列车脱轨机理与脱轨分析理论研究
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摘要
国内外列车脱轨时有发生，将造成铁路运输中断，甚至车毁人亡。脱轨研究从来都是各国轨道交通领域的重大课题。轨道交通运输安全研究已经纳入中国《国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要(2006—2020年)》中的重点领域及优先主题。我国铁路自提速以来，货物列车脱轨呈上升趋势，脱轨在铁路行车重大、大事故中的比例高达70％左右；随着我国高速客运专线建设的广泛展开，保证列车安全运行更为重要。国内外学者对脱轨问题研究了一百多年，取得了很多很好的成果。不过，至今未弄清列车脱轨机理，在列车脱轨分析理论中尚存在三个主要问题。因此，弄清列车脱轨机理，解决三大问题，建立新的列车脱轨分析理论，将具有十分重要的理论价值、经济与社会效益。本论文取得了如下主要研究成果：
1．在大量分析国内外脱轨研究现状的基础上，深刻总结出脱轨研究中存在的三个主要问题，并提出了解决这些主要问题的方法。
2．首次提出了列车脱轨机理是列车—轨道(桥梁)时变系统(以下简称此系统)横向振动丧失稳定。
3．提出了此系统横向振动失稳及列车脱轨的条件为：此系统横向振动极限抗力作功σ_c等于此系统横向振动最大输入能量σ_(p，max)；此系统横向振动稳定及列车不脱轨的条件为：σ_c＞σ_(p，max)。
4．创立了一套新的列车脱轨能量随机分析理论，其主要内容包括：
(1)考虑轮轨位移衔接条件及轮轨“游间”影响，建立了能计算列车车轮脱轨全过程的此系统空间振动矩阵方程；
(2)建立了列车车轮脱轨几何准则；
(3)提出了列车脱轨全过程的计算方法；
(4)首次算出了列车车轮脱轨全过程振动响应及此系统横向振动极限抗力作功σ_c与车速V的关系曲线，并建立了σ_c的增量Δσ_c的表示式；
(5)提出了此系统横向振动最大输入能量σ_(p，max)的增量Δσ_(p，max)的计算方法；
(6)首次建立了此系统横向振动稳定性及列车是否脱轨的能量增量判别准则。
(7)提出了预防脱轨措施及预防脱轨标准的制订方法。
5．针对非正常行车条件下的列车脱轨，发明了一种列车脱轨报警器，以防脱轨后的事故进一步扩大，并获得了国家实用新型专利1项(专利号：ZL 2004 20068176.2)；针对正常行车条件下的列车脱轨(不明原因脱轨)，提出了列车脱轨预警系统的技术原理，为研制列车脱轨预警系统提供了理论依据。
6．在北京至通化线路上现场实测了货物列车构架蛇行波，首次得出了空载货车构架蛇行波标准差σ_p与车速V的关系曲线，为货物列车脱轨分析奠定了实践基础；在秦皇岛至沈阳客运专线上现场实测了高速列车构架蛇行波，首次得出了高速列车构架蛇行波标准差σ_p与车速V的关系曲线，为高速列车脱轨分析奠定了实践基础。
7．基于列车脱轨能量随机分析理论，研发了一套具有自主知识产权的列车脱轨分析软件TDAS v1.0。首次算出了21例(9例脱轨，12例不脱轨)长大列车是否脱轨结果，计算结果均与实际情况符合，突破了列车脱轨理论分析这一世界百年难题。
8．分析了长春至图们干线上33117次货物列车重大脱轨事故的原因为列车—轨道时变系统横向振动丧失稳定，分析结果得到了铁道部安检司采用。
9．分析了南京长江大桥等6座横向振幅超限桥梁上的列车走行安全性，计算结果为在设计车速以内这些桥梁上的列车不会脱轨，与长期振幅超限下行车未发生脱轨的实际情况符合，分别得到上海、沈阳、郑州等铁路局的肯定及采纳，避免了桥梁换梁和加固，取得直接经效益达8400万元。解决了横向振幅超限桥梁上的列车走行安全性的分析问题。
10．论证了进行桥上列车脱轨控制分析的必要性，作了武广客运专线天兴洲公铁两用大桥、胡家湾大桥及衡阳湘江特大桥上列车脱轨控制分析，分别得到中铁大桥局集团有限公司、铁道第四勘察设计院的肯定及采纳，为这些特大桥梁的设计提供了重要的理论依据。
Train derailment, which occurs frequently in China and other countries of the world, will lead to interruption of train operation, tuming-over of the train and even heavy casualties. Research of train derailment has been an important subject in railway transportation all over the world. The research on the safety of railway transportation is listed as an important domain and priority subject in the "Medium and Long Term Plan Compendium of Development of Science and Technology of China (2006-2020)." Since the launch of the speed-up campaign in the Chinese railways, freight train derailment accidents have been on the rise and have reached 70% of all grave and serious accidents in train operation. With the widely-developed construction of the high speed railway line for passenger traffic, to guarantee the safety of train operation is much more important than before. The problem of train derailment has been studied for as long as more than one century and a great number of achievements have been made, however, the mechanism of train derailment has not been understood fully and there still exist three fundamental problems in the analysis theory of train derailment. Therefore, there is a pressing need to make clear the train derailment mechanism, solve the three fundamental problems and propose a new theory about train derailment analysis, which will be of great theory value and economic and social benefits. The main contributions of the dissertation are as follows.
1. The three fundamental problems existing in the derailment studies are profoundly summarized based on largely analyzing the research status about train derailment in China and other countries of the world. The methods for solving these problems are also introduced.
2. The train derailment mechanism, which is the result of losing stability in lateral vibration status of train-track (bridge) time-varying system (hereinafter referred to as the System), is proposed for the first time.
3. The conditions for losing stability in the lateral vibration of the System and causing train derailment is that the work done by the limited resisting forceσ_c equals the maximum input energyσ_(p,max). And the condition for the stability of the lateral vibration of the System and no derailment of the train is thatσ_c＞σ_(p,max).
4. A set of new theories for random energy analysis of train derailment is proposed. And the main contents are as below,
(1) Taking into account the connecting conditions of wheel-rail displacement and the influence of the clearance between wheel flange and gauge line, the matrix equation of the spatial vibration of the System is established to calculate the whole course of train derailment.
(2) The geometric criterion of train derailment is established.
(3) The method for calculating the whole course of train derailment is put forward.
(4) The vibration responses of the whole course of train derailment and the relationship curve between the work done by the limited resisting force of the lateral vibration of the Systemσ_c and train speed V is calculated out for the first time. And the expression of the increment△σ_c of theσ_c is obtained.
(5) The method for calculating the increment△σ_(p,max) of the maximum input energy of the lateral vibration of the Systemσ_(p,max) is put forward.
(6) The energy increment criteria for determining the stability status of the lateral vibration of the System and train derailment is established.
(7) The preventive measures against derailment and methods for stipulating preventive standard against derailment are proposed.
5. To counter train derailment under abnormal condition of train operation, a derailment warning device is invented to hold back the derailment accident and a national patent (No. ZL 2004 2 0068176.2) is also gained. To counter train derailment under normal condition of train operation, i.e. undefined derailment, the technical principle for a preventing derailment warning system is proposed, which provides a theoretical basis for the warning system.
6. The bogie frame hunting wave of a freight train on Beijing-tonghua railway line is measured. And the relationship curve between the standard deviationσ_p, of the bogie frame hunting wave of the empty car and train speed V is obtained for the first time, which is the practical basis for analyzing the freight train derailment. The bogie frame hunting wave of a high speed train on Qinhuangdao-shenyang railway line for passenger traffic is measured. And the relationship curve between the standard deviationσ_p of the bogie frame hunting wave of the high speed train and train speed V is obtained for the first time, which lays a practical foundation for analyzing the high speed train derailment.
7. A set of software for analyzing train derailment with property right is independently developed based on the theory of random energy analysis for train derailment. Calculations are firstly made for 21 vibration cases of train-track (bridge) time-varying system, nine of which are derailed, while twelve not. The calculated results coincide with the practical situation. This has demonstrated that the problem of train derailment analysis that has not been solved for almost one hundred years has been broken through.
8. A grave derailment accident of number 33117 freight train on Changchun-tumen railway line is analyzed. The loss of the lateral stability of the train-track time-varying system is regarded as the cause of the train derailment. This conclusion has been applied by the Safety Supervision Department of the Railway Ministry of China.
9. Safety analyses are made of trains running on six bridges such as Nanjing Yangtz river bridge etc. with their lateral vibration amplitudes exceeding specifications. The calculated results are that trains on these bridges will not derail within design speeds, which are in agreement with the practical facts. These results have been accepted and applied by Shanghai, Shenyang and Zhengzhou Railway Administration Bureaus etc., respectively. The strengthening or changing of beams on these bridges has been avoided, which yielding direct economical benefits 84million yuan. All of these proves that the problem has been solved of safety analysis of trains running on bridges with their lateral vibration amplitudes exceeding specifications.
10. The necessity of derailment controlling analysis of trains on bridges is demonstrated. Derailment controlling of high speed trains running on supper major bridges such as Tianxinzhou combined highway and railway bridge, Hujiawan bridge and Hengyang-xiangjiang bridge etc. on Wuhan-guangzhou railway line for passenger traffic is analyzed. The calculated results provides an important theoretical basis for the design of these bridges, which have been accepted and applied by China Zhongtie Major Bridge Engineering Group Co. Ltd and the Fourth Survey & Design Institute of China Railways.
1．在大量分析国内外脱轨研究现状的基础上，深刻总结出脱轨研究中存在的三个主要问题，并提出了解决这些主要问题的方法。
2．首次提出了列车脱轨机理是列车—轨道(桥梁)时变系统(以下简称此系统)横向振动丧失稳定。
3．提出了此系统横向振动失稳及列车脱轨的条件为：此系统横向振动极限抗力作功σ_c等于此系统横向振动最大输入能量σ_(p，max)；此系统横向振动稳定及列车不脱轨的条件为：σ_c＞σ_(p，max)。
4．创立了一套新的列车脱轨能量随机分析理论，其主要内容包括：
(1)考虑轮轨位移衔接条件及轮轨“游间”影响，建立了能计算列车车轮脱轨全过程的此系统空间振动矩阵方程；
(2)建立了列车车轮脱轨几何准则；
(3)提出了列车脱轨全过程的计算方法；
(4)首次算出了列车车轮脱轨全过程振动响应及此系统横向振动极限抗力作功σ_c与车速V的关系曲线，并建立了σ_c的增量Δσ_c的表示式；
(5)提出了此系统横向振动最大输入能量σ_(p，max)的增量Δσ_(p，max)的计算方法；
(6)首次建立了此系统横向振动稳定性及列车是否脱轨的能量增量判别准则。
(7)提出了预防脱轨措施及预防脱轨标准的制订方法。
5．针对非正常行车条件下的列车脱轨，发明了一种列车脱轨报警器，以防脱轨后的事故进一步扩大，并获得了国家实用新型专利1项(专利号：ZL 2004 20068176.2)；针对正常行车条件下的列车脱轨(不明原因脱轨)，提出了列车脱轨预警系统的技术原理，为研制列车脱轨预警系统提供了理论依据。
6．在北京至通化线路上现场实测了货物列车构架蛇行波，首次得出了空载货车构架蛇行波标准差σ_p与车速V的关系曲线，为货物列车脱轨分析奠定了实践基础；在秦皇岛至沈阳客运专线上现场实测了高速列车构架蛇行波，首次得出了高速列车构架蛇行波标准差σ_p与车速V的关系曲线，为高速列车脱轨分析奠定了实践基础。
7．基于列车脱轨能量随机分析理论，研发了一套具有自主知识产权的列车脱轨分析软件TDAS v1.0。首次算出了21例(9例脱轨，12例不脱轨)长大列车是否脱轨结果，计算结果均与实际情况符合，突破了列车脱轨理论分析这一世界百年难题。
8．分析了长春至图们干线上33117次货物列车重大脱轨事故的原因为列车—轨道时变系统横向振动丧失稳定，分析结果得到了铁道部安检司采用。
9．分析了南京长江大桥等6座横向振幅超限桥梁上的列车走行安全性，计算结果为在设计车速以内这些桥梁上的列车不会脱轨，与长期振幅超限下行车未发生脱轨的实际情况符合，分别得到上海、沈阳、郑州等铁路局的肯定及采纳，避免了桥梁换梁和加固，取得直接经效益达8400万元。解决了横向振幅超限桥梁上的列车走行安全性的分析问题。
10．论证了进行桥上列车脱轨控制分析的必要性，作了武广客运专线天兴洲公铁两用大桥、胡家湾大桥及衡阳湘江特大桥上列车脱轨控制分析，分别得到中铁大桥局集团有限公司、铁道第四勘察设计院的肯定及采纳，为这些特大桥梁的设计提供了重要的理论依据。
Train derailment, which occurs frequently in China and other countries of the world, will lead to interruption of train operation, tuming-over of the train and even heavy casualties. Research of train derailment has been an important subject in railway transportation all over the world. The research on the safety of railway transportation is listed as an important domain and priority subject in the "Medium and Long Term Plan Compendium of Development of Science and Technology of China (2006-2020)." Since the launch of the speed-up campaign in the Chinese railways, freight train derailment accidents have been on the rise and have reached 70% of all grave and serious accidents in train operation. With the widely-developed construction of the high speed railway line for passenger traffic, to guarantee the safety of train operation is much more important than before. The problem of train derailment has been studied for as long as more than one century and a great number of achievements have been made, however, the mechanism of train derailment has not been understood fully and there still exist three fundamental problems in the analysis theory of train derailment. Therefore, there is a pressing need to make clear the train derailment mechanism, solve the three fundamental problems and propose a new theory about train derailment analysis, which will be of great theory value and economic and social benefits. The main contributions of the dissertation are as follows.
1. The three fundamental problems existing in the derailment studies are profoundly summarized based on largely analyzing the research status about train derailment in China and other countries of the world. The methods for solving these problems are also introduced.
2. The train derailment mechanism, which is the result of losing stability in lateral vibration status of train-track (bridge) time-varying system (hereinafter referred to as the System), is proposed for the first time.
3. The conditions for losing stability in the lateral vibration of the System and causing train derailment is that the work done by the limited resisting forceσ_c equals the maximum input energyσ_(p,max). And the condition for the stability of the lateral vibration of the System and no derailment of the train is thatσ_c＞σ_(p,max).
4. A set of new theories for random energy analysis of train derailment is proposed. And the main contents are as below,
(1) Taking into account the connecting conditions of wheel-rail displacement and the influence of the clearance between wheel flange and gauge line, the matrix equation of the spatial vibration of the System is established to calculate the whole course of train derailment.
(2) The geometric criterion of train derailment is established.
(3) The method for calculating the whole course of train derailment is put forward.
(4) The vibration responses of the whole course of train derailment and the relationship curve between the work done by the limited resisting force of the lateral vibration of the Systemσ_c and train speed V is calculated out for the first time. And the expression of the increment△σ_c of theσ_c is obtained.
(5) The method for calculating the increment△σ_(p,max) of the maximum input energy of the lateral vibration of the Systemσ_(p,max) is put forward.
(6) The energy increment criteria for determining the stability status of the lateral vibration of the System and train derailment is established.
(7) The preventive measures against derailment and methods for stipulating preventive standard against derailment are proposed.
5. To counter train derailment under abnormal condition of train operation, a derailment warning device is invented to hold back the derailment accident and a national patent (No. ZL 2004 2 0068176.2) is also gained. To counter train derailment under normal condition of train operation, i.e. undefined derailment, the technical principle for a preventing derailment warning system is proposed, which provides a theoretical basis for the warning system.
6. The bogie frame hunting wave of a freight train on Beijing-tonghua railway line is measured. And the relationship curve between the standard deviationσ_p, of the bogie frame hunting wave of the empty car and train speed V is obtained for the first time, which is the practical basis for analyzing the freight train derailment. The bogie frame hunting wave of a high speed train on Qinhuangdao-shenyang railway line for passenger traffic is measured. And the relationship curve between the standard deviationσ_p of the bogie frame hunting wave of the high speed train and train speed V is obtained for the first time, which lays a practical foundation for analyzing the high speed train derailment.
7. A set of software for analyzing train derailment with property right is independently developed based on the theory of random energy analysis for train derailment. Calculations are firstly made for 21 vibration cases of train-track (bridge) time-varying system, nine of which are derailed, while twelve not. The calculated results coincide with the practical situation. This has demonstrated that the problem of train derailment analysis that has not been solved for almost one hundred years has been broken through.
8. A grave derailment accident of number 33117 freight train on Changchun-tumen railway line is analyzed. The loss of the lateral stability of the train-track time-varying system is regarded as the cause of the train derailment. This conclusion has been applied by the Safety Supervision Department of the Railway Ministry of China.
9. Safety analyses are made of trains running on six bridges such as Nanjing Yangtz river bridge etc. with their lateral vibration amplitudes exceeding specifications. The calculated results are that trains on these bridges will not derail within design speeds, which are in agreement with the practical facts. These results have been accepted and applied by Shanghai, Shenyang and Zhengzhou Railway Administration Bureaus etc., respectively. The strengthening or changing of beams on these bridges has been avoided, which yielding direct economical benefits 84million yuan. All of these proves that the problem has been solved of safety analysis of trains running on bridges with their lateral vibration amplitudes exceeding specifications.
10. The necessity of derailment controlling analysis of trains on bridges is demonstrated. Derailment controlling of high speed trains running on supper major bridges such as Tianxinzhou combined highway and railway bridge, Hujiawan bridge and Hengyang-xiangjiang bridge etc. on Wuhan-guangzhou railway line for passenger traffic is analyzed. The calculated results provides an important theoretical basis for the design of these bridges, which have been accepted and applied by China Zhongtie Major Bridge Engineering Group Co. Ltd and the Fourth Survey & Design Institute of China Railways.
引文
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