天然气藏超临界CO_2埋存及提高天然气采收率机理
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摘要
根据国内外已取得的研究成果,CO2捕集与埋存技术(Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage,简称CCS)是实现CO2明显减排首选的技术之一,但成本高昂。我国海上以及松辽平原已发现许多富含CO2的气田。而(含CO2)天然气藏是最适合通过主动注入大量CO2实现CO2地下封存的埋存靶场之一。气藏含气产层的储气性以及圈闭封盖的完整性在长期的天然气赋存阶段和天然气开发阶段已经得到充分的地质验证。在气藏中实施CO2长期稳定埋存可以结合提高天然气采收率(CO2Sequestration with Enhanced Gas Recovery,简称CSEGR),从而实现CO2的规模化综合利用,降低CCS成本,这无疑会具有很大的潜力。
本文以一个真实的含CO2天然气藏为埋存靶场,设计了在气藏温度、压力下的超临界CO2—天然气体系非平衡态相行为观测实验和超临界CO2与天然气之间的对流扩散观测实验,结合相态计算和数值模拟方法,研究气藏超临界CO2埋存过程中气体运移与同时提高天然气采收率的机理。
主要研究重点是超临界CO2埋存带、超临界CO2-天然气过渡带以及气藏剩余天然气带的相态行为；超临界CO2驱替天然气过程中的渗流行为；地层温度、压力下气体运移速度和地层非均质性对流体运移的影响。在对气藏实施超临界CO2稳定埋存过程中的气体运移有足够认识的基础上,运用一维线性、二维剖面、以及三维气藏数值模拟模型评价其提高天然气采收率的可行性,筛选出最适合超临界CO2埋存的气藏储层分布类型,并开展超临界CO2埋存及同时提高天然气采收率效果最理想的方案设计。
通过上述系统研究,获得了以下研究成果和认识：
1)超临界CO2所特有的超临界物理性质使得在气藏中实施超临界CO2稳定埋存的同时驱替天然气在原理上具有可行性。深度在1000m左右气藏是最为理想的超临界CO2埋存靶场。超临界CO2所特有的高密度等超临界特性,使得超临界CO2和天然气之间的扩散很弱,超临界CO2-天然气过渡带的厚度因此受到限制,从而使超临界CO2驱替天然气带成为可能。
2)超临界CO2-天然气体系非平衡态相行为使得超临界CO2在埋存的同时驱替天然气在流体相行为上具有可行性。超临界CO2-天然气体系非平衡态对流扩散结果使得超临界CO2永久埋存稳定性受天然气的影响不大,即超临界CO2在埋存的同时驱替天然气不会影响超临界CO2永久埋存。
3)长岩芯超临界CO2驱替天然气渗流行为的实验研究以及数值模拟研究表明,多孔介质中超临界CO2呈现为较强的活塞式驱替天然气的特征,高的驱替压力对CO2驱替天然气更为有利,但在超临界CO2近临界区压力(10MPa)已能满足驱替要求。气体运移速度过大会削弱驱替的稳定性。
4)在气藏中实施超临界CO2稳定埋存的同时增加天然气的采出程度,应有效利用气体运移过程中超临界CO2与天然气的重力分异作用,使超临界CO2能稳定地“沉积”在气藏的下部作为“垫气”埋存。但储层渗透率的非均质性和韵律会对超临界CO2驱替天然气的渗流行为和CO2稳定埋存的分布状态产生一定的影响。注超临界CO2方案设计数值模拟计算结果显示,废弃的反韵律气藏实施注超临界CO2埋存的同时提高剩余天然气采收率效果会更好,更有利于增加超临界CO2永久埋存的稳定性。
Base on the domestic and international research achievements, Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS for simple) is one of the most effective technologies to reduce CO2emission but expensive. Some gas fields ric in CO2, which locate on offshore and in Songliao Basin of China, has been discovered. The gas reservoirs (containing CO2) are the perfect places to storage CO2by direct CO2injection. This is because of the ability of such reservoirs to store gas during production and their proven integrity to seal the gas against future escape. CO2sequestration in such gas reservoirs can be coupled with enhanced gas production (CSEGR for simple). This idea may realize the comprehensive utilization of CO2, which can reduce the costs of CCS, no doubt, will have the great potential.
In this doctoral dissertation, the sequestration site is a true natural gas reservoir containing CO2. We design the non-equilibrium phase behavior observation experiment and the diffusion observation experiment of the Supercritical CO2-natural gas system under the gas reservior temperature and pressure. Combined with phase calculation and reservior simulation, we study the mechanism of the gas migration process during Supercritical CO2storage with enhancement of gas recovery in the target gas reservoir.
Our research focuses on:Phase behavior of Supercritical CO2storing zone, Supercritical CO2-natural gas transition zone and the residual natural gas zone in the reservoir condition; Interstitial flow of Supercritical CO2displacing gas; Impact of gases migrated velocity in reservoir temperature and pressure; Impact of heterogeneous to gases migration. Based on the sufficiently understanding of gas migration during the Supercritical CO2storage in gas reservoir, the study on mathematical modeling and analysis of one-dimensional linear model, two-dimensional profile and three-dimensional gas reservoir model can evaluate the feasibility to improve gas recovery by CO2injection. And then we optimize the reservoir which is the most suitable for Supercritical CO2storage and the best scheme with the great capability of Supercritical CO2storage when one considers the highest total gas recovery。
Through the above systematically research, the following understanding and conclusions are obtained:
1) It is feasible to keep a stable Supercritical CO2storage combine enhancement of gas recovery, because of the specific physical properties of Supercritical CO2. The reservoirs1000meters underground can be the most ideal places for CO2storage. The properties of Supercritical CO2, such as high density, limit the diffuse and disperse between Supercritical CO2zone and natural gas zone. Therefore, the thickness of transitive zone is limited. All that make the displacement of natural gas zone by Supercritical CO2feasible.
2) Non-equilibrium phase behavior of Supercritical CO2-natural gas system makes it feasible to store Supercritical CO2with enhanced gas recovery simultaneously. The result of another non-equilibrium phase behavior, the convective diffusion process of Supercritical CO2and natural gas, protects the CO2sequestration from the influence of the residual gas in the reservoir. That means enhancing gas recovery has no impact on CO2sequestration.
3) The results of long core experiments and the one-dimensional linear model numerical simulation research show the natural gas displacement by Supercritical CO2is the pistonlike displacement in porous media. The high pressure is favorable for such displacement, but the pressure above the CO2critical point is enough to keep a stability displacement of natural gas by Supercritical CO2. The high gases migrated velocity can break the stability of such displacement.
4) The process of Supercritical CO2storage with enhanced gas recovery needs to make better use of the gravity segregation to keep the Supercritical CO2deposit on the bottom of the gas reservoir steadily. Therefore, the CO2is stored as the cushion. The nonhomogeneity of the permeability and rhythm of real gas reservoirs have certain impact on the natural gas displacement by Supercritical CO2, as much as the CO2distribution of the safe CO2sequestration. The results of numerical reservoir simulation of different CSEGR schemes shows that it is more favorable to improve gas recovery if the supercritical CO2is injected into an abandoned reverse rhythm gas reservoir when one considers the highest capability of CO2storage, and that way will also enhance the stability of long-term CO2sequestration.
本文以一个真实的含CO2天然气藏为埋存靶场,设计了在气藏温度、压力下的超临界CO2—天然气体系非平衡态相行为观测实验和超临界CO2与天然气之间的对流扩散观测实验,结合相态计算和数值模拟方法,研究气藏超临界CO2埋存过程中气体运移与同时提高天然气采收率的机理。
主要研究重点是超临界CO2埋存带、超临界CO2-天然气过渡带以及气藏剩余天然气带的相态行为；超临界CO2驱替天然气过程中的渗流行为；地层温度、压力下气体运移速度和地层非均质性对流体运移的影响。在对气藏实施超临界CO2稳定埋存过程中的气体运移有足够认识的基础上,运用一维线性、二维剖面、以及三维气藏数值模拟模型评价其提高天然气采收率的可行性,筛选出最适合超临界CO2埋存的气藏储层分布类型,并开展超临界CO2埋存及同时提高天然气采收率效果最理想的方案设计。
通过上述系统研究,获得了以下研究成果和认识：
1)超临界CO2所特有的超临界物理性质使得在气藏中实施超临界CO2稳定埋存的同时驱替天然气在原理上具有可行性。深度在1000m左右气藏是最为理想的超临界CO2埋存靶场。超临界CO2所特有的高密度等超临界特性,使得超临界CO2和天然气之间的扩散很弱,超临界CO2-天然气过渡带的厚度因此受到限制,从而使超临界CO2驱替天然气带成为可能。
2)超临界CO2-天然气体系非平衡态相行为使得超临界CO2在埋存的同时驱替天然气在流体相行为上具有可行性。超临界CO2-天然气体系非平衡态对流扩散结果使得超临界CO2永久埋存稳定性受天然气的影响不大,即超临界CO2在埋存的同时驱替天然气不会影响超临界CO2永久埋存。
3)长岩芯超临界CO2驱替天然气渗流行为的实验研究以及数值模拟研究表明,多孔介质中超临界CO2呈现为较强的活塞式驱替天然气的特征,高的驱替压力对CO2驱替天然气更为有利,但在超临界CO2近临界区压力(10MPa)已能满足驱替要求。气体运移速度过大会削弱驱替的稳定性。
4)在气藏中实施超临界CO2稳定埋存的同时增加天然气的采出程度,应有效利用气体运移过程中超临界CO2与天然气的重力分异作用,使超临界CO2能稳定地“沉积”在气藏的下部作为“垫气”埋存。但储层渗透率的非均质性和韵律会对超临界CO2驱替天然气的渗流行为和CO2稳定埋存的分布状态产生一定的影响。注超临界CO2方案设计数值模拟计算结果显示,废弃的反韵律气藏实施注超临界CO2埋存的同时提高剩余天然气采收率效果会更好,更有利于增加超临界CO2永久埋存的稳定性。
Base on the domestic and international research achievements, Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS for simple) is one of the most effective technologies to reduce CO2emission but expensive. Some gas fields ric in CO2, which locate on offshore and in Songliao Basin of China, has been discovered. The gas reservoirs (containing CO2) are the perfect places to storage CO2by direct CO2injection. This is because of the ability of such reservoirs to store gas during production and their proven integrity to seal the gas against future escape. CO2sequestration in such gas reservoirs can be coupled with enhanced gas production (CSEGR for simple). This idea may realize the comprehensive utilization of CO2, which can reduce the costs of CCS, no doubt, will have the great potential.
In this doctoral dissertation, the sequestration site is a true natural gas reservoir containing CO2. We design the non-equilibrium phase behavior observation experiment and the diffusion observation experiment of the Supercritical CO2-natural gas system under the gas reservior temperature and pressure. Combined with phase calculation and reservior simulation, we study the mechanism of the gas migration process during Supercritical CO2storage with enhancement of gas recovery in the target gas reservoir.
Our research focuses on:Phase behavior of Supercritical CO2storing zone, Supercritical CO2-natural gas transition zone and the residual natural gas zone in the reservoir condition; Interstitial flow of Supercritical CO2displacing gas; Impact of gases migrated velocity in reservoir temperature and pressure; Impact of heterogeneous to gases migration. Based on the sufficiently understanding of gas migration during the Supercritical CO2storage in gas reservoir, the study on mathematical modeling and analysis of one-dimensional linear model, two-dimensional profile and three-dimensional gas reservoir model can evaluate the feasibility to improve gas recovery by CO2injection. And then we optimize the reservoir which is the most suitable for Supercritical CO2storage and the best scheme with the great capability of Supercritical CO2storage when one considers the highest total gas recovery。
Through the above systematically research, the following understanding and conclusions are obtained:
1) It is feasible to keep a stable Supercritical CO2storage combine enhancement of gas recovery, because of the specific physical properties of Supercritical CO2. The reservoirs1000meters underground can be the most ideal places for CO2storage. The properties of Supercritical CO2, such as high density, limit the diffuse and disperse between Supercritical CO2zone and natural gas zone. Therefore, the thickness of transitive zone is limited. All that make the displacement of natural gas zone by Supercritical CO2feasible.
2) Non-equilibrium phase behavior of Supercritical CO2-natural gas system makes it feasible to store Supercritical CO2with enhanced gas recovery simultaneously. The result of another non-equilibrium phase behavior, the convective diffusion process of Supercritical CO2and natural gas, protects the CO2sequestration from the influence of the residual gas in the reservoir. That means enhancing gas recovery has no impact on CO2sequestration.
3) The results of long core experiments and the one-dimensional linear model numerical simulation research show the natural gas displacement by Supercritical CO2is the pistonlike displacement in porous media. The high pressure is favorable for such displacement, but the pressure above the CO2critical point is enough to keep a stability displacement of natural gas by Supercritical CO2. The high gases migrated velocity can break the stability of such displacement.
4) The process of Supercritical CO2storage with enhanced gas recovery needs to make better use of the gravity segregation to keep the Supercritical CO2deposit on the bottom of the gas reservoir steadily. Therefore, the CO2is stored as the cushion. The nonhomogeneity of the permeability and rhythm of real gas reservoirs have certain impact on the natural gas displacement by Supercritical CO2, as much as the CO2distribution of the safe CO2sequestration. The results of numerical reservoir simulation of different CSEGR schemes shows that it is more favorable to improve gas recovery if the supercritical CO2is injected into an abandoned reverse rhythm gas reservoir when one considers the highest capability of CO2storage, and that way will also enhance the stability of long-term CO2sequestration.
引文
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