老年人映像记忆衰退及其诊断
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摘要
近年来随着社会老龄化问题的日益加剧,老年人的健康问题也备受关注。虽然人们的经验知识随着年龄的增长在不断的积累,但人的认知功能却在下降,尤其是记忆力的衰退。许多与认知老化相关的疾病如老年痴呆都表现出了记忆相关的缺陷。然而目前对记忆老化的研究主要集中在短时记忆和长时记忆上,对记忆最初阶段的映像记忆的研究则甚少。
传统的映像记忆研究范式在老年人群中应用遇到了困难,本文通过延长刺激呈现时间以及降低刺激辨认难度使改进后的范式很好地应用于老年人群中。通过对比青年人和老年人映像记忆加工过程,探究老年人映像记忆衰退原因,并利用判别分析的方法尝试检测映像记忆老化的发生。
40名青年人和31名老年人参加了实验。实验采用部分报告范式,在提示信息和目标刺激之间设置了3种时间间隔来考察被试的视觉辨认、映像记忆、以及短时记忆三种能力。通过独立样本T检验和协方差分析得到,老年人的视觉辨认、映像记忆、和短时记忆能力都要显著差于青年人。由于被试从对刺激的感知辨认到初加工是个连续的过程,所以为了考察映像记忆及短时记忆的差异我们引入了协方差分析来排除视觉辨认因素的影响。协方差分析的结果显示在排除视觉辨认差异后,老年人的映像记忆和短时记忆能力仍然显著差于青年人。由此我们可以得出虽然老年人映像记忆和短时记忆的衰退与视觉辨认能力的下降有很大的关系,但还可能与映像和短时存储时间下降,以及记忆中信息提取困难有关。
在确定青年人和老年人在映像记忆表现上的差异后,我们尝试着用判别分析的统计方法建立判别准则,来区分青年人和老年人在映像记忆上的表现。在对比Fisher判别、Baves判别和正态核密度估计非参数判别这三种方法后,非参数判别的方法的错判率较低,较好地区分了青年人和老年人在完成部分报告范式任务上的差异。
本文利用改进的部分报告范式很好地反映出了老年人在映像记忆上的衰退,而且找到了比较适合映像记忆特点的判别分析方法来检测映像记忆老化,为今后对老年人认知衰退,乃至某些认知功能的非正常衰退的辅助诊断提供了参考。
With the society aging problem becoming more and more serious,researches focusing on health of elder adults attract more and more attentions.People's experiences and knowledge are increasing with the age growing,but their cognitive capacities are changing to bad,especially the memory ability.Many aging diseases are relative to memory defaults,such as Alzheimer disease.Until now most studies about memory aging concentrate on the short-term memory and long term memory,but there are few about the iconic memory which is viewed as the first step of information registration in human brain.
The traditional iconic memory researching paradigm met great difficulties when it was used into the elder adults.We improved the paradigm with a longer stimuli show time and lower identify difficulties,which made it well used into the elder people,and embodied their iconic memory abilities very well.With the improved paradigm,we tried to explore the reasons why elder adults' iconic memory declines by comparing the iconic memory capacity between young and elder adults.What's more,we used the discriminant analysis to classify these two groups of people's performance on iconic memory to diagnosis its aging process.
40 young and 31 elder adults participated into this test.We adopted the partial-report task to test the young and elder adults' iconic memory ability.In the task,there are three kinds of target-cue onset asynchrony time to test the visual identification,iconic memory,and short-term memory separately.With the independent t-test,we got the results that elder adults' visual identification,iconic memory,and short-term memory are all worse than the young adults' significantly.From the stimuli sensory to their primary processing in human brain,the whole process is continuous.So to test the difference in iconic memory and short-term memory,we brought in the covariance analysis to diminish the effect of visual identification factor.The result showed that there are still significant differences between young and elder adults in the iconic and short-term memory.So we got the conclusion that even the iconic memory and short-term memory are high relevant to visual identification,the iconic memory and short-term memory aging still exists.And they may be caused by the processing speed decline or difficulties in memory recalling.
After we ensured the differences between young and elder adults in the partial-report task,we try to use the discrimiant analysis to build a discriminant criterion to classify different groups of people's performance on iconic memory.The kernel-based nonparametric discriminant method got the lowest error rate,after comparing with the Fisher and Bayes discriminant method.So we think that the nonparametric discriminant method adjusts the iconic memory model very well.
In this study we improved the partial-report task to test the iconic memory decay in older adults,and found a proper discriminate method to diagnosis this decay.All the work will be a reference for the diagnosis of cognitive aging,even the non-normal aging in future.
传统的映像记忆研究范式在老年人群中应用遇到了困难,本文通过延长刺激呈现时间以及降低刺激辨认难度使改进后的范式很好地应用于老年人群中。通过对比青年人和老年人映像记忆加工过程,探究老年人映像记忆衰退原因,并利用判别分析的方法尝试检测映像记忆老化的发生。
40名青年人和31名老年人参加了实验。实验采用部分报告范式,在提示信息和目标刺激之间设置了3种时间间隔来考察被试的视觉辨认、映像记忆、以及短时记忆三种能力。通过独立样本T检验和协方差分析得到,老年人的视觉辨认、映像记忆、和短时记忆能力都要显著差于青年人。由于被试从对刺激的感知辨认到初加工是个连续的过程,所以为了考察映像记忆及短时记忆的差异我们引入了协方差分析来排除视觉辨认因素的影响。协方差分析的结果显示在排除视觉辨认差异后,老年人的映像记忆和短时记忆能力仍然显著差于青年人。由此我们可以得出虽然老年人映像记忆和短时记忆的衰退与视觉辨认能力的下降有很大的关系,但还可能与映像和短时存储时间下降,以及记忆中信息提取困难有关。
在确定青年人和老年人在映像记忆表现上的差异后,我们尝试着用判别分析的统计方法建立判别准则,来区分青年人和老年人在映像记忆上的表现。在对比Fisher判别、Baves判别和正态核密度估计非参数判别这三种方法后,非参数判别的方法的错判率较低,较好地区分了青年人和老年人在完成部分报告范式任务上的差异。
本文利用改进的部分报告范式很好地反映出了老年人在映像记忆上的衰退,而且找到了比较适合映像记忆特点的判别分析方法来检测映像记忆老化,为今后对老年人认知衰退,乃至某些认知功能的非正常衰退的辅助诊断提供了参考。
With the society aging problem becoming more and more serious,researches focusing on health of elder adults attract more and more attentions.People's experiences and knowledge are increasing with the age growing,but their cognitive capacities are changing to bad,especially the memory ability.Many aging diseases are relative to memory defaults,such as Alzheimer disease.Until now most studies about memory aging concentrate on the short-term memory and long term memory,but there are few about the iconic memory which is viewed as the first step of information registration in human brain.
The traditional iconic memory researching paradigm met great difficulties when it was used into the elder adults.We improved the paradigm with a longer stimuli show time and lower identify difficulties,which made it well used into the elder people,and embodied their iconic memory abilities very well.With the improved paradigm,we tried to explore the reasons why elder adults' iconic memory declines by comparing the iconic memory capacity between young and elder adults.What's more,we used the discriminant analysis to classify these two groups of people's performance on iconic memory to diagnosis its aging process.
40 young and 31 elder adults participated into this test.We adopted the partial-report task to test the young and elder adults' iconic memory ability.In the task,there are three kinds of target-cue onset asynchrony time to test the visual identification,iconic memory,and short-term memory separately.With the independent t-test,we got the results that elder adults' visual identification,iconic memory,and short-term memory are all worse than the young adults' significantly.From the stimuli sensory to their primary processing in human brain,the whole process is continuous.So to test the difference in iconic memory and short-term memory,we brought in the covariance analysis to diminish the effect of visual identification factor.The result showed that there are still significant differences between young and elder adults in the iconic and short-term memory.So we got the conclusion that even the iconic memory and short-term memory are high relevant to visual identification,the iconic memory and short-term memory aging still exists.And they may be caused by the processing speed decline or difficulties in memory recalling.
After we ensured the differences between young and elder adults in the partial-report task,we try to use the discrimiant analysis to build a discriminant criterion to classify different groups of people's performance on iconic memory.The kernel-based nonparametric discriminant method got the lowest error rate,after comparing with the Fisher and Bayes discriminant method.So we think that the nonparametric discriminant method adjusts the iconic memory model very well.
In this study we improved the partial-report task to test the iconic memory decay in older adults,and found a proper discriminate method to diagnosis this decay.All the work will be a reference for the diagnosis of cognitive aging,even the non-normal aging in future.
引文
[1]DEARY I J.Looking down on human intelligence:from psychophysics to the brain[J].Oxford University Press.Oxford,2000,29(1):87-91
[2]ATHUR F K,SHERRY,L.W.Enhancing the cognitive vitality of older adults[M]:KASSIN S,BRIGGS K H.Current Directions in Introductory Psychology.United State:Pearson Education,2005:144-150
[3]SALTHOUS T A.Processing-speed theory of adult differences in cognition[J].Psychological Review,1996,103(3):403-428
[4]SCHAIE K W.The impact of longitudinal studies on understanding development from young adulthood to old age[J].International Journal of Behavioral Development.2000,24(3):257-266
[5]SALTHOUSE T A,A theory of cognitive aging[M].Amsterdan:North Holland,1985:21-178
[6]LV Z L,NEUSE J,MADIGAN S,et al.Fast decay of iconic memory in observers with mild cognitive impairments[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2005,102(5):1797-1802
[7]COLTHERAT M I.Iconic memory and visible persistence[J].Perception &Psychophysics,1980,27(3):183-228
[8]WALSH D A & THOMPSON L W.Age differences in learning and memory:In WOODRUFF D S& BIRREN J E,Aging:Scientific perspectives and social issues.New York:Nostrand V,1975:152-178
[9]SALTHOUS T A.Age and tachistoscopic perception[J].Experimental Aging Research,1976,2(2):91-103
[10]GILMORE G C,ALLAN T M,ROYER F L.Iconic memory and aging[J].Gerontol,1986,41(2):183-190.
[11]蒋达.认知老化研究综述[J].中国疗养医学,2008,17(6):383-384
[12]陈天勇,韩布新,罗跃嘉,等.认知年老化与执行衰退假说[J].心理科学进展,2004,12(5):729-736
[13]孟昭兰.普通心理学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2004:184-189
[14]王甦,汪安圣.认知心理学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2004:113-121
[15]REED S K.Cognition:Theory and Application[M].America:Wadsworth,2000:34-47
[16]SPERLING G.The information available in brief visual presentations [J].Psychological Monographs,1960,74(11):1-29
[17]张尧庭,方开泰.多元统计分析引论[M].北京:科学出版社,1982:194-248
[18]张家放.医用多元统计方法[M].上海:华中科技大学出版社,2002:252-260
[19]陈峰.医用多元统计分析方法[M].北京:中国统计出版社2001:193-223
[20]GEOFFREY J M.Discriminant analysis and statistical pattern recognition [M].noboken NJ:Wiley-Interscience,2004:2-25.
[21]余锦华,杨维权.多元统计分析与应用[M].广州:中山大学出版社,2005:133-158
[22]侯亚娟.判别分析在土地级别更新中的应用[D].武汉:武汉大学,2004:14-18.
[23]吴喜之,王兆军.非参数统计方法[M].北京:高等教育出版社.1996:140-150
[24]陈希孺.非参数统计[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社.1989:283-345
[25]朱干江.非参数密度估计在判别分析中的应用[D].南京:南京信息工程大学,2007:9-24
[26]LIN M H,HUANG S Y,CHANG Y C.Kernel-based discriminant techniques for educational placement[J].Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics.2004,29(2):219-240
[27]高歌,王艾丽,曹晓韵.非参数逐步判别分析在脑中风分类诊断中的应用[J].数理统计与管理.2004,5(23):48-51
[28]RUCHAMA H.On the relation between type of arrays and type of errors in partial-report bar-probe studies[J].Acta Psychologica,1993,88(1995):89-104.
[29]SCHNEIDER W,ESCHMAN A,ZUCCOLOTTO A.E-Prime pereference guide[M].Psychology software tools.2002:1-5
[30]董大钧.SAS统计分析应用[M].北京:电子工业出版社.2008:235-254
[31]阮桂海.SAS统计分析实用大全[M].北京:清华大学出版社.2003:126-132.
[32]张文彤.世界优秀统计工具SPSS11统计分析教程-高级篇[M].北京:北京希望电子出版社.2002:27-31
[33]刘爱玉.SPSS基础教程[M].上海:上海人民出版社.2007:56-72
[34]甘怡群.心理与行为科学统计[M].北京:北京大学出版社.2005:78-98
[35]李喜春,邵云,姜丽娜.生物统计学[M].北京:科学出版社.2008:222-234
[36]SCIALFA C T.The role of sensory factors in cognitive aging research[J].Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology,2002,56(3),153-163
[37]COYNE A C,BURGER M C,BERRY J M,et al.Adult age,information processing,and partial report performance[J].J Genet Psychol.1987,148(2):219-224
[38]CERELLA J,POON L W,FOZARD J L.Age and iconic read-out[J].J Gerontol.1982,37(2):197-202
[39]RYPMA B,D'Esposito M.The roles of prefrontal brain regions in components of working memory:Effects of memory load and individual differences[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1999,96(11):6558-6563
[40]SMITH E E,JONIDES J.Storage and Executive Processes in the Frontal Lobes[J].Science,1999,283(12):1657-1661
[41]TULVING E,KAPUR S,CRAIK F I,et al.Hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry in episodic memory:positron a mission tomography findings[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1994,91(6):2016-2020
[42]MADDEN D J,TURKINGTON T G,PROVENZALE J M,et al.Adult age differences in the function neuroanatomy of verbal recognition memory[J].Human Brain Mapping.1999,7(2):115-135
[43]LI J,MORCOM A M,RUGG M D.The effects of age on the neural correlates of successful episodic retrieval:An ERP study[J].Affective,Cognitive,&Behavioral Neuroscience,2004,4(3):279-293
[44]SIU L C,Iconic Memory,Location Information,and Partial Report[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,1986,12(4):455-465
[45]BADDELEY A D,BRESSI S,DELLA S,et al.The decline of working memory in Alzheimer's disease[J].Brain,1991,114(6):2521-2542
[46]海利比努尔,王荫华.正常老年人记忆衰退规律[J].中华神经科学杂志,2001,35(6):372-373
[47]周盛年,刘坤彬.老年期痴呆的诊治进展[J].中国卒中,2006,1(10):741-749
[48]CABEZA R,NYBERG L,PARK D.Cognitive Neuroscience of Aging[M].Oxford University Press,2005:157-218
[49]MARIANI E,MONASTERO R,MECOCCI P.Mild Cognitive impairment:a systematic review [J]Alzheimers Dis,2007,12(1):23-35
[50]HORT J,LACZO J,VYHNALEK M,et al.Spatial navigation deficit in amnestic mild cognitive imparement[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2007,104(10):4042-4047
[2]ATHUR F K,SHERRY,L.W.Enhancing the cognitive vitality of older adults[M]:KASSIN S,BRIGGS K H.Current Directions in Introductory Psychology.United State:Pearson Education,2005:144-150
[3]SALTHOUS T A.Processing-speed theory of adult differences in cognition[J].Psychological Review,1996,103(3):403-428
[4]SCHAIE K W.The impact of longitudinal studies on understanding development from young adulthood to old age[J].International Journal of Behavioral Development.2000,24(3):257-266
[5]SALTHOUSE T A,A theory of cognitive aging[M].Amsterdan:North Holland,1985:21-178
[6]LV Z L,NEUSE J,MADIGAN S,et al.Fast decay of iconic memory in observers with mild cognitive impairments[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2005,102(5):1797-1802
[7]COLTHERAT M I.Iconic memory and visible persistence[J].Perception &Psychophysics,1980,27(3):183-228
[8]WALSH D A & THOMPSON L W.Age differences in learning and memory:In WOODRUFF D S& BIRREN J E,Aging:Scientific perspectives and social issues.New York:Nostrand V,1975:152-178
[9]SALTHOUS T A.Age and tachistoscopic perception[J].Experimental Aging Research,1976,2(2):91-103
[10]GILMORE G C,ALLAN T M,ROYER F L.Iconic memory and aging[J].Gerontol,1986,41(2):183-190.
[11]蒋达.认知老化研究综述[J].中国疗养医学,2008,17(6):383-384
[12]陈天勇,韩布新,罗跃嘉,等.认知年老化与执行衰退假说[J].心理科学进展,2004,12(5):729-736
[13]孟昭兰.普通心理学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2004:184-189
[14]王甦,汪安圣.认知心理学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2004:113-121
[15]REED S K.Cognition:Theory and Application[M].America:Wadsworth,2000:34-47
[16]SPERLING G.The information available in brief visual presentations [J].Psychological Monographs,1960,74(11):1-29
[17]张尧庭,方开泰.多元统计分析引论[M].北京:科学出版社,1982:194-248
[18]张家放.医用多元统计方法[M].上海:华中科技大学出版社,2002:252-260
[19]陈峰.医用多元统计分析方法[M].北京:中国统计出版社2001:193-223
[20]GEOFFREY J M.Discriminant analysis and statistical pattern recognition [M].noboken NJ:Wiley-Interscience,2004:2-25.
[21]余锦华,杨维权.多元统计分析与应用[M].广州:中山大学出版社,2005:133-158
[22]侯亚娟.判别分析在土地级别更新中的应用[D].武汉:武汉大学,2004:14-18.
[23]吴喜之,王兆军.非参数统计方法[M].北京:高等教育出版社.1996:140-150
[24]陈希孺.非参数统计[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社.1989:283-345
[25]朱干江.非参数密度估计在判别分析中的应用[D].南京:南京信息工程大学,2007:9-24
[26]LIN M H,HUANG S Y,CHANG Y C.Kernel-based discriminant techniques for educational placement[J].Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics.2004,29(2):219-240
[27]高歌,王艾丽,曹晓韵.非参数逐步判别分析在脑中风分类诊断中的应用[J].数理统计与管理.2004,5(23):48-51
[28]RUCHAMA H.On the relation between type of arrays and type of errors in partial-report bar-probe studies[J].Acta Psychologica,1993,88(1995):89-104.
[29]SCHNEIDER W,ESCHMAN A,ZUCCOLOTTO A.E-Prime pereference guide[M].Psychology software tools.2002:1-5
[30]董大钧.SAS统计分析应用[M].北京:电子工业出版社.2008:235-254
[31]阮桂海.SAS统计分析实用大全[M].北京:清华大学出版社.2003:126-132.
[32]张文彤.世界优秀统计工具SPSS11统计分析教程-高级篇[M].北京:北京希望电子出版社.2002:27-31
[33]刘爱玉.SPSS基础教程[M].上海:上海人民出版社.2007:56-72
[34]甘怡群.心理与行为科学统计[M].北京:北京大学出版社.2005:78-98
[35]李喜春,邵云,姜丽娜.生物统计学[M].北京:科学出版社.2008:222-234
[36]SCIALFA C T.The role of sensory factors in cognitive aging research[J].Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology,2002,56(3),153-163
[37]COYNE A C,BURGER M C,BERRY J M,et al.Adult age,information processing,and partial report performance[J].J Genet Psychol.1987,148(2):219-224
[38]CERELLA J,POON L W,FOZARD J L.Age and iconic read-out[J].J Gerontol.1982,37(2):197-202
[39]RYPMA B,D'Esposito M.The roles of prefrontal brain regions in components of working memory:Effects of memory load and individual differences[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1999,96(11):6558-6563
[40]SMITH E E,JONIDES J.Storage and Executive Processes in the Frontal Lobes[J].Science,1999,283(12):1657-1661
[41]TULVING E,KAPUR S,CRAIK F I,et al.Hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry in episodic memory:positron a mission tomography findings[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1994,91(6):2016-2020
[42]MADDEN D J,TURKINGTON T G,PROVENZALE J M,et al.Adult age differences in the function neuroanatomy of verbal recognition memory[J].Human Brain Mapping.1999,7(2):115-135
[43]LI J,MORCOM A M,RUGG M D.The effects of age on the neural correlates of successful episodic retrieval:An ERP study[J].Affective,Cognitive,&Behavioral Neuroscience,2004,4(3):279-293
[44]SIU L C,Iconic Memory,Location Information,and Partial Report[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,1986,12(4):455-465
[45]BADDELEY A D,BRESSI S,DELLA S,et al.The decline of working memory in Alzheimer's disease[J].Brain,1991,114(6):2521-2542
[46]海利比努尔,王荫华.正常老年人记忆衰退规律[J].中华神经科学杂志,2001,35(6):372-373
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[48]CABEZA R,NYBERG L,PARK D.Cognitive Neuroscience of Aging[M].Oxford University Press,2005:157-218
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