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针刺对慢性疲劳综合征患者生存质量影响的临床研究
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摘要
本文以针灸治疗慢性疲劳综合征(Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,CFS)为切入点,首先采用文献计量学方法对近十年来国内外针灸治疗CFS的临床研究文献进行质量评价,探讨针灸施治规律;随后应用Meta分析对针灸治疗CFS的疗效进行评价;继而按照随机(区组随机)、对照(非经穴点针刺对照)、盲法(第三者评价盲法)原则进行临床试验设计,引入世界卫生组织生存质量测定简表(WHOQOL-BREF)、疲劳量表(FS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、视觉模拟评分法(VAS)对CFS患者治疗前后的生存质量、疲劳、抑郁、焦虑及疼痛程度进行评估。同时,考虑到CFS患者的临床表现往往是一组涉及众多症状的错综复杂的功能紊乱症候群,还应用分级评分法对CFS患者常见的35个临床症状进行了评估,从多个角度客观评价针刺对CFS患者生存质量的影响。
     研究背景:
     慢性疲劳综合征是美国CDC于1988年正式命名的一种疾病,表现为以严重的疲劳感为突出特点的一组复杂的功能紊乱证候群,这种疲劳感无法通过卧床休息得到缓解,体力或脑力劳动则会使其加重,活动水平明显低于患病前。目前由于西医对CFS的发病机制尚不明确,临床缺乏有效的治疗方法及可供使用的特异性评价指标。故而,在中医领域中寻找切实可行的治疗方法便成为CFS研究领域可供积极探索的方向。
     近年来,随着对本病认识的不断深入,国内针灸治疗CFS的临床研究报道也逐渐增多,均提示临床疗效突出,但文献质量参差不齐,总体来说相对较低,缺乏设计严谨的高质量RCT临床研究证据。中医学的“整体观”综合考虑了人体各个系统的机能状态,从多个环节对人体整体机能状态进行调节,实质上是一个动态调整患者生存质量的过程,这对于CFS这种病因复杂的慢性身心疾病的治疗具有较大的优势。针刺疗法体现了中医“整体调节”的治疗特色,其独特的疗效在改善CFS患者的各种痛苦与不适表现方面(生存质量)具有较大的优势。同时,针刺作为一种非药物疗法,又具有安全、无毒副作用的特点。因此,将生存质量评价引入CFS临床研究领域,采用针刺作为干预手段,应用量表学方法评价治疗效果,既能客观反映中医学自身特点,凸现中医药治疗的优势,又能对针刺治疗CFS的临床疗效进行客观量化评估。因此,本研究选择针刺对CFS患者生存质量的影响进行研究。
     研究创新点:
     1将生存质量概念引入到针刺治疗CFS的临床研究领域之中,符合现代在CFS这种病因不明确的慢性身心疾病中开始重视患者生存质量的新理念,适应了生理—心理—社会医学新模式转变的需求。
     2采用量表学方法评价治疗效果,将CFS患者针刺前后的疲劳、抑郁、焦虑、疼痛程度,躯体、心理状态等生存质量作为疗效评价的相关指标进行量化评估,为客观评价针刺治疗CFS的临床疗效开辟了新的途径。
     3严格按照随机(区组随机)、对照(非经穴点针刺对照)、盲法(第三者评价盲法)原则进行试验设计的临床研究,对于目前针灸治疗CFS领域缺乏高质量临床证据的现状具有现实意义。
     研究目的:
     观察针刺对CFS患者生存质量的影响,客观评价针刺提高CFS患者生存质量的临床疗效,为CFS的治疗方法及疗效评价领域提供高质量的可靠的临床证据。
     研究方法:
     病例来源:病例采集时间为2004年12月至2007年12月。所有慢性疲劳综合征病例均为在清华大学第一附属医院门诊及中国中医科学院针灸医院门诊咨询就诊的患者。
     试验设计方法:本研究采用随机(区组随机)、对照(非经穴点针刺对照)、单盲(第三者评价盲)临床试验设计。将纳入的70例CFS患者,根据随机数字表,采用区组随机(区组长度10,区组数7),按1:1的比例将每一区组中10名受试者随机分为治疗组和对照组,并由专人实施中心随机。受试者均签署知情同意书。治疗前后,受试者在医师指导下独立填写各种测评量表。治疗由一名中医师专门负责,治疗时医师尽量避免与患者交谈。
     治疗方法:针刺治疗组选取气海、关元、合谷、足三里、三阴交、太冲、太溪、肝俞、脾俞、肾俞,进针得气后,足三里、气海、关元、脾俞、肾俞行捻转补法,其他腧穴均采用平补平泻手法。治疗期间停用一切与本病相关的、本研究之外的其他治疗方法。非经穴点针刺对照组在距离治疗组所选取腧穴大约2cm左右处,避开经络及腧穴,选取相应的点进行针刺,进针后不要求得气。其他方法均与治疗组完全相同。
     观察疗程:每周治疗3次,7次为1疗程,休息3~7天后,再行第2个疗程。共治疗2个疗程(14次治疗,共需6~7周时间)。
     诊疗标准:采用美国CDC 1994年修订的CFS诊断标准,同时制定了严格的纳入、排除、中止及脱落标准。效应评价指标采用世界卫生组织生存质量测定简表(WHOQOL-BREF)、疲劳量表(FS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、视觉模拟评分法(VAS),对CFS患者治疗前后的生存质量、疲劳、抑郁、焦虑及疼痛程度进行评估,同时还应用分级评分法对CFS患者常见的35个临床症状进行量化评估,综合评价针刺对CFS患者生存质量的影响。
     数据处理及统计分析方法:采用Epidata3.1软件建立数据库。应用CHISS软件进行统计分析。符合正态分布且方差齐的计量资料采用t检验,符合正态分布但方差不齐的计量资料采用t’检验,不符合正态分布的计量资料采用秩和检验,计数资料采用卡方检验。
     研究结果:
     1世界卫生组织生存质量测定简表(WHOQOL-BREF)评价结果:(1)治疗后4个领域评分结果:生理领域积分,治疗组治疗前后差异非常显著(P<0.01),且治疗后积分>治疗前积分。说明:治疗组的治疗方案可以非常显著地提高患者生理领域积分,使患者生理领域方面的生存质量得到显著提高;对照组治疗前后生理领域积分无显著性差异。在心理及社会关系两个领域,两组治疗后的积分均有所提高,但治疗前后差异均不显著。在环境领域,对照组治疗前后有显著性差异(P<0.05),且治疗后积分<治疗前积分;而治疗组治疗前后该积分无显著性差异。说明:对照组的治疗方案不但在改善CFS患者生存质量的环境领域方面毫无作为,甚至起到了相反的作用,反而使其生存质量的环境领域出现一定程度的恶化。综合以上4个领域积分结果可以看出,在改善CFS患者生存质量方面,治疗组优于对照组,尤其在生理领域方面。(2)治疗后2个独立分析条目评分结果:独立分析条目1(个体对生存质量总的主观感受),两组治疗后与治疗前比较,评分均有所升高,但差异均不显著。独立分析条目2(个体对健康情况总的主观感受),两组治疗后与治疗前比较,评分均有所升高,但治疗组差异显著(P<0.05),对照组差异不显著。说明:在改善总的健康情况方面,治疗组优于对照组。(3)治疗后量表总积分结果:WHOQOL-BREF量表总积分,两组治疗后与治疗前比较均有所升高,但治疗组差异显著(P<0.05),对照组差异不显著。说明:在改善生存质量方面,治疗组优于对照组。
     2疲劳量表(FS)评价结果:治疗后,治疗组疲劳量表总积分、体力疲劳积分及脑力疲劳积分均较治疗前降低,且差异非常显著(P<0.01)。对照组疲劳量表总积分及体力疲劳积分也均较治疗前降低,且差异显著(P<0.05),但脑力疲劳积分无显著性差异。提示:两组患者治疗后疲劳程度均得到改善,而治疗组较对照组改善更为明显,尤其在脑力疲劳程度方面。
     3视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评价结果:治疗后,两组疼痛积分均明显降低,与治疗前比较,治疗组差异非常显著(P<0.001),对照组差异也非常显著(P<0.01)。治疗后两组疼痛缓解百分比差异非常显著(P<0.01),且治疗组高于对照组。说明:两种治疗方式均可显著降低CFS患者的疼痛积分,但治疗组较对照组改善更为明显,且治疗组治疗后疼痛缓解百分比显著高于对照组。提示:在缓解疼痛程度方面,治疗组显著优于对照组。
     4抑郁自评量表(SDS)评价结果:治疗后,两组SDS积分、抑郁严重度指数均明显降低,与治疗前比较,差异均非常显著(P<0.01)。治疗后,两组抑郁严重度指数降低值比较,差异不显著。说明:两组治疗方法均能显著降低SDS积分及抑郁严重度指数。在改善抑郁程度方面,两组间无显著性差异。
     5焦虑自评量表(SAS)评价结果:治疗后,两组SAS积分、焦虑严重度指数均明显降低,与治疗前比较,差异均非常显著(P<0.01)。治疗后,两组焦虑严重度指数降低值比较,差异不显著。说明:两组治疗方法均能显著降低SDS积分及焦虑严重度指数。在改善焦虑程度方面,两组间无显著性差异。
     6临床症状评价结果:(1)临床症状总积分及临床症状减轻百分比比较结果:治疗后,两组临床症状总积分均明显降低,与治疗前比较,治疗组差异非常显著(P<0.001),对照组差异也非常显著(P<0.01)。治疗前后两组临床症状减轻百分比比较差异显著(P<0.05),且治疗组高于对照组。说明:两种治疗方式均可显著降低CFS患者的临床症状总积分,但治疗组较对照组改善更为明显,且治疗组治疗前后临床症状减轻百分比显著高于对照组。提示:在缓解临床症状方面,治疗组显著优于对照组。(2)35个临床症状评分比较结果:两组35个临床常见症状评分均有所降低。①9个症状(做事注意力不易集中、善太息、感到肌力下降、头晕或头昏沉、精神抑郁、思考问题时反应迟钝、口干口渴、月经异常、畏光羞明)均显示:治疗组治疗前后比较,差异显著(P<0.05)或非常显著(P<0.01或P<0.001),而对照组治疗前后比较,差异不显著。②1个症状(健忘)显示:治疗后,治疗组与对照组评分与治疗前比较,均显著下降(P<0.05),且两组组间比较,差异显著(P<0.05),治疗组治疗后评分低于对照组,治疗组优于对照组。③8个症状(神疲乏力、肌肉疼痛或酸困不适、急躁易怒、焦躁不安、失眠、头痛、心悸心慌、关节疼痛)均显示:治疗后,治疗组与对照组评分与治疗前比较,均显著下降,且治疗组评分降低的程度(P<0.001或P<0.01)较对照组(P<0.01或P<0.05)更为明显。④1个症状(脘腹满闷不适或疼痛)显示:治疗后,治疗组与治疗前比较,无显著差异,而对照组与治疗前比较,差异显著(P<0.05),对照组优于治疗组。⑤其它16个症状(胸胁、乳房或少腹胀满不适、咽喉疼痛、颈部或腋下淋巴结肿痛、嗜睡、便秘、便溏或不爽、食欲不振、嗳气或呃逆、恶心呕吐、吞酸烧心、自汗、盗汗、低热、咳嗽、过敏、白带异常)均显示:治疗后,治疗组与对照组评分与治疗前比较,无显著性差异。
     研究结论:
     1针刺治疗可有效改善CFS患者生理领域及与健康相关的主观感受方面的评分,进而显著提高患者的生存质量。
     2针刺治疗不仅可有效改善CFS患者的体力疲劳,而且还能有效改善其脑力疲劳,尤其在缓解脑力疲劳方面,针刺治疗的效果较非经穴点针刺表现更为突出。
     3针刺治疗可有效缓解CFS患者的疼痛程度。
     4针刺治疗可有效改善CFS患者的抑郁程度,但与非经穴点相比,并未显示出更为突出的优势。
     5针刺治疗可有效改善CFS患者的焦虑程度,但与非经穴点相比,并未显示出更为突出的优势。
     6 CFS患者超过一半的临床常见症状均能通过针刺治疗在不同程度上得到缓解,而且与CFS诊断密切相关的症状大部分包括在其中。
     综上所述,针刺治疗能够提高CFS患者的生存质量,有效改善患者的生理领域功能、与健康相关的主观感受、疲劳程度、疼痛程度、抑郁焦虑程度及部分临床症状。针刺治疗为CFS患者生存质量的改善提供了有效手段,具有积极的临床意义。
The dissertation is based on acupuncture treatment for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome(CFS).Firstly,with the method of documentary metrology,quality of literature home andaboard in acupuncture treatment for CFS was evaluated in recent ten years and law of thetreatment was explored;Secondly,by the help of Meta-analysis,effect of the treatment wasevaluated;And then in light of principles of randomization,control and blinding,the clinicaltrial was designed;Last but not least,by means of scale study,fields of life quality,fatigue,depression,anxiety,degree of pain as well as common symptoms in clinic were evaluated,which objectively estimated impact on acupuncture treatment for CFS patients from variousaspects.
     BACKGROUND
     CFS was officially named by CDC of USA in 1988,which was a group of complicateddysfunction of symptom complex specialized by severe fatigue.Currently,due to unclearmechanism of CFS by western medicine,it lacks of effective treatment and specificevaluation indicator.In recent years,domestic literature all indicates positive effects onacupuncture treatment for CFS.However,quality of them varies a lot and was relatively lowin general,which is revealed in lack of high quality evidence of clinical RCT.
     INNOVATIONS
     1 In light of the new idea that quality of life(QOL)of patients should start to beemphasized in CFS-the agnogenic chronic somatopsychic disease,the conception of QOLwas drawn into the research area of acupuncture treatment for CFS,which adapted to thebio-psycho-social medical model.
     2 By means of scale study,the QOL of fatigue,depression,anxiety,degree of pain aswell as mental state etc.were taken as related evaluation indicators and were evaluatedbefore and after treatment,which opened a new avenue for objectively evaluating the effectof acupuncture treatment for CFS.
     3 In strict accordance with principles of randomization,control and blinding,the clinicaltrial was designed,which brought a practical meaning to the acupuncture treatment for CFSin current situation that was lack of clinical evidence of high quality.
     OBJECTIVE
     Objective of the trial is to observe impact and objectively evaluate the clinical effect ofacupuncture treatment in QOL of CFS patients,and to provide reliable clinical evidence ofhigh quality in aspects of treatment method and therapeutic evaluation of CFS.
     METHODS
     Case resource:
     All of cases were outpatients from the 1st affiliated Hospital of Tsinghua University andAcupuncture Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences,and they werecollected from December 2004 to December 2007.
     Methods of trial design:
     Randomization(block randomization),control(points pricked beyond meridians ascontrol)and single blinding(valuator blinding)were applied in the clinical trial.According tothe random number table and in proportion of 1:1,70 cases of CFS patients were randomlydivided into treatment and control groups.
     Methods of treatment:
     Qihai(RN6),Guanyuan(RN4),Zusanli(ST36),Sanyinjiao(SP6),Taichong(LR3),Taixi(KI3),Ganshu(BL18),Pishu(BL20),Shenshu(BL23)were selected in the treatmentgroup.After patients obtained needling sensation,twirling reinforcing manipulation wasadministrated on Zusanli(ST36),Qihai(RN6),Guanyuan(RN4),Pishu(BL20),Shenshu(BL23),while reinforcing-reducing manipulation was applied on others.In thecourse of acupuncture treatment,all of other relative treatments beyond the trial weredisused.The points selected in control group were away from meridians and about 2cmaway from the relevant acupoints used in treatment group.And after needles pricked in,sensation of needling was not acquired.
     Course of treatment:
     3 times per week,7 times as a course and 2 courses in total(14 times of treatment,6~7weeks needed),between two courses rest for 3~7 days.
     Standard of diagnosis and criterion of therapeutic effect:
     The Standard of diagnosis for CFS from CDC of USA revised in 1994 was adopted,andstrict inclusion,exclusion as well as expulsion criteria were also drawn up.In order tosynthetically evaluate impact of acupuncture treatment in QOL of CFS patients,WHOQOL-BREF,FS,SDS,SAS,VAS and method of graded point rating for clinicalsymptoms were employed as impact evaluation indicators.
     Statistical method:
     The statistical software CHISS was applied to analyze data.
     RESULTS
     1 Evaluation results of WHOQOL-BREF:
     (1)Scores in PHYS were significantly different in treatment group before and aftertreatment(P<0.01),and the score after treatment was higher than that before treatment.In fields of PSYCH and SOCIL,scores rose in both groups after treatment,but differenceswere not significant.In the field of ENVIR,scores were significantly different in control groupbefore and after treatment(P<0.05),and the score was lower after treatment than thatbefore treatment.However,scores of treatment group before and after treatment were not insignificant differences.
     (2)General subjective feeling of individual in QOL:After treatment,scores in bothgroups rose,but without significant differences.
     (3)General subjective feeling of individual in health condition:After treatment,scoresrose in both groups,and scores were significantly different in treatment group before andafter treatment(P<0.05),while the difference was not significant in control group.
     (4)Total scores of the scale:Scores rose in both groups after treatment,but thedifference before and after treatment in treatment group was significant(P<0.05).While incontrol group,it was not.
     2 Evaluation results of FS:
     After treatment,the total score of FS,scores of physical fatigue and metal fatigue allreduced with a significant difference(P<0.01)in treatment group.While in control group,after treatment,the total score of FS,score of physical fatigue also reduced with a significantdifference(P<0.05),but score of metal fatigue kept no significant difference before and aftertreatment.
     3 Evaluation results of VAS:
     After treatment,the score of pain reduced markedly compared with that beforetreatment with a significant difference in treatment group(P<0.001),and also in controlgroup(P<0.01).Percentage of pain-alleviation before and after treatment was significantlydifferent in both groups(P<0.01),and it was higher in treatment group than that in controlgroup.
     4 Evaluation results of SDS:
     After treatment,scores of SDS,degrees of depression both reduced markedlycompared with those before treatment with significant difference(P<0.01)in both groups.And derating values of EASI of depression after treatment were not significantly differentwith that before treatment in both groups.
     5 Evaluation results of SAS:
     After treatment,scores of SAS,degrees of anxiety both reduced markedly comparedwith that before treatment with significant difference(P<0.01)in both groups..And deratingvalues of EASI of anxiety after treatment were not significantly different with that beforetreatment in both groups.
     6 Evaluation results of clinical symptoms:
     (1)After treatment,scores of clinical symptoms both reduced markedly after treatmentin two groups.And compared with those before treatment,it showed significant differencesin treatment group(P<0.001)and also in control group(P<0.01).Percentage of clinicalsymptoms-alleviation before and after treatment was significantly different in two groups(P<0.05),and it was higher in treatment group than that in control group.
     (2)Scores of 35 common clinical symptoms in both groups reduced.Compared withthose in control group,18 common clinical symptoms were all ameliorated to variousdegrees.
     CONCLUSIONS
     1 Acupuncture treatment can effectively improve scores in PHYS and subjectivefeelings relevant to health of CFS patients,and then significantly enhance their quality oflife.
     2 Acupuncture treatment can not only effectively improve physical fatigue of CFSpatients,but mental fatigue also.And especially in aspect of ameliorating mental fatigue,theeffect of acupuncture treatment is more outstanding in treatment group compared with thatin control group.
     3 Acupuncture treatment can effectively reduce the degree of pain in CFS patients.
     4 Acupuncture treatment can effectively reduce the degree of depression in CFSpatients.But it showed no significant difference between the two groups.
     5 Acupuncture treatment can effectively reduce the degree of anxiety in CFS patients.But it showed no significant difference between the two groups.
     6 Over half of common clinical symptoms of CFS and symptoms that are closely relatedto diagnosis of CFS can be improved through acupuncture treatment to varying degrees.
     To sum up,acupuncture treatment can enhance QOL of CFS patient,effectivelyameliorate PHYS,subjective feelings relevant to health,degree of fatigue,pain,depression,anxiety,and part of clinical symptoms of patients.Therefore,it holds a positive clinicalsignificance to provide effective method so as to ameliorate QOL of CFS patients.
引文
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