基于TinyOS系统的IEEE 802.15.4MAC协议的实现及关键技术研究
摘要
随着传感器技术、无线通信技术和嵌入式计算机技术的迅速发展,无线传感器网络已经逐步成为当前无线网络界关注的新兴前沿科技研究热点之一,在众多领域具有十分广阔的应用前景。IEEE 802.15.4作为一种专为低速率无线个人区域网络而设计的短距离无线通信标准,制定了物理层(PHY)和媒体访问控制(MAC)规范,为无线传感器网络提供了一种很好的解决方案。
由于现行的IEEE 802.15.4研究环境大多是以各个芯片厂商提供的非开源函数库为平台,研究者很难了解其协议细节以及工作流程。为此,加州大学伯克利分校提出了无线传感器网络的开发性研究计划,并设计了无线传感器网络的硬件平台、操作系统TinyOS以及网络协议。同时,随着无线传感器节点向小型化、低成本方向的发展,芯片厂商开始提供基于SoC技术的IEEE 802.15.4射频芯片,如文中选用的CC2430芯片,集2.4GHz射频与增强型8051内核于一体,但由于MCU 8051的体系结构限制,导致TinyOS系统不能运行于该平台。
本文首先在深入研究无线传感器网络体系结构和IEEE 802.15.4标准协议的基础上,设计了基于CC2430芯片的无线传感器硬件研究平台,继而在该平台上移植了TinyOS操作系统,为后续协议研究建立了开发环境。然后,根据TinyOS和IEEE 802.15.4的体系结构与工作机制,设计了IEEE 802.15.4在TinyOS上实现的框架,以及按照模块化设计的思路实现了底层系统软件、物理层与MAC子层的协议。最后,测试本课题实现的协议栈,并与非开源协议栈性能进行比较。
基于TinyOS系统的IEEE 802.15.4协议栈的实现,有助于研究者在开源环境下研究适用于CC2430的IEEE 802.15.4协议栈,摆脱芯片厂商协议栈库的束缚,为后续高层协议和应用程序的开发提供平台。
As the rapid development of the sensor technology, wireless communication technology and embedded computer technology, wireless sensor networks have gradually become one of the focuses of the emerging cutting-edge technology in the field of wireless network and have broad application prospects in many areas. As a wireless communication standard dedicated for low-rate and short-distance communication, IEEE 802.15.4 protocol defines the specifications of physical layer and media access control, providing a good solution for wireless sensor networks.
As current IEEE 802.15.4 research environment is mostly based on the platform with non-open source library provided by chip manufacturers, it is difficult for researchers to understand the details of the protocols and their workflow. University of California, Berkeley, proposed the research project of wireless sensor network and designed a hardware platforms, operating systems TinyOS and network protocols for wireless sensor network. Meanwhile, with the development direction of miniaturization and low-cost of wireless sensor nodes, chip manufacturers begin to provide IEEE 802.15.4 RF chips based on SoC technology, such as CC2430 chip with 2.4GHz RF and an enhanced 8051 core integrated in one. However, with the limit of the architecture of 8051, the system can not run on this platform.
This paper firstly designs a hardware research platform for wireless sensor based on CC2430 chip and ports TinyOS on this platform, providing a development environment for following protocol research. Then according to the architecture and mechanism of TinyOS and IEEE 802.15.4, this paper designs the realization framework of IEEE 802.15.4 on TinyOS and realizes the low-layer system software and the protocols of physical layer and MAC sub-layer. Finally, this paper tests the designed the protocol stack, and makes a comparation with non-open source stack.
The implementation of IEEE 802.15.4 protocol stack based on TinyOS helps researchers study IEEE 802.15.4 protocol stack for CC2430 chip in open source environment, get rid of the shackles of the protocol stack library and provide a platform for for further development of high-layer protocols and applications.
由于现行的IEEE 802.15.4研究环境大多是以各个芯片厂商提供的非开源函数库为平台,研究者很难了解其协议细节以及工作流程。为此,加州大学伯克利分校提出了无线传感器网络的开发性研究计划,并设计了无线传感器网络的硬件平台、操作系统TinyOS以及网络协议。同时,随着无线传感器节点向小型化、低成本方向的发展,芯片厂商开始提供基于SoC技术的IEEE 802.15.4射频芯片,如文中选用的CC2430芯片,集2.4GHz射频与增强型8051内核于一体,但由于MCU 8051的体系结构限制,导致TinyOS系统不能运行于该平台。
本文首先在深入研究无线传感器网络体系结构和IEEE 802.15.4标准协议的基础上,设计了基于CC2430芯片的无线传感器硬件研究平台,继而在该平台上移植了TinyOS操作系统,为后续协议研究建立了开发环境。然后,根据TinyOS和IEEE 802.15.4的体系结构与工作机制,设计了IEEE 802.15.4在TinyOS上实现的框架,以及按照模块化设计的思路实现了底层系统软件、物理层与MAC子层的协议。最后,测试本课题实现的协议栈,并与非开源协议栈性能进行比较。
基于TinyOS系统的IEEE 802.15.4协议栈的实现,有助于研究者在开源环境下研究适用于CC2430的IEEE 802.15.4协议栈,摆脱芯片厂商协议栈库的束缚,为后续高层协议和应用程序的开发提供平台。
As the rapid development of the sensor technology, wireless communication technology and embedded computer technology, wireless sensor networks have gradually become one of the focuses of the emerging cutting-edge technology in the field of wireless network and have broad application prospects in many areas. As a wireless communication standard dedicated for low-rate and short-distance communication, IEEE 802.15.4 protocol defines the specifications of physical layer and media access control, providing a good solution for wireless sensor networks.
As current IEEE 802.15.4 research environment is mostly based on the platform with non-open source library provided by chip manufacturers, it is difficult for researchers to understand the details of the protocols and their workflow. University of California, Berkeley, proposed the research project of wireless sensor network and designed a hardware platforms, operating systems TinyOS and network protocols for wireless sensor network. Meanwhile, with the development direction of miniaturization and low-cost of wireless sensor nodes, chip manufacturers begin to provide IEEE 802.15.4 RF chips based on SoC technology, such as CC2430 chip with 2.4GHz RF and an enhanced 8051 core integrated in one. However, with the limit of the architecture of 8051, the system can not run on this platform.
This paper firstly designs a hardware research platform for wireless sensor based on CC2430 chip and ports TinyOS on this platform, providing a development environment for following protocol research. Then according to the architecture and mechanism of TinyOS and IEEE 802.15.4, this paper designs the realization framework of IEEE 802.15.4 on TinyOS and realizes the low-layer system software and the protocols of physical layer and MAC sub-layer. Finally, this paper tests the designed the protocol stack, and makes a comparation with non-open source stack.
The implementation of IEEE 802.15.4 protocol stack based on TinyOS helps researchers study IEEE 802.15.4 protocol stack for CC2430 chip in open source environment, get rid of the shackles of the protocol stack library and provide a platform for for further development of high-layer protocols and applications.
引文
[1] J.Hill, R.Szewczyk, A.Woo, S.Hollar, D.Culler, K.Pister. System Architecture Directions for Networked Sensors. http://www.tinyos.net, 2000
[2] W.Ye, J.Heidemann and D.Estrin, An energy-effieient MAC Protoeol for wireless sensor networks, in Proc.IEEEInfoeomm, 3, 2002.1567-1576
[3] Langendoen K, Van Dam T. An adaptive energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. [C]In: Proc 1st Int'l Annual Joint Conf on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems(Sensys), 2003.826-834
[4] Arisha K A, youssef M A, younis M F. Energy-aware TDMA-based MAC for Sensor networks. In: proc IEEE Workshop on Integrated Management of Power Aware Communications Computing and Networking(IMPACCT),2002.1057-1062
[5] Suggestions for the Improvement of the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard, 2003
[6] Martin Leopold and Marcus Chang. TinyOS 2 on 8051. http://www.tinyos8051wg.net, 2007
[7] SWRU173: 802.15.4 MAC User’s Guide For CC2430. Texas Instruments, 2009
[8]于海斌,曾鹏等.智能无线传感器网络系统.北京:科学出版社, 2006
[9] Akyildiz LF, Su WL, Sankarasubramaniam Y, Cayirci E.A survey on sensor networks[J]. IEEE Communications Magazine, 2002. 40(8): 102-114
[10]向前.无线传感器网络MAC协议研究.南京邮电大学, 2007
[11]孙利民,李建中等.无线传感器网络.北京:清华大学出版社, 2005
[12] IEEE Standards for Information technology. Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC)and Pysical Layer(PHY) Specifications for Low-Rae Wireless Personal Area Networks(LR-WPANs). IEEE Std 802.15.4-2003, 2003
[13]高守玮,吴灿阳. ZigBee技术实践教程--基于CC2430/31的无线传感器网络解决方案.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社, 2009
[14] Eirini Karapistoli and Fotini-Niovi Pavlidou. An Overview of the IEEE 802.15.4a Standard. IEEE Communications Magazine, 2010. 48(1): 43-49
[15] ZigBee Alliance. ZigBee specification v1.0. http://www.zigbee.org, December, 2004
[16] Internet Engineering Task Force: The IETF 6loWPAN website. http://www.ietf.org/ html.charters/6lowpan-charter.html
[17] IEEE Standards for Information technology. Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC)and Pysical Layer(PHY) Specifications for Low-Rae Wireless Personal Area Networks(LR-WPANs). IEEE Std 802.15.4-2006, 2006
[18] IEEE Computer Society: Part 2: Logical Link Control. http://standards.ieee.org, 1998
[19]缪迪,基于Zigbee的无线传感器网络硬件设计及应用.浙江大学, 2010
[20] CC2430 Datasheet: A True System-on-Chip solution for 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee? (Rev.F). Texas Instruments, 2007
[21] CC2530 Datasheet: A True System-on-Chip Solution for 2.4-GHz IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee Applications (Rev.B). Texas Instruments, 2010
[22] EM35x Datasheet: High-Performance, Integrated ZigBee/802.15.4 System-on-Chip (Rev.E). Ember Corporation, 2010
[23] JN5139 Datasheet: IEEE802.15.4 and ZigBee Wireless Microcontrollers v1.9. Jennic Ltd, 2010
[24] MC13212 Datasheet: ZigBee?- Compliant Platform– 2.4 GHz Low Power Transceiver for the IEEE? 802.15.4 Standard plus Microcontroller v1.8. Freescale Semiconductor,2009
[25] CP2102 Datasheet: Single-chip USB To Uart Bridge v1.1. Silicon Laboratories, 2005
[26] SHT1x Datasheet: Humidity & Temperature Sensor v2.0. Sensirion AG, 2003
[27] S1087 Datasheet: Ceramic package photodiode with low dark current . Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 2001
[28] TPS79333: Ultra low-Noise, High PSRR, Fast RF 200mA Low-Dropout Linear Regulators In NanoStar? Wafer Chip Scale And SOT23. Texas Instruments, 2007
[29] TPS61070: 90% Efficient Synchronous Boost Converter With 600-mA Switch. Texas Instruments , 2009
[30] Audun Andersen. DN0007: 2.4 GHz Inverted F Antenna. Texas Instruments, 2008
[31] Audun Andersen. DN003: Implementation of Microstrip Balun for CC2420, CC243x, And CC2480. Texas Instruments, 2008
[32] David Gay, Philip Levis, Robert von Behren, Matt Welsh, Eric Brewer, David Culler.The nesC Language:A Holistic Approach to Networked Embedded Systems. Proceedings of Programing Language Design and Implementation(PLDI), 2003
[33] David Gay, David Culler, Philip Levis. nesC Language Reference Manual,2002
[34]张侃侃,刘晔等.基于TinyOS操作系统的无线传感器网络自组网研究.传感技术学报, 2007(06): 1349-1352
[35]罗杰,林亚平. TinyOS调度机制研究与改进.科学技术与工程, 2007(19): 4935-4938
[36] Martin Leopold. TinyOS Technology Exchange 4. http://www.tinyos8051wg.net, 2007
[37] Anders Egeskov Petersen, Sidsel Jensen, Martin Leopold. Towards TinyOS for 8051 . http://www.tinyos8051wg.net, 2006
[38]陆峰,张卫.基于HCS08 MCU的802.15.4协议栈设计与实现.计算机应用与软件, 2009. v.26(12): 73-74+107
[39] An IEEE 802.15.4 protocol implementation(in nesC/TinyOS):Reference Guide v1.2. Polytechnic Institute of Porto(ISEP-IPP), 2007
[40] Wikipedia: Linear Feedback Shift Register. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LFSR, 2007
[2] W.Ye, J.Heidemann and D.Estrin, An energy-effieient MAC Protoeol for wireless sensor networks, in Proc.IEEEInfoeomm, 3, 2002.1567-1576
[3] Langendoen K, Van Dam T. An adaptive energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. [C]In: Proc 1st Int'l Annual Joint Conf on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems(Sensys), 2003.826-834
[4] Arisha K A, youssef M A, younis M F. Energy-aware TDMA-based MAC for Sensor networks. In: proc IEEE Workshop on Integrated Management of Power Aware Communications Computing and Networking(IMPACCT),2002.1057-1062
[5] Suggestions for the Improvement of the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard, 2003
[6] Martin Leopold and Marcus Chang. TinyOS 2 on 8051. http://www.tinyos8051wg.net, 2007
[7] SWRU173: 802.15.4 MAC User’s Guide For CC2430. Texas Instruments, 2009
[8]于海斌,曾鹏等.智能无线传感器网络系统.北京:科学出版社, 2006
[9] Akyildiz LF, Su WL, Sankarasubramaniam Y, Cayirci E.A survey on sensor networks[J]. IEEE Communications Magazine, 2002. 40(8): 102-114
[10]向前.无线传感器网络MAC协议研究.南京邮电大学, 2007
[11]孙利民,李建中等.无线传感器网络.北京:清华大学出版社, 2005
[12] IEEE Standards for Information technology. Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC)and Pysical Layer(PHY) Specifications for Low-Rae Wireless Personal Area Networks(LR-WPANs). IEEE Std 802.15.4-2003, 2003
[13]高守玮,吴灿阳. ZigBee技术实践教程--基于CC2430/31的无线传感器网络解决方案.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社, 2009
[14] Eirini Karapistoli and Fotini-Niovi Pavlidou. An Overview of the IEEE 802.15.4a Standard. IEEE Communications Magazine, 2010. 48(1): 43-49
[15] ZigBee Alliance. ZigBee specification v1.0. http://www.zigbee.org, December, 2004
[16] Internet Engineering Task Force: The IETF 6loWPAN website. http://www.ietf.org/ html.charters/6lowpan-charter.html
[17] IEEE Standards for Information technology. Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC)and Pysical Layer(PHY) Specifications for Low-Rae Wireless Personal Area Networks(LR-WPANs). IEEE Std 802.15.4-2006, 2006
[18] IEEE Computer Society: Part 2: Logical Link Control. http://standards.ieee.org, 1998
[19]缪迪,基于Zigbee的无线传感器网络硬件设计及应用.浙江大学, 2010
[20] CC2430 Datasheet: A True System-on-Chip solution for 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee? (Rev.F). Texas Instruments, 2007
[21] CC2530 Datasheet: A True System-on-Chip Solution for 2.4-GHz IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee Applications (Rev.B). Texas Instruments, 2010
[22] EM35x Datasheet: High-Performance, Integrated ZigBee/802.15.4 System-on-Chip (Rev.E). Ember Corporation, 2010
[23] JN5139 Datasheet: IEEE802.15.4 and ZigBee Wireless Microcontrollers v1.9. Jennic Ltd, 2010
[24] MC13212 Datasheet: ZigBee?- Compliant Platform– 2.4 GHz Low Power Transceiver for the IEEE? 802.15.4 Standard plus Microcontroller v1.8. Freescale Semiconductor,2009
[25] CP2102 Datasheet: Single-chip USB To Uart Bridge v1.1. Silicon Laboratories, 2005
[26] SHT1x Datasheet: Humidity & Temperature Sensor v2.0. Sensirion AG, 2003
[27] S1087 Datasheet: Ceramic package photodiode with low dark current . Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 2001
[28] TPS79333: Ultra low-Noise, High PSRR, Fast RF 200mA Low-Dropout Linear Regulators In NanoStar? Wafer Chip Scale And SOT23. Texas Instruments, 2007
[29] TPS61070: 90% Efficient Synchronous Boost Converter With 600-mA Switch. Texas Instruments , 2009
[30] Audun Andersen. DN0007: 2.4 GHz Inverted F Antenna. Texas Instruments, 2008
[31] Audun Andersen. DN003: Implementation of Microstrip Balun for CC2420, CC243x, And CC2480. Texas Instruments, 2008
[32] David Gay, Philip Levis, Robert von Behren, Matt Welsh, Eric Brewer, David Culler.The nesC Language:A Holistic Approach to Networked Embedded Systems. Proceedings of Programing Language Design and Implementation(PLDI), 2003
[33] David Gay, David Culler, Philip Levis. nesC Language Reference Manual,2002
[34]张侃侃,刘晔等.基于TinyOS操作系统的无线传感器网络自组网研究.传感技术学报, 2007(06): 1349-1352
[35]罗杰,林亚平. TinyOS调度机制研究与改进.科学技术与工程, 2007(19): 4935-4938
[36] Martin Leopold. TinyOS Technology Exchange 4. http://www.tinyos8051wg.net, 2007
[37] Anders Egeskov Petersen, Sidsel Jensen, Martin Leopold. Towards TinyOS for 8051 . http://www.tinyos8051wg.net, 2006
[38]陆峰,张卫.基于HCS08 MCU的802.15.4协议栈设计与实现.计算机应用与软件, 2009. v.26(12): 73-74+107
[39] An IEEE 802.15.4 protocol implementation(in nesC/TinyOS):Reference Guide v1.2. Polytechnic Institute of Porto(ISEP-IPP), 2007
[40] Wikipedia: Linear Feedback Shift Register. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LFSR, 2007