宽带数字阵列雷达通道校正技术
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摘要
宽带数字阵列雷达拥有许多传统雷达不具有的优势,然而各通道中低噪放,功放等模拟器件的差异和环境温度的变化等因素会导致各个通道的频率特性不一致,即通道失配。宽带数字阵列雷达的各种优良性能是在各通道一致的假设前提下才有的,通道失配会严重影响阵列雷达数字波束形成的效果,降低阵列雷达性能。
为了减小通道失配带来的影响,介绍了多种通道失配模型,通过仿真研究了通道失配导致数字波束形成性能下降的程度,并针对横式滤波结构下的时域校正算法和多种频域校正算法,分析了它们各自的特点和性能上的差异,并通过一组仿真实验比较了它们校正性能的差异。另外,通过仿真实验研究了校正时的采样率、滤波器抽头数等参数选择与最终校正效果的关系,给实际应用中的参数选择提供了参考。
通过对频域不加权最小二乘法和直接逆傅立叶变换法求解过程的分析,证明了它们是完全等价的求解,所以在最后校正结果上没有任何差异。
针对横向滤波结构下的直接逆傅立叶变换算法校正性能不佳的问题,分析了其中的原因,并提出在变换之前先在频域优化设计理想频率响应函数的方法,使得在运算量没有增加的情况下,校正性能得到了改善。
当通道之间的失配是在某些频率处有较大差异,形成频域的尖峰时,要校正它们的理想滤波器的单位脉冲响应序列必然很长,难以用低阶的FIR滤波结构逼近,针对这一问题,引入了拥有全通滤波环节的拉盖尔滤波器,使得校正性能得到改善。
最后,为了保证算法实现的实时性,说明了最小二乘求解和FIR滤波的工程实现方法,并通过在ADSP开发板上编写校正算法程序,说明了优化程序代码的方法,给出了用两片ADSP实现整个通道校正过程的实用方案。
Wideband digital array radar has many advantages compared with the traditional radar. However, the frequency characteristics of each channel is different because of the differences of LNA, Power Amplifier and other analog devices , that is Channel-mismatch, which seriously deteriorate the performance. of Digital Beamforming and Array Radar.
First of all, several channel mismatch models are introduced, and the relationship between Channel-mismatch and performance deterioration is studied by simulation. Then, the characteristics and performance of the time domain algorithm and the frequency domain algorithm are analyzed, and their performances are compared by simulation. Besides, the relationships between parameters, such as the sample ratio, the taps, and performance of array radar are studied by another simulation, which provides a reference to the selection of parameters in projects.
Unweighted least squares algorithm and direct inverse Fourier transform algorithm (DIFTA) are proved to be equivalent by anglicizing of their solution process, so they have exactly the same performance.
An improved algorithm is proposed for the poor performance of the DIFTA. Firstly, analyzed the reasons of the poor performance using DIFTA, then, proposed to optimal design the idea frequency response function before Inverse Fourier transform. Finally, simulation show that the improved algorithm does improved the performance of array radar and no increment in Computational Complexity.
FIR structure is difficult to obtain good performance in the channel correction, when a few peak appear in the channel mismatch that will lead to unit pulse response is a long sequence. To solve this problem, the Laguerre filter which includes some all-pass filter is introduced, and theory and simulation show that it has better performance.
The efficient solution of Least Squares and FIR filter in engineering is described to meet the requirements of real-time. Finally, the method of optimizing program code is given by programming in ADSP-21161N EZ-KIT LITE, and the Channel-correction strategy with two ADSP chip is described.
为了减小通道失配带来的影响,介绍了多种通道失配模型,通过仿真研究了通道失配导致数字波束形成性能下降的程度,并针对横式滤波结构下的时域校正算法和多种频域校正算法,分析了它们各自的特点和性能上的差异,并通过一组仿真实验比较了它们校正性能的差异。另外,通过仿真实验研究了校正时的采样率、滤波器抽头数等参数选择与最终校正效果的关系,给实际应用中的参数选择提供了参考。
通过对频域不加权最小二乘法和直接逆傅立叶变换法求解过程的分析,证明了它们是完全等价的求解,所以在最后校正结果上没有任何差异。
针对横向滤波结构下的直接逆傅立叶变换算法校正性能不佳的问题,分析了其中的原因,并提出在变换之前先在频域优化设计理想频率响应函数的方法,使得在运算量没有增加的情况下,校正性能得到了改善。
当通道之间的失配是在某些频率处有较大差异,形成频域的尖峰时,要校正它们的理想滤波器的单位脉冲响应序列必然很长,难以用低阶的FIR滤波结构逼近,针对这一问题,引入了拥有全通滤波环节的拉盖尔滤波器,使得校正性能得到改善。
最后,为了保证算法实现的实时性,说明了最小二乘求解和FIR滤波的工程实现方法,并通过在ADSP开发板上编写校正算法程序,说明了优化程序代码的方法,给出了用两片ADSP实现整个通道校正过程的实用方案。
Wideband digital array radar has many advantages compared with the traditional radar. However, the frequency characteristics of each channel is different because of the differences of LNA, Power Amplifier and other analog devices , that is Channel-mismatch, which seriously deteriorate the performance. of Digital Beamforming and Array Radar.
First of all, several channel mismatch models are introduced, and the relationship between Channel-mismatch and performance deterioration is studied by simulation. Then, the characteristics and performance of the time domain algorithm and the frequency domain algorithm are analyzed, and their performances are compared by simulation. Besides, the relationships between parameters, such as the sample ratio, the taps, and performance of array radar are studied by another simulation, which provides a reference to the selection of parameters in projects.
Unweighted least squares algorithm and direct inverse Fourier transform algorithm (DIFTA) are proved to be equivalent by anglicizing of their solution process, so they have exactly the same performance.
An improved algorithm is proposed for the poor performance of the DIFTA. Firstly, analyzed the reasons of the poor performance using DIFTA, then, proposed to optimal design the idea frequency response function before Inverse Fourier transform. Finally, simulation show that the improved algorithm does improved the performance of array radar and no increment in Computational Complexity.
FIR structure is difficult to obtain good performance in the channel correction, when a few peak appear in the channel mismatch that will lead to unit pulse response is a long sequence. To solve this problem, the Laguerre filter which includes some all-pass filter is introduced, and theory and simulation show that it has better performance.
The efficient solution of Least Squares and FIR filter in engineering is described to meet the requirements of real-time. Finally, the method of optimizing program code is given by programming in ADSP-21161N EZ-KIT LITE, and the Channel-correction strategy with two ADSP chip is described.
引文
[1]张光义,赵玉洁.相控阵雷达技术.北京:电子工业出版社, 2006: 383-451.
[2] Cantrell B, De G J, Willwerth F, et al. Development of a Digital Array Radar (DAR). Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE. 2002, 17(3): 22-27.
[3] Rabideau D J, Galejs R J, Willwerth F G, et al. An S-band digital array radar testbed. 2003,113-118.
[4]吴曼青.大有作为的数字阵列雷达.现代军事. 2005(10): 46-49.
[5]吴曼青.数字阵列雷达及其进展.中国电子科学研究院学报. 2006, 1(1): 11-16.
[6] Medley J C, Dacke F C, Adams F J. The impact of channel dispersion errors and equalisation filtering on subarrayed adaptive beamforming. 2005,703-708.
[7]李平,史小卫,陈蕾, et al.通道失配条件下的阵列性能.微波学报. 2007, 23(03): 31-38.
[8]倪晋麟,李振,张光义.通道失配对自适应阵列性能的影响.现代雷达. 1994(03).
[9]朱庆明.数字阵列雷达述评.雷达科学与技术. 2004, 2(3): 136-146.
[10]龚耀寰.自适应滤波(第二版)---时域自适应滤波和智能天线.北京:电子工业出版社, 2003: 316-317.
[11]刘彦萍,杨铁军.自适应均衡算法在信道均衡技术中的应用研究.通信技术. 2008(12).
[12]孙守亮.通信信道均衡理论与应用技术[硕士学位论文].山东大学, 2005.
[13]莫利斯(molishaf)著;田斌等译.无线通信.北京:电子工业出版社, 2008.
[14]张林让,保铮,张玉洪.通道响应失配对DBF天线旁瓣电平的影响.电子与信息学报. 1995(03).
[15] Gerlach K. The effects of IF bandpass mismatch errors on adaptive cancellation. Aerospace and Electronic Systems, IEEE Transactions on. 1990, 26(3): 455-468.
[16] Gerlach K. The effects of IF bandpass mismatch errors on adaptive cancellation. IEEE Transactions On Aerospace And Electronic Systems. 1990, 26(3).
[17] Farina A. Digital equalization in adaptive spatial filtering for radar system. Signal Processing. 2003, 83: 11-29.
[18] Aalfs D D, Holder E J. Impact of wideband channel-to-channel mismatch on adaptive arrays. 2000,459-463.
[19]张林让,保铮,张玉洪.通道响应失配对DBF天线旁瓣电平的影响.电子与信息学报. 1995(03).
[20]倪晋麟,李振,张光义.通道失配对自适应阵列性能的影响.现代雷达. 1994, 17(03): 268-275.
[21] Johnson J R, Fenn A J, Aumann H M, et al. An experimental adaptive nulling receiver utilizing the sample matrix inversion algorithm with channel equalization. Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on. 1991, 39(5): 798-808.
[22]赵红梅,王华力,牟善祥, et al.宽带DBF系统多通道校正及性能分析.无线电通信技术. 2008(02).
[23]李荣锋,王永良,万山虎, et al.一种基于带宽分割的自适应通道补偿方法.电子与信息学报. 2002(11).
[24]彭小亮,李荣锋,王永良, et al.两种修正的自适应通道均衡方法.电子与信息学报. 2006(04).
[25] Pettersson L, Danestig M, Sjostrom U. An Experimental S-Band Digital Beamforming Antenna. IEEE AES system Magazine. 1997, 12(11).
[26]李建平.宽带数字阵列雷达通道均衡算法研究[硕士学位论文].电子科技大学, 2007.
[27]申秋明.数字阵列雷达接收通道均衡技术研究与实现[硕士学位论文].电子科技大学, 2005.
[28]陈刚.通道均衡在宽带数字阵列雷达中的技术研究[硕士学位论文].电子科技大学, 2008.
[29]王振力,李荣锋,万山虎, et al.自适应通道均衡在自适应旁瓣对消中的应用.空军雷达学院学报. 2003(01).
[30]王振力,张雄伟,李荣锋.用于补偿高次畸变的一种自适应均衡法.通信学报. 2005, 26(02): 127-130.
[31]庄泽标.自适应旁瓣对消中的通道均衡技术研究与实现[硕士学位论文].西安电子科技大学, 2007.
[32] Shunjun W, Yingjun L. Adaptive channel equalization for space-time adaptive processing. 1995,624-628.
[33]吴洹,张玉洪,吴顺君.用于阵列处理的自适应均衡器的研究.现代雷达. 1994(01).
[34]王峰,傅有光,孟兵, et al.基于傅里叶变换的雷达通道均衡算法性能分析及改进.电子学报. 2006, 34(9): 1677-1680.
[35]王瑛,王飞雪.一种新的阵列通道失配仿真模型.电子与信息学报. 2005, 27(11): 1845-1848.
[36]何子述;夏威等.现代数字信号处理及其应用.北京:清华大学出版社, 2009.
[37] F A. Digtital equalization in adaptive spatial filtering for radar system. Signal Processing. 2003, 83: 11-29.
[38] Teitelbaum K. A flexible processor for a digital adaptive array radar. Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE. 1991, 6(5): 18-22.
[39]西蒙赫金.自适应滤波器原理(第四版).北京:电子工业出版社, 2003: 534-536.
[40]贺双赤.用Laguerre滤波器实现多径衰落信道自适应均衡.电讯技术. 2004(01).
[41] Lee Y W. Statistical Theory of Communication. New York: Wiley, 1960.
[42] Fejzo Z, Lev-ari H. Adaptive Laguerre-lattice filters. Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on. 1997, 45(12): 3006-3016.
[43]程佩青.数字信号处理教程(第二版).北京:清华大学出版社, 2001.
[44]李鹏波,胡德文等.系统辨识基础[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社, 2006, 3.
[45] (美)阿肯豪森(ackenhusenjg).实时信号处理-信号处理系统设计于实现.北京:电子工业出版社, 2002.
[46]苏涛等.高性能DSP于高速实时信号处理.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社, 1999.
[2] Cantrell B, De G J, Willwerth F, et al. Development of a Digital Array Radar (DAR). Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE. 2002, 17(3): 22-27.
[3] Rabideau D J, Galejs R J, Willwerth F G, et al. An S-band digital array radar testbed. 2003,113-118.
[4]吴曼青.大有作为的数字阵列雷达.现代军事. 2005(10): 46-49.
[5]吴曼青.数字阵列雷达及其进展.中国电子科学研究院学报. 2006, 1(1): 11-16.
[6] Medley J C, Dacke F C, Adams F J. The impact of channel dispersion errors and equalisation filtering on subarrayed adaptive beamforming. 2005,703-708.
[7]李平,史小卫,陈蕾, et al.通道失配条件下的阵列性能.微波学报. 2007, 23(03): 31-38.
[8]倪晋麟,李振,张光义.通道失配对自适应阵列性能的影响.现代雷达. 1994(03).
[9]朱庆明.数字阵列雷达述评.雷达科学与技术. 2004, 2(3): 136-146.
[10]龚耀寰.自适应滤波(第二版)---时域自适应滤波和智能天线.北京:电子工业出版社, 2003: 316-317.
[11]刘彦萍,杨铁军.自适应均衡算法在信道均衡技术中的应用研究.通信技术. 2008(12).
[12]孙守亮.通信信道均衡理论与应用技术[硕士学位论文].山东大学, 2005.
[13]莫利斯(molishaf)著;田斌等译.无线通信.北京:电子工业出版社, 2008.
[14]张林让,保铮,张玉洪.通道响应失配对DBF天线旁瓣电平的影响.电子与信息学报. 1995(03).
[15] Gerlach K. The effects of IF bandpass mismatch errors on adaptive cancellation. Aerospace and Electronic Systems, IEEE Transactions on. 1990, 26(3): 455-468.
[16] Gerlach K. The effects of IF bandpass mismatch errors on adaptive cancellation. IEEE Transactions On Aerospace And Electronic Systems. 1990, 26(3).
[17] Farina A. Digital equalization in adaptive spatial filtering for radar system. Signal Processing. 2003, 83: 11-29.
[18] Aalfs D D, Holder E J. Impact of wideband channel-to-channel mismatch on adaptive arrays. 2000,459-463.
[19]张林让,保铮,张玉洪.通道响应失配对DBF天线旁瓣电平的影响.电子与信息学报. 1995(03).
[20]倪晋麟,李振,张光义.通道失配对自适应阵列性能的影响.现代雷达. 1994, 17(03): 268-275.
[21] Johnson J R, Fenn A J, Aumann H M, et al. An experimental adaptive nulling receiver utilizing the sample matrix inversion algorithm with channel equalization. Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on. 1991, 39(5): 798-808.
[22]赵红梅,王华力,牟善祥, et al.宽带DBF系统多通道校正及性能分析.无线电通信技术. 2008(02).
[23]李荣锋,王永良,万山虎, et al.一种基于带宽分割的自适应通道补偿方法.电子与信息学报. 2002(11).
[24]彭小亮,李荣锋,王永良, et al.两种修正的自适应通道均衡方法.电子与信息学报. 2006(04).
[25] Pettersson L, Danestig M, Sjostrom U. An Experimental S-Band Digital Beamforming Antenna. IEEE AES system Magazine. 1997, 12(11).
[26]李建平.宽带数字阵列雷达通道均衡算法研究[硕士学位论文].电子科技大学, 2007.
[27]申秋明.数字阵列雷达接收通道均衡技术研究与实现[硕士学位论文].电子科技大学, 2005.
[28]陈刚.通道均衡在宽带数字阵列雷达中的技术研究[硕士学位论文].电子科技大学, 2008.
[29]王振力,李荣锋,万山虎, et al.自适应通道均衡在自适应旁瓣对消中的应用.空军雷达学院学报. 2003(01).
[30]王振力,张雄伟,李荣锋.用于补偿高次畸变的一种自适应均衡法.通信学报. 2005, 26(02): 127-130.
[31]庄泽标.自适应旁瓣对消中的通道均衡技术研究与实现[硕士学位论文].西安电子科技大学, 2007.
[32] Shunjun W, Yingjun L. Adaptive channel equalization for space-time adaptive processing. 1995,624-628.
[33]吴洹,张玉洪,吴顺君.用于阵列处理的自适应均衡器的研究.现代雷达. 1994(01).
[34]王峰,傅有光,孟兵, et al.基于傅里叶变换的雷达通道均衡算法性能分析及改进.电子学报. 2006, 34(9): 1677-1680.
[35]王瑛,王飞雪.一种新的阵列通道失配仿真模型.电子与信息学报. 2005, 27(11): 1845-1848.
[36]何子述;夏威等.现代数字信号处理及其应用.北京:清华大学出版社, 2009.
[37] F A. Digtital equalization in adaptive spatial filtering for radar system. Signal Processing. 2003, 83: 11-29.
[38] Teitelbaum K. A flexible processor for a digital adaptive array radar. Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE. 1991, 6(5): 18-22.
[39]西蒙赫金.自适应滤波器原理(第四版).北京:电子工业出版社, 2003: 534-536.
[40]贺双赤.用Laguerre滤波器实现多径衰落信道自适应均衡.电讯技术. 2004(01).
[41] Lee Y W. Statistical Theory of Communication. New York: Wiley, 1960.
[42] Fejzo Z, Lev-ari H. Adaptive Laguerre-lattice filters. Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on. 1997, 45(12): 3006-3016.
[43]程佩青.数字信号处理教程(第二版).北京:清华大学出版社, 2001.
[44]李鹏波,胡德文等.系统辨识基础[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社, 2006, 3.
[45] (美)阿肯豪森(ackenhusenjg).实时信号处理-信号处理系统设计于实现.北京:电子工业出版社, 2002.
[46]苏涛等.高性能DSP于高速实时信号处理.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社, 1999.