山黧豆（Lathyrus Sativus L.）种质资源评价
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摘要
牧草在畜牧业发展、生物多样性保护、环境保持和土壤改良等多方面都具有重要作用。开展牧草种质资源评价研究，可深入了解种质材料的特性并获得优异的基因资源，是牧草育种工作的首要任务。山黧豆抗旱、耐涝、耐贫瘠、产量稳定，品质性状好，可作为牧草、绿肥或饲食两用作物，具有较高的经济价值。
本研究从国际家畜研究所(International Livestock Research Institute ILRI)引进了50份山黧豆种质材料，分别在中国的兰州大学榆中校区和ILRI的埃塞俄比亚的Debre Zeit试验站评价了产量性状(干草、秸秆和种子产量，每株生殖枝数，每生殖枝荚果数，每荚果种子数，百粒重，开花期，种子成熟期和收获指数等)，采用近红外光谱技术(Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy NIRS)技术评价了饲草(开花期)和秸秆的品质性状(DM，OM，CP，NDF，NDFD，TIVOMD和P含量等)，应用了多因素方差分析、通径、主成分和聚类分析等统计方法进行了多方位和综合评价。旨在深入了解山黧豆种质资源特性及其与环境的互作，为不同性状的育种筛选优异材料。主要结果如下：
1山黧豆的产量性状和品质性状均具有较大的变异性：如50个山黧豆品系在中国开花期的草产量变化范围为144.67-732.67 Kg／ha，在埃塞俄比亚为437.73-975.40 Kg／ha；其开花期蛋白含量在中国的变化范围为28.94％-35.27％，在埃塞俄比亚为26.62％-38.12％。
2基因型、环境及两者的互作显著影响山黧豆的产量性状表现，具体表现为：干草、秸秆和种子产量、百粒重、开花期、种子成熟期和收获指数等性状主要由环境效应决定，表现为环境＞基因型＞基因型×环境；生殖枝数和每株豆荚数表现为环境＞基因型×环境＞基因型；而每荚种子数只受基因型的极显著影响，环境及二者的互作不显著。
3山黧豆种子产量高，在中国和埃塞俄比亚的平均产量分别为822.93与959.25 Kg／ha。对种子产量构成因素的分析发现，秸秆产量和收获指数是影响种子产量的直接因素，如在中国其直接相关系数分别为0.9474和0.8968，而在埃塞俄比亚则分别为0.806和1.057。
4山黧豆品质性状较好，其开花期平均蛋白含量在中国和埃塞俄比亚分别为31.99％和32.60％，即使在成熟期，其蛋白含量也分别可达18.62％和12.04％。但其纤维含量较高，开花期在中国和埃塞俄比亚的中性纤维平均含量分别为32.96％和29.38％，到成熟期显著增加到42.04％和49.58％，说明降低纤维含量是培育优质山黧豆品种的重要目标。
5获得一些具有优异产量性状的种质材料，如可以作为选育绿肥和饲用作物的基础材料在中国为种质5340，5344和5280，在埃塞俄比亚为种质5321，5332，5337与5380；可以作为选育食用和饲食两用的基础材料在中国为种质5404，在埃塞俄比亚为5337；种质5404和5415在中国可以作为食用作物的基础材料，而在埃塞俄比亚则为种质5325，5326和5329。
6获得一些具有优异品质性状的种质材料，如开花期种质5358，5312，5396和5339在中国选育的基础材料，而在埃塞俄比亚则为种质5325，5363，5350和5354；成熟期种质5345和5362在中国可以作为选育的基础材料，在埃塞俄比亚为5334和5344。
7通过对不同种质材料在两地和两个收获期的大量样本的分析，获得了NDF,CP与TIVOMD的NIRS定标方程，可以运用到山黧豆品质性状评价以及标准制定。
8通过对山黧豆产量性状与品质性状的主成分和聚类分析，提出了山黧豆的综合评价方法。
本研究创新之处在于首次将NIRS技术用于山黧豆品质研究，在中国首次系统地开展了山黧豆种质资源的评价工作。
The forages play an important role in animal husbandry production, biologicaldiversity conservation, environment protection, soil improving and so on. Thegermplasm evaluation work should be executed to understand the good traits and getexcellent gene resources, which is the priority for breeding programme. Grasspea(Lathyrus sativus) is legume forage plant with drought resistant, flooding resistant,high nutrition value and can grow in poor soil with low-input and stable yield.Grasspea has high economic value which can be used as forage, green manure andfood-feed dual purpose crop。
In this study, 50 accessions of grasspea obtained from International LivestockResearch Institute (ILRI) were observed respectively in China (Yuzhong Campus ofLanzhou University) and Ethiopia (Debre Zeit experimental Station of ILRI-ETH) toevaluate the yield traits including hay (DW), residual (RY) and seed yield (SY),number of reproductive shoots per plant (NS), number of pods per shoot (NPP),number of seeds per pod (NSP), 100 seed weight (HSW), days of 50% flowering aftersowing (DFAS), days of seed maturity after sowing (DSMAS) and harvest index (HI);and the nutritious traits of stems and leaves at both flowering stage and seed maturitystage by NIRS technology, and the parameters included DM, OM, CP, NDF, NDFD,TIVOMD and P were measured. Furthermore, multivariate analysis, path analysis,principle component and cluster analysis were applied to analyze all collected data tounderstand characters of grasspea germplasm and its interaction with environment,and to select some excellent materials which could be used as breeding materials fordifferent usage. The major results are as following:
1. There were great variations in agronomic and nutritious traits of grasspea: forexample, the DW ranged from 144.67-732.67 Kg/ha in China and437.73-975.40 Kg/ha in Ethiopia; the CP ranged from 28.94%-35.27%, and26.62%-38.12% in Ethiopia.
2. Genotype, environment and G×E affected the production traits greatly: DW, RY, SY, HSW, DFAS, DSMAS and HI were decided by environment (E＞G＞G×E),but for NS and NPP, the result was E＞G×E＞G; for the SPP, only genotypeaffected it significantly (p＜0.01), the result is G＞G×E＞E.
3. The seed yield performed well in two locations, and the average seed yieldwere 822.93 and 959.25 Kg/ha in China and Ethiopia. The results of seed yieldcomponent analysis by Path analysis showed that RY and HI influenced seedyield directly, such as the direct correlation coefficiency between RY, HI andseed yield were 0.9474 and 0.8968 in China, and 0.806 and 1.057 in Ethiopia.
4. The nutrition value of grasspea: The maximum of CP content at flowering stagewere 35.27% and 38.12% in China and in Ethiopia respectively; and themaximum of CP content at seed maturity stage was 21.48% and 15.67%;however, NDF content was high in grasspea, NDF content at flowering stagewere 32.96% and 29.38%, but they increased to 42.04% and 49.58%, whichindicates that low NDF is an breeding object.
5. Based on the yield traits, we suggested that 5340, 5344 and 5280 could be usedas breeding materials for green manure and forage crop in China, 5321, 5332,5337 and 5380 in Ethiopia; 5404 for breeding food and feed-food crop in China,5337 in Ethiopia; 5404 and 5415 for breeding feed crop in China, 5325, 5326and 5329 in Ethiopia.
6. Based on nutrition traits, we suggested that 5358, 5312, 5396 and 5339 atflowering stage could be used for breeding programme in China, 5325, 5363,5350 and 5354 in Ethiopia; and 5345and 5362 at maturity stage could be usedfor breeding programme in China, 5334 and 5344 in Ethiopia.
7. Through analysis the two harvest stage of grasspea plants grown on twodifferent location, we developed the NIRS calibration equation of NDF, CP andTIVOMD, which could be used as standard analysis method in the futuregrasspea evaluation.
8. We developed the comprehensive evaluation method for L. sativs L. bycombing Principle Component Analysis with Cluster analysis on yield andnutrious traits of grasspea.
Present study was the first time to evaluate grasspea nutrition quality with NIRStechonology, and made a comprehensive evaluation on grasspea in China.
本研究从国际家畜研究所(International Livestock Research Institute ILRI)引进了50份山黧豆种质材料，分别在中国的兰州大学榆中校区和ILRI的埃塞俄比亚的Debre Zeit试验站评价了产量性状(干草、秸秆和种子产量，每株生殖枝数，每生殖枝荚果数，每荚果种子数，百粒重，开花期，种子成熟期和收获指数等)，采用近红外光谱技术(Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy NIRS)技术评价了饲草(开花期)和秸秆的品质性状(DM，OM，CP，NDF，NDFD，TIVOMD和P含量等)，应用了多因素方差分析、通径、主成分和聚类分析等统计方法进行了多方位和综合评价。旨在深入了解山黧豆种质资源特性及其与环境的互作，为不同性状的育种筛选优异材料。主要结果如下：
1山黧豆的产量性状和品质性状均具有较大的变异性：如50个山黧豆品系在中国开花期的草产量变化范围为144.67-732.67 Kg／ha，在埃塞俄比亚为437.73-975.40 Kg／ha；其开花期蛋白含量在中国的变化范围为28.94％-35.27％，在埃塞俄比亚为26.62％-38.12％。
2基因型、环境及两者的互作显著影响山黧豆的产量性状表现，具体表现为：干草、秸秆和种子产量、百粒重、开花期、种子成熟期和收获指数等性状主要由环境效应决定，表现为环境＞基因型＞基因型×环境；生殖枝数和每株豆荚数表现为环境＞基因型×环境＞基因型；而每荚种子数只受基因型的极显著影响，环境及二者的互作不显著。
3山黧豆种子产量高，在中国和埃塞俄比亚的平均产量分别为822.93与959.25 Kg／ha。对种子产量构成因素的分析发现，秸秆产量和收获指数是影响种子产量的直接因素，如在中国其直接相关系数分别为0.9474和0.8968，而在埃塞俄比亚则分别为0.806和1.057。
4山黧豆品质性状较好，其开花期平均蛋白含量在中国和埃塞俄比亚分别为31.99％和32.60％，即使在成熟期，其蛋白含量也分别可达18.62％和12.04％。但其纤维含量较高，开花期在中国和埃塞俄比亚的中性纤维平均含量分别为32.96％和29.38％，到成熟期显著增加到42.04％和49.58％，说明降低纤维含量是培育优质山黧豆品种的重要目标。
5获得一些具有优异产量性状的种质材料，如可以作为选育绿肥和饲用作物的基础材料在中国为种质5340，5344和5280，在埃塞俄比亚为种质5321，5332，5337与5380；可以作为选育食用和饲食两用的基础材料在中国为种质5404，在埃塞俄比亚为5337；种质5404和5415在中国可以作为食用作物的基础材料，而在埃塞俄比亚则为种质5325，5326和5329。
6获得一些具有优异品质性状的种质材料，如开花期种质5358，5312，5396和5339在中国选育的基础材料，而在埃塞俄比亚则为种质5325，5363，5350和5354；成熟期种质5345和5362在中国可以作为选育的基础材料，在埃塞俄比亚为5334和5344。
7通过对不同种质材料在两地和两个收获期的大量样本的分析，获得了NDF,CP与TIVOMD的NIRS定标方程，可以运用到山黧豆品质性状评价以及标准制定。
8通过对山黧豆产量性状与品质性状的主成分和聚类分析，提出了山黧豆的综合评价方法。
本研究创新之处在于首次将NIRS技术用于山黧豆品质研究，在中国首次系统地开展了山黧豆种质资源的评价工作。
The forages play an important role in animal husbandry production, biologicaldiversity conservation, environment protection, soil improving and so on. Thegermplasm evaluation work should be executed to understand the good traits and getexcellent gene resources, which is the priority for breeding programme. Grasspea(Lathyrus sativus) is legume forage plant with drought resistant, flooding resistant,high nutrition value and can grow in poor soil with low-input and stable yield.Grasspea has high economic value which can be used as forage, green manure andfood-feed dual purpose crop。
In this study, 50 accessions of grasspea obtained from International LivestockResearch Institute (ILRI) were observed respectively in China (Yuzhong Campus ofLanzhou University) and Ethiopia (Debre Zeit experimental Station of ILRI-ETH) toevaluate the yield traits including hay (DW), residual (RY) and seed yield (SY),number of reproductive shoots per plant (NS), number of pods per shoot (NPP),number of seeds per pod (NSP), 100 seed weight (HSW), days of 50% flowering aftersowing (DFAS), days of seed maturity after sowing (DSMAS) and harvest index (HI);and the nutritious traits of stems and leaves at both flowering stage and seed maturitystage by NIRS technology, and the parameters included DM, OM, CP, NDF, NDFD,TIVOMD and P were measured. Furthermore, multivariate analysis, path analysis,principle component and cluster analysis were applied to analyze all collected data tounderstand characters of grasspea germplasm and its interaction with environment,and to select some excellent materials which could be used as breeding materials fordifferent usage. The major results are as following:
1. There were great variations in agronomic and nutritious traits of grasspea: forexample, the DW ranged from 144.67-732.67 Kg/ha in China and437.73-975.40 Kg/ha in Ethiopia; the CP ranged from 28.94%-35.27%, and26.62%-38.12% in Ethiopia.
2. Genotype, environment and G×E affected the production traits greatly: DW, RY, SY, HSW, DFAS, DSMAS and HI were decided by environment (E＞G＞G×E),but for NS and NPP, the result was E＞G×E＞G; for the SPP, only genotypeaffected it significantly (p＜0.01), the result is G＞G×E＞E.
3. The seed yield performed well in two locations, and the average seed yieldwere 822.93 and 959.25 Kg/ha in China and Ethiopia. The results of seed yieldcomponent analysis by Path analysis showed that RY and HI influenced seedyield directly, such as the direct correlation coefficiency between RY, HI andseed yield were 0.9474 and 0.8968 in China, and 0.806 and 1.057 in Ethiopia.
4. The nutrition value of grasspea: The maximum of CP content at flowering stagewere 35.27% and 38.12% in China and in Ethiopia respectively; and themaximum of CP content at seed maturity stage was 21.48% and 15.67%;however, NDF content was high in grasspea, NDF content at flowering stagewere 32.96% and 29.38%, but they increased to 42.04% and 49.58%, whichindicates that low NDF is an breeding object.
5. Based on the yield traits, we suggested that 5340, 5344 and 5280 could be usedas breeding materials for green manure and forage crop in China, 5321, 5332,5337 and 5380 in Ethiopia; 5404 for breeding food and feed-food crop in China,5337 in Ethiopia; 5404 and 5415 for breeding feed crop in China, 5325, 5326and 5329 in Ethiopia.
6. Based on nutrition traits, we suggested that 5358, 5312, 5396 and 5339 atflowering stage could be used for breeding programme in China, 5325, 5363,5350 and 5354 in Ethiopia; and 5345and 5362 at maturity stage could be usedfor breeding programme in China, 5334 and 5344 in Ethiopia.
7. Through analysis the two harvest stage of grasspea plants grown on twodifferent location, we developed the NIRS calibration equation of NDF, CP andTIVOMD, which could be used as standard analysis method in the futuregrasspea evaluation.
8. We developed the comprehensive evaluation method for L. sativs L. bycombing Principle Component Analysis with Cluster analysis on yield andnutrious traits of grasspea.
Present study was the first time to evaluate grasspea nutrition quality with NIRStechonology, and made a comprehensive evaluation on grasspea in China.
引文
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