风景名胜区景区空间结构分形研究
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摘要
具有2200多年悠久历史的都江堰,自古维护着川西平原生态平衡与安全。它与青城山紧相毗连,构成独特的地理区位,具备自然与人文景观丰富、植被类型多样、山体造型奇特等旅游资源优势,是我国首批公布的国家重点风景名胜区。本论文以青城山——都江堰风景名胜区景区为研究对象,首次以分形理论作指导,通过实地调查,对景区空间结构的特征、演变及优化进行研究,成果如下：
(1)对青城山——都江堰风景名胜区景观资源现状和土地利用现状进行了分析评价。景观资源类型丰富,以江河潭池等水景数目最多,其次是地景和生景,各地形地势相互拼接、叠加、咬合,使整个景观空间结构体系明显。研究区用地复杂,是功能区、景区、保护区等整合并用的用地结构,用地类型按照所占面积大小排列依次是：风景游赏用地、林地、水域、园地、居民社会用地、游览设施用地、交通与工程用地、耕地。
(2)采用分形方法来研究风景名胜区景点系统空间结构是可行的。在166个采样点中,按照形成时间、开发力度与分形结构,选取84个代表景点,并根据不同的生态地形地貌特征、人类干扰及土地利用等特征对景点进行划分,其中具有一级分形结构特征的景点18个,二级分形结构特征的景点是66个。
(3)在系统分析国内外风景名胜区景区空间结构研究的基础上,以分形为理论依据,通过对青城山——都江堰风景名胜区地形资料及测定数据的分析,揭示了研究区空间结构的分形特征：景点系统空间分布的集聚性强,系统的有序度高,空间结构紧致,具有演化自组织优化的趋势。但三个组成部分的形态类型自相似性不同,就自组织发展趋势,青城前山景区优势最强,都江堰景区最不稳定,青城后山景区被优化空间最大。
(4)运用分形理论,借助GIS技术,对研究区域空间结构的演化规律进行了研究,研究区景点从中心向外围有递变(递增或递减)的趋势,且在不同方向上递变的比率不同。在此基础上,探讨了影响景区空间结构演变的机制：一是景区景点系统内在的自组织作用,二是景区空间外部的他组织作用,正是这两者的对立统一促进了景区空间结构发展。
(5)提出青城山——都江堰风景名胜区景区空间体系的优化策略：在分形结构优化的基础上兼顾以自然价值、文化价值和经济价值为主的价值理性优化。通过形态演进自组织特征,中心地体系发展,整体的全局集成水平,局部集成水平,以及全局与局部结构关系上的分析,指出都江堰景区、青城前山和青城后山景区空间结构发展的不同侧重点,提出基于分形理论最优化与价值理性最大化的理想空间模式。
Dujiangyan, having a long history of 2,200 years, maintains the ecological balance and security of Sichuan plain since ancient times. Dujiangyan and Mount qingcheng, tighted contiguous, form a unique geographical location. That, having tourism resources of abundant with natural and cultural landscape, diverse vegetation types, exotic mountain shapes, is one of the national key scenic spot in first publication.In this study, spatial structure, evolution and optimization of Mountain qingcheng-Dujiangyan scenic spot scenic features was researched, guided by the fractal theory for the first time, by the field investigation. The results are as follows:
(1)Landscape Resources and land use on Mountain qingcheng-Dujiangyan scenic were analyzed and evaluated. Type of landscape resources are rich,the largest with water features such as rivers and lake basins, followed by landscape and health scene. The whole system of landscape spatial structure are so obvious by each splice form, superposition, bite of topography.The land use structure of studied area are complexed, integrated with functional areas, scenic areas and protected areas. Land use type according to area is: landscape lour land, forest, water, garden, residents of social sites, tour facilities sites, traffic and engineering land, cultivated land.
(2)The fractal method to study the system spatial structure of scenic area is feasible. 84 representative attractions in the sample of 166 sites, in accordance with development time, development efforts and the fractal structure,were selected,and be divided under different ecological terrain characteristics, human disturbance and land use characteristics.They have 18 fist fractal structural characteristics spots,66of secondary fractal structure spots.
(3)Fractal characteristics of the spatial structure in the studied area are revealed, based on systematic analysis of the scenic space structure and fractal as theoretical basis, through analysis in terrain data and measured data of Mountain qingcheng-Dujiangyan scenic spots.The characteristics is strong spatial distribution of cluster sites, high order system, compact spatial structure, and having trends of self-organizing optimization.However, the self-similarity of shape types of the three components is different. The self-organization development trend advantages of former Mountain Qingcheng is the strongest. the Dujiangyan scenic is most stable. The Mountain Qingcheng scenic needs most optimization.
(4)The evolution of spatial structure was studied by Fractal theory and GIS technology. Studied area attractions has the trends of homologous (increasing or decreasing) from the centertrend to the periphery, and the rates are different in different directions.On this basis, the evolution mechanisms affecting spatial structure was revealed and described: Self-organization within the system of scenic attractions and External organizations of Space External, the unity of opposites them promote structure development.
(5)Optimization strategy of Mountain qingcheng-Dujiangyan scenic spot scenic space system were proposed, both the value-based rational optimization including natural value, cultural value and economic value on the basis of fractal structure. The different focus in spatial structure developing of the Dujiangyan scenic spot, the former Mountain qingcheng and the Mountain qingcheng were pointed out, ideal spatial patterns were proposed based on fractal theory optimization and maximizing rational value, through self-organizing feature of Morphological evolution, system development of the center, the overall Integration level, local integration, as well as the relationship structure analysis between Entirety and locality.
(1)对青城山——都江堰风景名胜区景观资源现状和土地利用现状进行了分析评价。景观资源类型丰富,以江河潭池等水景数目最多,其次是地景和生景,各地形地势相互拼接、叠加、咬合,使整个景观空间结构体系明显。研究区用地复杂,是功能区、景区、保护区等整合并用的用地结构,用地类型按照所占面积大小排列依次是：风景游赏用地、林地、水域、园地、居民社会用地、游览设施用地、交通与工程用地、耕地。
(2)采用分形方法来研究风景名胜区景点系统空间结构是可行的。在166个采样点中,按照形成时间、开发力度与分形结构,选取84个代表景点,并根据不同的生态地形地貌特征、人类干扰及土地利用等特征对景点进行划分,其中具有一级分形结构特征的景点18个,二级分形结构特征的景点是66个。
(3)在系统分析国内外风景名胜区景区空间结构研究的基础上,以分形为理论依据,通过对青城山——都江堰风景名胜区地形资料及测定数据的分析,揭示了研究区空间结构的分形特征：景点系统空间分布的集聚性强,系统的有序度高,空间结构紧致,具有演化自组织优化的趋势。但三个组成部分的形态类型自相似性不同,就自组织发展趋势,青城前山景区优势最强,都江堰景区最不稳定,青城后山景区被优化空间最大。
(4)运用分形理论,借助GIS技术,对研究区域空间结构的演化规律进行了研究,研究区景点从中心向外围有递变(递增或递减)的趋势,且在不同方向上递变的比率不同。在此基础上,探讨了影响景区空间结构演变的机制：一是景区景点系统内在的自组织作用,二是景区空间外部的他组织作用,正是这两者的对立统一促进了景区空间结构发展。
(5)提出青城山——都江堰风景名胜区景区空间体系的优化策略：在分形结构优化的基础上兼顾以自然价值、文化价值和经济价值为主的价值理性优化。通过形态演进自组织特征,中心地体系发展,整体的全局集成水平,局部集成水平,以及全局与局部结构关系上的分析,指出都江堰景区、青城前山和青城后山景区空间结构发展的不同侧重点,提出基于分形理论最优化与价值理性最大化的理想空间模式。
Dujiangyan, having a long history of 2,200 years, maintains the ecological balance and security of Sichuan plain since ancient times. Dujiangyan and Mount qingcheng, tighted contiguous, form a unique geographical location. That, having tourism resources of abundant with natural and cultural landscape, diverse vegetation types, exotic mountain shapes, is one of the national key scenic spot in first publication.In this study, spatial structure, evolution and optimization of Mountain qingcheng-Dujiangyan scenic spot scenic features was researched, guided by the fractal theory for the first time, by the field investigation. The results are as follows:
(1)Landscape Resources and land use on Mountain qingcheng-Dujiangyan scenic were analyzed and evaluated. Type of landscape resources are rich,the largest with water features such as rivers and lake basins, followed by landscape and health scene. The whole system of landscape spatial structure are so obvious by each splice form, superposition, bite of topography.The land use structure of studied area are complexed, integrated with functional areas, scenic areas and protected areas. Land use type according to area is: landscape lour land, forest, water, garden, residents of social sites, tour facilities sites, traffic and engineering land, cultivated land.
(2)The fractal method to study the system spatial structure of scenic area is feasible. 84 representative attractions in the sample of 166 sites, in accordance with development time, development efforts and the fractal structure,were selected,and be divided under different ecological terrain characteristics, human disturbance and land use characteristics.They have 18 fist fractal structural characteristics spots,66of secondary fractal structure spots.
(3)Fractal characteristics of the spatial structure in the studied area are revealed, based on systematic analysis of the scenic space structure and fractal as theoretical basis, through analysis in terrain data and measured data of Mountain qingcheng-Dujiangyan scenic spots.The characteristics is strong spatial distribution of cluster sites, high order system, compact spatial structure, and having trends of self-organizing optimization.However, the self-similarity of shape types of the three components is different. The self-organization development trend advantages of former Mountain Qingcheng is the strongest. the Dujiangyan scenic is most stable. The Mountain Qingcheng scenic needs most optimization.
(4)The evolution of spatial structure was studied by Fractal theory and GIS technology. Studied area attractions has the trends of homologous (increasing or decreasing) from the centertrend to the periphery, and the rates are different in different directions.On this basis, the evolution mechanisms affecting spatial structure was revealed and described: Self-organization within the system of scenic attractions and External organizations of Space External, the unity of opposites them promote structure development.
(5)Optimization strategy of Mountain qingcheng-Dujiangyan scenic spot scenic space system were proposed, both the value-based rational optimization including natural value, cultural value and economic value on the basis of fractal structure. The different focus in spatial structure developing of the Dujiangyan scenic spot, the former Mountain qingcheng and the Mountain qingcheng were pointed out, ideal spatial patterns were proposed based on fractal theory optimization and maximizing rational value, through self-organizing feature of Morphological evolution, system development of the center, the overall Integration level, local integration, as well as the relationship structure analysis between Entirety and locality.
引文
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