemical Physics Letters, 2006, 424, 333 .
[6]王筱梅,杨平,施琴芬,蒋宛莉,程晶磊.[J]化学学报(ACTA CHIMICA SINIC), 2003,61,1646 .
[7]’Brien D. F. O, Baldo M. A., Thompson M. E., Forrest S. R.. [J] Appl. Phys. Lett, 1999, 74, 442 .
[8] Peumans P., Bulovic V., Forrest S. R.. [J] Appl. Phys. Lett, 2000, 76, 2650 .
[9] Pfeiffer G. H, M., Leo K., Hofmann M., Birnstock J., Pudzich R. and Salbeck J.. [J] Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 85, 3911 .
[1] Nikolaev Pavel,Michael J.B et al. Model of carbon nanotubes growth through chemical vapor deposition[J]. Chem.Phys.Lett., 2002,313:91-97 .
[2]刘璐琪,郭志新,戴黎明,等。碳纳米管的有机化学修饰[J]。化工新型材料,2004,32(7):1-5 .
[3]Tohji,KT. Goto. Purifying single-walled nanotubes[J]. Nature, 1996, 383:679-680 .
[4] Jorio, A.. Pimenta, M. A. Souza Filho, A. G et al. Characterizing carbon nanotube samples with resonance Raman scattering [J]. New Journal of Physics, 2003, 139: 1-17 .
[5] Jnone, E. Thorng, N. R. Fordst, T. G. et al. Double resonance Raman spectroscopy of single-wall carbon nanotubes [J]. New Journal of Chemstry 5, 2004, 162: 102-117 .
[6] Ferrari, A. C. Robertson. J. Interpretation of Raman spectra of disordered carbon[J]. Phys. Rev. B 2000,61: 14095 .
[7] Hemraj-Benny, T. Banerjee, S. Wong. S. S. Interactions of Lanthanide Complexes with Oxidized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes[J]. Chem. Mater., 2004, 16: 1855-1863 .
[8] Kukovecz, A. Pichler, T. Pfeiffer, R. et al. Diameter selective charge transfer in p- and n-doped single wall carbon nanotubes synthesized by the HiPCO method[J]. Chem. Commun. 2002, 5: 1730-1731 .
[9] Tsang, S.C. Chen,Y.K H.Green, M. L.et al. A simple chemical method of opening and filling carbon nanotubes[J]. Nature, 1994, 372:159-162 .
[10] Lago, R. M. Tsang, S. C. Green, M. L. H. et al. Filling carbon nanotubes with small palladium metal crystallites:the effect of surface acid groups[J].Chem Commu, 1995, 7(3): 1355-1365 .
[11] Hiura, H. Ebbesen, T. M. Tanigaki. K. Opening and purification of carbon nanotubes in high yields [J]. Adv mater, 1995, 7:275-276 .
[12] Liu, J. Rinzler, A. G. Dai, H. et al. Fullerene Pipes [J]. Science, 280: 1253 .
[13] Zh. H. Xu, Y. Wu, B. Hu, et al. Carbon nanotube effects on electroluminescence and photovoltaic response in conjugated polymers [J]. Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 2005,263: 118-120 .
[14]Woo,H.S.Czerw,R.Weberster,S.et al. Hole blocking in carbon nanotube--polymer composite organic light-emitting application[J]. Appl.Phys. Lett., 2000, 77: 1393 .
[15] Fujimoto, K. Toyoshi, T. Doi, Y. Inouye, M. et al. Special Issue of Carbon Nanotubes[J]. Acc. Chem. Res.2002, 35(12) .
[16] Ajayan. P. M. Nanotubes from Carbon[J]. Chem. Rev., 1999, 99: 1787 .
[17] Yakobson, B. I. Smalley R. E.. Fullerene Nanotubes: C. sub. 1,000,000 and Beyond[J]. Sci., 1997, 85:324 .
[18] Baughman, R. H. Zakhidov, A. A. Heer, W. A. Carbon Nanotubes-the Route Toward applications[J].Science, 2002, 297: 787 .
[19] Woo, H. S. zerw, R. C Weberster. S. Organic light emitting diodes fabricated with single wall carbon nanotubes dispersedin a hole conducting buffer: the role of carbon nanotubes in a hole conducting polymer[J]. Synth. Met. 2001, 116: 369-372 .
[20] Tans, S. J. Vershueren, A. R. M. Dekker. C. Chemically Modified Calcium Phosphates as Novel Materials for Bisphosphonate Delivery*[J]. Nature, 1998, 393: 49 .
[21] Xu, ZH, Wu, Y, Hu, B, et al.Carbon nanotube effects on electroluminescence and photovoltaic response in conjugated polymers[J]. Appl. Phys. Lett., 87 (26): - DEC 26 2005 .
[1] Forrest, S. R. Burrows, P. E. Thompson, M. E. Laser Focus World,February, 31, 99 (1995) .
[2] Parker, I. D. Carrier tunneling and device characteristics in polymer light-emitting diodes J. Appl. Phys. 75, 1656 (1994) .
[3]黄春辉,李富友,黄维,有机电致发光材料与器件导论,复旦大学出版社,2005年9月。
[4] Karg, S. Meier, M. Riess, W. Light-emitting diodes based on poly-p-phenylene-vinylene: I. Charge-carrier injection and transport, J. Appl.Phys. 82, 1951(1997) .
[5] Burrows, P. E. Shen, Z. Bulovic, V. McCarty, D. M. S. R. Forrest,Relationship between electroluminescence and current transport in organic heterojunction light-emitting devices J. Appl. Phys. 79, 7991(1996) .
[6] Blom, P. W. Mdejong, M. J. Vieggaar, J. J. Height of the energy barrier existing between cathodes and hydroxyquinoline–aluminum complex of organic electroluminescence devices Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 3308(1996) .
[7] Campbell, I.H. Davids, P.S. Smith, D.L. Barashkov. N.N. Ferraris, J.P. The schottky energy barrier dependence of charge injection in organic light-emitting diodes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 1863(1998) .
[8] Adachi, C. Tokito, S. Tsutsui, T. Saito, S. Electroluminescence in organic films with a 3-layer structure Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 27, L269 (1988) .
[9] Adachi, C. Tokito, S. Tsutsui, T. Saito, S. Organic electroluminescent devices with a 3-layer structure Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 27, L713 (1988) .
[10] Burrows, E. Sapochak, L. S. McCarty, D. M. Forrest,S. R. Thompson, M. E. Metal ion dependent luminescence effects in metal tris-quinolate organic heterojunction light emitting devices, Appl. Phys. Lett. 64,2718(1994) .
[11] Hopkins, T. A. Meerholz, K. Shaheen, S. Anderson, M. L. A. Schmidt,B. kippelen, A. B. Padias, H. K. Hall, Jr., Peyghambarian, N. and R.Armstrong , Chem. Mater. N. 8, 344(1996) .
[12] Hamada, Y. Sano, T. Fujita, M. Fujii, T. Nishio, Y. Shibata, K. Organi electroluminescent devices with 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative-metal complexes as an emitter, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 32, L514(1993) .
[13] Hamada, Y. Sano, T. Shibata, K. Kuroki, K. Influence of the emission site on the running durability of organic electroluminescent devices Jpn. J.Appl. Phys. 34, L824(1995) .
[14] Dodabalapur,A.Rothberg,L.J.Miller,T.M.Color variation with electroluminescent organic semiconductors in multimode resonant cavities,Appl. Phys. Lett.65, 2308(1994) .
[15] Kido, T. Matsumoto, Bright organic electroluminescent devices having a metal-doped electron-injecting layer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2866(1998) .
[16] Jabbour, G. E. Kippelen, B. Armstrong, N. R. Peyghambarian,Aluminum N. based cathode structure for enhanced electron injection in electroluminescent organic devices, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 1185 (1998) .
[17] Brown, T. M. Friend, R. H. Millard, I. S. Lacey, D. J. Burroughes, J. H. Cacialli. F.LiF/Al cathodes and the effect of LiF thickness on the device characteristics and built-in potential of polymer light-emitting diodes, Appl.Phys. Lett. 77, 3096(2000) .
[18]施琴芬,王筱梅,蒋宛莉,杨平,蒋雪璋,闻荻江,许宝贵,以萘为π-中心的双芪类衍生物双光子上转换荧光性能研究. [J]光谱学与光谱分析. 2005, 25 (12):1925。
[19]王筱梅,周玉芳,刘志强,蒋民华等。中国科学(E), 2002,32(1):20。
[20]王振何正红谭兴文陶敏龙李国庆熊祖洪磁场对有机电致发光的影响.物理学报. Vol. 56 .No. 5(2007)。
[21] Yue Wu and Bin Hu, Jane Howe, An-Ping Li and Jian Shen, Phys. Rev. B 75, 075413(2007) .
[22] Ern V. and Merrifield, R. E. Phys. Rev. Lett. 21, 609(1968) .
[23] Kalinowski, J. Cocchi, M. Virgili, D. Marco, P. D. and Fattori, V. Chem. Phys. Lett. 380, 710 (2003) .
[24] Finkenzeller W. J. and Yersin, H. Chem. Phys. Lett. 377, 299(2003) .
[25] Frankevich, E. L. Chem. Phys. 297, 315(2004) .
[26] Ito, F. Ikoma, T. Akiyama, K. Watanabe, A. and Tero-Kubota, S. Phys. J.Chem. B 108, 8707(2005) .
[27] Davis A. H. and Bussmann, K. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 22, 1885 (2004) .
[28] Rashba.E I. Theory of electrical spin injection: tunnelcontacts as a solution of the conductivity mismatch problems J. Phys Rev B, 62: R16267 2000 .
[29] Smith D L,Silver R N. Electrical spin injectioninto semiconductors J. Phys Rev B, 64:045323(2001) .
[30] Fert A, Jaff ES H. Conditions for efficient spininjection from aferromagnetic metal into a semiconductor, [J]. Phys Rev B, 64:184420(2001) .
[31] Malajovic I, Bery J, Awschalom D, Persistent souring of coherent spins for multifunctional semiconductor spintronics, [J]. Nature,411:770-772(2001) .
[32] Parker, I.D. Carrier tunneling and device characteristics in polymer light-emtting diodes, J .J. Appl. Phys. 75 (3):1656-1666(1994) .
[33] Heeger, A. J. Parker I. D. and Yang. Y Carrier injection into semiconducting polymers: Fowler-Nordheim field-emission tunneling [J]. Synth Met .67(1-3):23-29(1994) .
[34] Johnson, R. C. Merrifield, R. E. Avakian, P. and Flippen, R. B. Phys. Rev. Lett. 19, 285 (1967) .
[35] Ern V.and Merrifield, R. E. Phys. Rev. Lett.21, 609 (1968) .
[36] Cheng-Jun Sun Yue Wu, Zhihua Xu, and Bin Hu APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 90, 232110(2007) .
[37] Friend R. H., Gymer, R. W. Holmes, A. B. Burroughes, J. H..Marks, R. N Taliani, C. Bradley, D. D. C. Dos Santos, D. A. .Bredas, J. L ogdlund, M.Land Salaneck, W. R. Nature(London) 397, 121(1999) . .