基于概率触发的WSN能量有效拓扑控制算法
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摘要
传感器技术、微机电系统、信息处理技术、嵌入式计算及现代网络和无线通信等技术的进步,推动了具有现代意义的无线传感器网络的产生和发展。传感器网络中的节点一般采用能量有限的电池供电,且通常工作在较为复杂、危险的地理区域,节点的电池得不到更换或能量的补充。因此,降低节点能耗、延长网络生存时间,是无线传感器网络设计的重要目标。
针对传感器网络分簇的拓扑控制技术进行了具体的分析与研究,将经典的LEACH分簇拓扑控制算法推广到了多级异构无线传感器网络中,并提出了一种适用于异构网络环境的基于概率触发的负载均衡拓扑控制算法(LBPT)。LBPT算法通过构建‘优于’关系和通讯权值形成传感器网络的拓扑结构,综合考虑了剩余能量、能耗速度、传输距离等影响网络生命周期的相关因素,构建簇头选举概率从而平衡簇间各节点的能量消耗,簇头节点信息传递采用LMST局部算法最大限度减少簇间信息传递的能量消耗。通过优化的网络拓扑结构,能够提高网络协议的效率,还可以为传感器网络诸多方面的应用奠定基础,更加有利于节省节点的能量来延长网络使用寿命。
实验结果表明,基于概率触发的负载均衡拓扑控制算法有效地降低节点能耗,均衡了各簇间的能耗,可以显著地延长网络生存时间,提高网络的通信效率。
The advancement of some domains of scientific investigation, including sensor technology, micro-electro mechanical systems, information processing technology, embedded computing, modern networks, wireless communication techniques and so on, gives an impulsion to the generation and development of modem wireless sensor networks. The nodes in wireless sensor networks often adopt energy limited batteries, and work on complicated and dangerous regions, so their energies could not be supplemented or replaced. Therefore, reducing power consumption and prolonging the network lifetime are important targets of wireless sensor networks.
Through specific analysis and research to the clustering of sensor networks topology control techonology, promote the classic LEACH clumping topological control algorithm in multi-stage heterogeneity of wireless sensor network, And put forward a based on probability triggering wireless sensor networks energy efficient in topology control algorithm(LBPT) that suitable to heterogeneous network environment. LBPT algorithm construct sensor network topology by 'Superior' relationship and communication weight, through residual energy, energy consumption rate, transmission distance and other factors that affect the network life construct of the probability of cluster head election for balancing the various nodes of the cluster energy consumption; Cluster head node information transmission using local algorithm LMST to minimize energy consumption. Through the optimization of the network topology structure, can improve the efficiency of the network protocol, and can also be for many sensor network applications and more conducive to save node energy to prolong the network service life.
Simulation results show that based on probability triggering WSN energy efficient in topology control algorithm(LBPT) can effectively reduce the node energy consumption, energy consumption between the clusters have balanced, Can significantly prolong the network' lifetime and improve the efficiency of communication network.
针对传感器网络分簇的拓扑控制技术进行了具体的分析与研究,将经典的LEACH分簇拓扑控制算法推广到了多级异构无线传感器网络中,并提出了一种适用于异构网络环境的基于概率触发的负载均衡拓扑控制算法(LBPT)。LBPT算法通过构建‘优于’关系和通讯权值形成传感器网络的拓扑结构,综合考虑了剩余能量、能耗速度、传输距离等影响网络生命周期的相关因素,构建簇头选举概率从而平衡簇间各节点的能量消耗,簇头节点信息传递采用LMST局部算法最大限度减少簇间信息传递的能量消耗。通过优化的网络拓扑结构,能够提高网络协议的效率,还可以为传感器网络诸多方面的应用奠定基础,更加有利于节省节点的能量来延长网络使用寿命。
实验结果表明,基于概率触发的负载均衡拓扑控制算法有效地降低节点能耗,均衡了各簇间的能耗,可以显著地延长网络生存时间,提高网络的通信效率。
The advancement of some domains of scientific investigation, including sensor technology, micro-electro mechanical systems, information processing technology, embedded computing, modern networks, wireless communication techniques and so on, gives an impulsion to the generation and development of modem wireless sensor networks. The nodes in wireless sensor networks often adopt energy limited batteries, and work on complicated and dangerous regions, so their energies could not be supplemented or replaced. Therefore, reducing power consumption and prolonging the network lifetime are important targets of wireless sensor networks.
Through specific analysis and research to the clustering of sensor networks topology control techonology, promote the classic LEACH clumping topological control algorithm in multi-stage heterogeneity of wireless sensor network, And put forward a based on probability triggering wireless sensor networks energy efficient in topology control algorithm(LBPT) that suitable to heterogeneous network environment. LBPT algorithm construct sensor network topology by 'Superior' relationship and communication weight, through residual energy, energy consumption rate, transmission distance and other factors that affect the network life construct of the probability of cluster head election for balancing the various nodes of the cluster energy consumption; Cluster head node information transmission using local algorithm LMST to minimize energy consumption. Through the optimization of the network topology structure, can improve the efficiency of the network protocol, and can also be for many sensor network applications and more conducive to save node energy to prolong the network service life.
Simulation results show that based on probability triggering WSN energy efficient in topology control algorithm(LBPT) can effectively reduce the node energy consumption, energy consumption between the clusters have balanced, Can significantly prolong the network' lifetime and improve the efficiency of communication network.
引文
[1]李建中,李金宝,石胜飞.传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展[J].软件学报,2006,14(10)：1717-1727.
[2]Tilak S, Abu-Ghazaleh NB, Heinzelman W. A Taxonomy of Wireless Micro-sensor Network Models[J]. Mobile Computing and Communications Review,2005, 1(2):1-8.
[3]Hill J L. System Architecture for Wireless Sensor Networks[J]. A Dissertation of Doctor of Philosophy. University of California, Berkeley,2006:10-11.
[4]Pister K, Hohlt B, Jeong J, et al. A Sensor Network Infrastructure [EB/OL].2006. http://www.bsac.eecs.berkeley.edu/Projects/ivy.
[5]罗昌俊,陈希,周明天.无线传感器网络技术研究[J].测控技术,2006,25(7)：6-9.
[6]Akyildiz I.F, Su W, Sankarasubramaniam Y, et al. Wireless Sensor Network:A Survey[J]. Computer Networks,2005,38(4):393-422.
[7]任丰原,黄海宁,林闯.无线传感器网络[J].软件学报,2006,14(7)：1282-1291.
[8]Shameen, A Survey on Routing Protocols in Sensor Networks[J]. Nov.2007.
[9]Clare, Pottie and Agre. Self-Organizing Distributed Sensor Networks[C]. In SPIE Conference on Unattended Ground Sensor Technologies and Application, PP.229-237, APR.1999.
[10]K.Yao, R. Hudson, C. Reed, D.Chen, et al. Blind Beamforming on Randollily Distributed Sensor Array System[C]. Proceedings of SIPS, Oct.1998.
[11]APerrig, RSzewczyk, VWen, et al. SPINS:Security protocols for sensor networks[C] The 7th Annual Intel Confine Mobile Computing and Networks, Rome, Italy,2003.
[12]I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, et al, Wireless Sensor Networks:A survey[C]. Computer Networks, March 2005.
[13]J. N. Al-Karaki, A. E. Kamal. Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey[J]. IEEE Wireless Communications Volume 11, Issue 6, pp.6-28, Dec. 2007.
[14]钟韬.无线传感器网络中分簇优化算法的研究[D].硕士毕业论文,电子科技大学,2007年.
[15]Duarte-Melo EJ, Liu M. Analysis of energy consumption and lifetime of heterogeneous wireless sensor networks[C]. In Proc.of the GLOBECOM'02. New York,2005, pp:21-25.
[16]潘巨龙,闻育,无线传感器网络的异构性研究[J],航空计算技,Vol.37,No.2,2007年3月.
[17]卿利,朱清新,王明文.异构传感器网络的分布式能量有效成簇算法[J].软件学报,2006,17(3)：481-489.
[18]Mark Yarvis, Nandakishore Kushalnagar, Harkirat Singh, et. Al. Exploiting Heterogeneity in Sensor Networks[C]. In Proc.of INFOCOM 05,March 2005, (2): 878-890.
[19]Smaragdakis G, Matta I, Bestavros A. SEP:A stable election protocol for clustered heterogeneous wireless sensor networks[C]. In Proc.of SANPA'04.
[20]Krishnamurthy Lakshman. Connect the physical world to information technology: industrial applications for sensor networks, Advanced sensing Technologies [EB/OL], http://asia.stanford.Edu/events/Spring04/sensors.html.
[21]Stankovic J.A, Abdelzaher T. E, Chenyang L, et.al. "Real-time communication and coordination in embedded sensor networks" [J], Proceedings of the IEEE, 2006,91(7):1002-1022.
[22]Chen W. P, Hou J. C, Sha L. Dynamic clustering for acoustic target tracking in wireless sensor networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2007,3(3): 258-271.
[23]Vercauteren T, Guo D, Wang X. Joint multiple target tracking and classification in collaborative sensor networks[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,2008,23(4):714-723.
[24]Cucchiara R. Multimedia surveillance systems[C]. In Proc.of the ACM VSSN 2005. New York,2008,pp:1-10.
[25]Tao D,Ma HD,Liu YH. Energy-Efficient cooperative image processing in video sensor networks[C]. In Proc.of the 2005 Pacific-Rim Conf. on Multimedia. Berlin: Springer-Verlag,2008.572-583.
[26]马华东,陶丹,多媒体传感器网络及其研究进展[J].软件学报,Vol.17, No.9,Sept.2006,2013-2028.
[27]Ian F. Akyildiz, Tommaso Melodia, Kaushik R. Chowdhury, A survey on wireless multimedia sensor networks[J],Computer Networks,51(2007), pp:921-960.
[28]于宏毅.无线移动自组织网[M].北京：人民邮电出版社,2005.4：366-368.
[29]李建中,李金宝,石胜飞.传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展[J].软件学报,2006,14(10)：1717-1727.
[30]陈雄,杜以书,唐国新,无线传感器网络的研究现状及发展趋势[J].系统仿真技术,2005.7.1(2)：66-73.
[31]孙利民,李建中,陈渝等.无线传感器网络[M].第一版.北京：清华大学出版,2005.4-23.
[32]Bao P, Garcia-Luna-Aceves PJ J. Topology management in ad-hoc networks[C]. Proc. of the 4th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad-hoc networking and computing.2006,6,19(6):129-140.
[33]Narayanaswamy S, Kawadia V, Sreenivas R S. Power Control in ad-hoc Networks:Theory, architecture, algorithm and implementation of the COMPOW Protocol [C].In European Wireless Conference.2005,3(2):156-162.
[34]Ramanathan R, Rosales-Hain R. Topology control of multihop wireless networks using transmit power adjustment[C]. Proc. of the 19th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.2000,3, 2:404-413.
[35]Li N,Hou J C. Topology control in heterogeneous wireless networks[C]. Proc.of the 23rd Annual Joint Conference on IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.2007,3,1:243.
[36]Xu Y, Heidemann J, Estrin D. Geography-informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing[C]. Proc.of the 7th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking.2004,7,70-84.
[37]Heinzelman W B, Chandrakasan A P, Balakrishnan H. An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.2005,10,1 (4):660-670.
[38]Manjeshwar A, Agrawal DP.TEEN:A routing protocol for enhanced efficiency in wireless sensor networks[C]. Proc.of the 15th Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium.2004,4,2009-2015.
[39]Kulik J, Heinzelman W, Balakrishnan H, et al. Negotiation-based protocols for disseminating information in wireless sensor networks[J]. Wireless Networks, 2005,3,8(2-3):169-185.
[40]Katayoun S,Gao J,Ailawadhi V,etal. Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network[J]. IEEE Personal Communications.2006,10,7(5):16-27.
[41]于海滨,曾鹏等.智能无线传感器网络系统[M].科学出版社,2006.1.
[42]Asada G, Dong M, Lin TS, Newberg F, Potie G, Kaiser WJ, Marcy HO. Wireless integrated network sensors(WINS)for tactical information systems[C]. In: Proceedings of the 1998 European Solid State Circuits Conference.New York:ACM Press[C],1998.15-20.
[43]Warneke B, Last M, Liebowitz B. Smart dust:Communicating with a cubic-millimeter computer[J]. IEEE Computer Magazine,2001,34(1):44-51.
[44]黄少昱,曹阳,王悦伟.无线传感器网络中的路由技术[J].计算机工程与应用,2004(19)：123-126.
[45]Akkaya K, Younis M.A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks[J]. Ad Hoc Networks,2005(3):325-349.
[46]Hassanein Hossam,Luo Jing. Reliable energy aware routing in wireless sensor networks[C]. Proceedings of the Second IEEE Workshop on Dependability and Security in Sensor Networks and Systems(DSSNS'06)[C],24-28 April 2006 Page(s):54-64.
[47]Hedetniemi S, Liestman A.A Survey of Gossiping and Broadcasting in Communication Networks[J],1988,18(4)319-349.
[48]Heinzelman W, Kulik J, Balakrishnan H. Adaptive protocols for information dissemination in wireless sensor networks[C]. Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom'99[C],1999.174-185.
[49]Intanagonwiw at C, Govindan R, Estrin D. Directed diffusion:a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks[C]. Proceedings of the 6th Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on MobiCom'00[C],2000:56-57.
[50]D. Braginsky, D. Estrin, Rumor routing algorithm for sensor networks[C]. In: Proceedings of the First Workshop on Sensor Networks and Applications (WSNA) [C], Atlanta, GA, October 2005.
[51]K. Sohrabi et al. Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network[J]. IEEE Personal Communications,2007,7(5) 16-27.
[52]Heinzelman W, Chandrakas an A, Balakrishnan H. Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless sensor networks[C]. IEEE Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference System Sciences'00[C], Hawaii,2006: 3005-3014.
[53]Heinzelman W. Application-Specific protocol architectures for wireless networks[D]. Boston:Massachusetts Institute of Technology,2006.
[54]Younis O, Fahmy S.Heed:A hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad-hoc sensor networks[J]. IEEE Trans. on Mobile Computing,2008, 3(4):660-669.
[55]张倩,王福豹,滑楠等.无线传感器网络路由协议的设计与实现[J].计算机应用,2006,26(4)：932-934.
[2]Tilak S, Abu-Ghazaleh NB, Heinzelman W. A Taxonomy of Wireless Micro-sensor Network Models[J]. Mobile Computing and Communications Review,2005, 1(2):1-8.
[3]Hill J L. System Architecture for Wireless Sensor Networks[J]. A Dissertation of Doctor of Philosophy. University of California, Berkeley,2006:10-11.
[4]Pister K, Hohlt B, Jeong J, et al. A Sensor Network Infrastructure [EB/OL].2006. http://www.bsac.eecs.berkeley.edu/Projects/ivy.
[5]罗昌俊,陈希,周明天.无线传感器网络技术研究[J].测控技术,2006,25(7)：6-9.
[6]Akyildiz I.F, Su W, Sankarasubramaniam Y, et al. Wireless Sensor Network:A Survey[J]. Computer Networks,2005,38(4):393-422.
[7]任丰原,黄海宁,林闯.无线传感器网络[J].软件学报,2006,14(7)：1282-1291.
[8]Shameen, A Survey on Routing Protocols in Sensor Networks[J]. Nov.2007.
[9]Clare, Pottie and Agre. Self-Organizing Distributed Sensor Networks[C]. In SPIE Conference on Unattended Ground Sensor Technologies and Application, PP.229-237, APR.1999.
[10]K.Yao, R. Hudson, C. Reed, D.Chen, et al. Blind Beamforming on Randollily Distributed Sensor Array System[C]. Proceedings of SIPS, Oct.1998.
[11]APerrig, RSzewczyk, VWen, et al. SPINS:Security protocols for sensor networks[C] The 7th Annual Intel Confine Mobile Computing and Networks, Rome, Italy,2003.
[12]I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, et al, Wireless Sensor Networks:A survey[C]. Computer Networks, March 2005.
[13]J. N. Al-Karaki, A. E. Kamal. Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey[J]. IEEE Wireless Communications Volume 11, Issue 6, pp.6-28, Dec. 2007.
[14]钟韬.无线传感器网络中分簇优化算法的研究[D].硕士毕业论文,电子科技大学,2007年.
[15]Duarte-Melo EJ, Liu M. Analysis of energy consumption and lifetime of heterogeneous wireless sensor networks[C]. In Proc.of the GLOBECOM'02. New York,2005, pp:21-25.
[16]潘巨龙,闻育,无线传感器网络的异构性研究[J],航空计算技,Vol.37,No.2,2007年3月.
[17]卿利,朱清新,王明文.异构传感器网络的分布式能量有效成簇算法[J].软件学报,2006,17(3)：481-489.
[18]Mark Yarvis, Nandakishore Kushalnagar, Harkirat Singh, et. Al. Exploiting Heterogeneity in Sensor Networks[C]. In Proc.of INFOCOM 05,March 2005, (2): 878-890.
[19]Smaragdakis G, Matta I, Bestavros A. SEP:A stable election protocol for clustered heterogeneous wireless sensor networks[C]. In Proc.of SANPA'04.
[20]Krishnamurthy Lakshman. Connect the physical world to information technology: industrial applications for sensor networks, Advanced sensing Technologies [EB/OL], http://asia.stanford.Edu/events/Spring04/sensors.html.
[21]Stankovic J.A, Abdelzaher T. E, Chenyang L, et.al. "Real-time communication and coordination in embedded sensor networks" [J], Proceedings of the IEEE, 2006,91(7):1002-1022.
[22]Chen W. P, Hou J. C, Sha L. Dynamic clustering for acoustic target tracking in wireless sensor networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2007,3(3): 258-271.
[23]Vercauteren T, Guo D, Wang X. Joint multiple target tracking and classification in collaborative sensor networks[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,2008,23(4):714-723.
[24]Cucchiara R. Multimedia surveillance systems[C]. In Proc.of the ACM VSSN 2005. New York,2008,pp:1-10.
[25]Tao D,Ma HD,Liu YH. Energy-Efficient cooperative image processing in video sensor networks[C]. In Proc.of the 2005 Pacific-Rim Conf. on Multimedia. Berlin: Springer-Verlag,2008.572-583.
[26]马华东,陶丹,多媒体传感器网络及其研究进展[J].软件学报,Vol.17, No.9,Sept.2006,2013-2028.
[27]Ian F. Akyildiz, Tommaso Melodia, Kaushik R. Chowdhury, A survey on wireless multimedia sensor networks[J],Computer Networks,51(2007), pp:921-960.
[28]于宏毅.无线移动自组织网[M].北京：人民邮电出版社,2005.4：366-368.
[29]李建中,李金宝,石胜飞.传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展[J].软件学报,2006,14(10)：1717-1727.
[30]陈雄,杜以书,唐国新,无线传感器网络的研究现状及发展趋势[J].系统仿真技术,2005.7.1(2)：66-73.
[31]孙利民,李建中,陈渝等.无线传感器网络[M].第一版.北京：清华大学出版,2005.4-23.
[32]Bao P, Garcia-Luna-Aceves PJ J. Topology management in ad-hoc networks[C]. Proc. of the 4th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad-hoc networking and computing.2006,6,19(6):129-140.
[33]Narayanaswamy S, Kawadia V, Sreenivas R S. Power Control in ad-hoc Networks:Theory, architecture, algorithm and implementation of the COMPOW Protocol [C].In European Wireless Conference.2005,3(2):156-162.
[34]Ramanathan R, Rosales-Hain R. Topology control of multihop wireless networks using transmit power adjustment[C]. Proc. of the 19th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.2000,3, 2:404-413.
[35]Li N,Hou J C. Topology control in heterogeneous wireless networks[C]. Proc.of the 23rd Annual Joint Conference on IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.2007,3,1:243.
[36]Xu Y, Heidemann J, Estrin D. Geography-informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing[C]. Proc.of the 7th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking.2004,7,70-84.
[37]Heinzelman W B, Chandrakasan A P, Balakrishnan H. An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.2005,10,1 (4):660-670.
[38]Manjeshwar A, Agrawal DP.TEEN:A routing protocol for enhanced efficiency in wireless sensor networks[C]. Proc.of the 15th Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium.2004,4,2009-2015.
[39]Kulik J, Heinzelman W, Balakrishnan H, et al. Negotiation-based protocols for disseminating information in wireless sensor networks[J]. Wireless Networks, 2005,3,8(2-3):169-185.
[40]Katayoun S,Gao J,Ailawadhi V,etal. Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network[J]. IEEE Personal Communications.2006,10,7(5):16-27.
[41]于海滨,曾鹏等.智能无线传感器网络系统[M].科学出版社,2006.1.
[42]Asada G, Dong M, Lin TS, Newberg F, Potie G, Kaiser WJ, Marcy HO. Wireless integrated network sensors(WINS)for tactical information systems[C]. In: Proceedings of the 1998 European Solid State Circuits Conference.New York:ACM Press[C],1998.15-20.
[43]Warneke B, Last M, Liebowitz B. Smart dust:Communicating with a cubic-millimeter computer[J]. IEEE Computer Magazine,2001,34(1):44-51.
[44]黄少昱,曹阳,王悦伟.无线传感器网络中的路由技术[J].计算机工程与应用,2004(19)：123-126.
[45]Akkaya K, Younis M.A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks[J]. Ad Hoc Networks,2005(3):325-349.
[46]Hassanein Hossam,Luo Jing. Reliable energy aware routing in wireless sensor networks[C]. Proceedings of the Second IEEE Workshop on Dependability and Security in Sensor Networks and Systems(DSSNS'06)[C],24-28 April 2006 Page(s):54-64.
[47]Hedetniemi S, Liestman A.A Survey of Gossiping and Broadcasting in Communication Networks[J],1988,18(4)319-349.
[48]Heinzelman W, Kulik J, Balakrishnan H. Adaptive protocols for information dissemination in wireless sensor networks[C]. Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom'99[C],1999.174-185.
[49]Intanagonwiw at C, Govindan R, Estrin D. Directed diffusion:a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks[C]. Proceedings of the 6th Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on MobiCom'00[C],2000:56-57.
[50]D. Braginsky, D. Estrin, Rumor routing algorithm for sensor networks[C]. In: Proceedings of the First Workshop on Sensor Networks and Applications (WSNA) [C], Atlanta, GA, October 2005.
[51]K. Sohrabi et al. Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network[J]. IEEE Personal Communications,2007,7(5) 16-27.
[52]Heinzelman W, Chandrakas an A, Balakrishnan H. Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless sensor networks[C]. IEEE Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference System Sciences'00[C], Hawaii,2006: 3005-3014.
[53]Heinzelman W. Application-Specific protocol architectures for wireless networks[D]. Boston:Massachusetts Institute of Technology,2006.
[54]Younis O, Fahmy S.Heed:A hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad-hoc sensor networks[J]. IEEE Trans. on Mobile Computing,2008, 3(4):660-669.
[55]张倩,王福豹,滑楠等.无线传感器网络路由协议的设计与实现[J].计算机应用,2006,26(4)：932-934.