相对年龄理论及其对我国青少年儿童足球运动员选材制度的影响
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摘要
相对年龄理论主要是研究以选择日为运动特征的竞赛中,相对年龄对青少年儿童运动成绩影响的本质,以及发生、发展、变化规律的理论。它揭示了相对年龄对青少年儿童足球运动员选材制度影响的本质。
本文以2005年在中国足协注册的10023名男女足球运动员的出生日为研究对象,探讨在我国青少年儿童足球运动员选材制度中是否存在相对年龄效应。主要采用文献资料法;调查法;数学方法;哲学、系统科学、逻辑推理等方法。
研究结果显示:我国男子足球运动中存在相对年龄效应的现象。该结论支持相对年龄理论提出的在竞技体育中相对年龄影响运动员成功的假说。在我国青少年儿童女子足球运动中也存在相对年龄效应。这和世界上许多国家研究女子足球运动的结果有区别。但这种差异可以通过我国文化背景下管理制度、训练制度、选材制度、竞赛制度等方面得到合理的解释。进一步解析相对年龄对选材制度影响的数学模型发现,相对年龄影响青少年儿童足球运动选材制度的本质是由于在运动竞赛中存在相对年龄优势,干扰了管理部门能真正提供有才能的运动员高质量的训练资源,从而使他们在初选、多次复选和精选的过程中犯Ⅰ型(弃真)和Ⅱ型(纳伪)二类错误。它造成的危害是使大量竞技体育人才的流失,影响孩子参加体育运动的热情,以及体育运动的可持续发展。
为消除相对年龄对我国运动选材制度的影响采取的策略是:(1)更新选材理念,充分认清相对年龄对我国选材制度产生的消极作用;(2)构建以技术为核心的选材指标体系,减少引起相对年龄优势的体能类选材指标;(3)选材评价模型中引入相对年龄参数,以控制相对年龄变量的影响;(4)淡化青少年儿童比赛的成绩倡导快乐运动,消除产生相对年龄效应的竞争土壤;(5)建立选材和育才相结合的动态培养机制,防止复选过程中出现纳伪和弃真二类维持相对年龄效应的错误;(6)修订和完善青少年分级训练和比赛中的分组入选制度,最小化相对年龄效应;(7)优化竞赛结构,改变竞赛形式,提供相对年龄较小的孩子更多的训练和比赛机会。
In sport using selection date the relative age theory is the theory which is major in the essence and the rule of the sports achievement of teenager's occurrence,development and change.The relative age theory reveals the essence of the affection of the relative age on talent identification system of teenager soccer player.
The research major in the birthdays of 10023 male and female football athletes registered in China Soccer Organization in 2005.The ways of research is: reference,interview,calculation,statistics,philosophy, system science,logical deduction ect.It try to find out whether the relative age effect exists in the Talent Identification System on Chinese teenager football athletes.
The result of the research shows:the relative age effect is existed in Chinese male soccer players which are in difficult age groups.This result supports the assumption which the relative age affects the success of athletes in athletics.The relative age affect in Chinese teenager female soccer players.The relative age effect is also existed.This result is quite difficult with the research results in female soccer players in the other countries,but this different can be explained by Chinese manage system,training system,talent identification system,athletics system. If we study the math model which relative age affects talent identification system,we can find out the essence which relative age affects teenager soccer talent identification system is that the relative age advantage interfere the management department.The result is that the management department can' t choose the best athletes.At last,the managers makeⅠ(dismiss the best ones) andⅡ(select the worse ones) mistakes in the process of choosing the best athletes.The result is many athletics players lose their chances to be trained as the best ones.The children's enthusiasms to take part in the sports are hurt,and hold te continual development of sports as well.
The strategies to deal with the affection of relative age effect to athlete' s talent identification system are:(1) Over again know the talent identification ideal and make the negative effect of relative age clear to Chinese talent identification system.(2) Constitute talent identification target system which is centered in technique and reduce the physical power talent identification target which can cause the relative age advantages.(3) Apply relative age factor to talent identification comment model in order to control the effect of relative age variable.(4) Attach less importance to the records of contest of teenagers,more importance to sports for enjoyment,in order to stop the contest of relative age.(5) Constitute the movable training mechanism of talent identification and talent training,in order to prevent the disadvantages of relative age effect on select the worse athletes and abandon the best ones.(6) Revise and perfect the group selection institution in teenager's level training and contest,make less effect of relative age effect.(7) Optimize the construction of contest,change the form of contest,provides more chances to younger athletes.
本文以2005年在中国足协注册的10023名男女足球运动员的出生日为研究对象,探讨在我国青少年儿童足球运动员选材制度中是否存在相对年龄效应。主要采用文献资料法;调查法;数学方法;哲学、系统科学、逻辑推理等方法。
研究结果显示:我国男子足球运动中存在相对年龄效应的现象。该结论支持相对年龄理论提出的在竞技体育中相对年龄影响运动员成功的假说。在我国青少年儿童女子足球运动中也存在相对年龄效应。这和世界上许多国家研究女子足球运动的结果有区别。但这种差异可以通过我国文化背景下管理制度、训练制度、选材制度、竞赛制度等方面得到合理的解释。进一步解析相对年龄对选材制度影响的数学模型发现,相对年龄影响青少年儿童足球运动选材制度的本质是由于在运动竞赛中存在相对年龄优势,干扰了管理部门能真正提供有才能的运动员高质量的训练资源,从而使他们在初选、多次复选和精选的过程中犯Ⅰ型(弃真)和Ⅱ型(纳伪)二类错误。它造成的危害是使大量竞技体育人才的流失,影响孩子参加体育运动的热情,以及体育运动的可持续发展。
为消除相对年龄对我国运动选材制度的影响采取的策略是:(1)更新选材理念,充分认清相对年龄对我国选材制度产生的消极作用;(2)构建以技术为核心的选材指标体系,减少引起相对年龄优势的体能类选材指标;(3)选材评价模型中引入相对年龄参数,以控制相对年龄变量的影响;(4)淡化青少年儿童比赛的成绩倡导快乐运动,消除产生相对年龄效应的竞争土壤;(5)建立选材和育才相结合的动态培养机制,防止复选过程中出现纳伪和弃真二类维持相对年龄效应的错误;(6)修订和完善青少年分级训练和比赛中的分组入选制度,最小化相对年龄效应;(7)优化竞赛结构,改变竞赛形式,提供相对年龄较小的孩子更多的训练和比赛机会。
In sport using selection date the relative age theory is the theory which is major in the essence and the rule of the sports achievement of teenager's occurrence,development and change.The relative age theory reveals the essence of the affection of the relative age on talent identification system of teenager soccer player.
The research major in the birthdays of 10023 male and female football athletes registered in China Soccer Organization in 2005.The ways of research is: reference,interview,calculation,statistics,philosophy, system science,logical deduction ect.It try to find out whether the relative age effect exists in the Talent Identification System on Chinese teenager football athletes.
The result of the research shows:the relative age effect is existed in Chinese male soccer players which are in difficult age groups.This result supports the assumption which the relative age affects the success of athletes in athletics.The relative age affect in Chinese teenager female soccer players.The relative age effect is also existed.This result is quite difficult with the research results in female soccer players in the other countries,but this different can be explained by Chinese manage system,training system,talent identification system,athletics system. If we study the math model which relative age affects talent identification system,we can find out the essence which relative age affects teenager soccer talent identification system is that the relative age advantage interfere the management department.The result is that the management department can' t choose the best athletes.At last,the managers makeⅠ(dismiss the best ones) andⅡ(select the worse ones) mistakes in the process of choosing the best athletes.The result is many athletics players lose their chances to be trained as the best ones.The children's enthusiasms to take part in the sports are hurt,and hold te continual development of sports as well.
The strategies to deal with the affection of relative age effect to athlete' s talent identification system are:(1) Over again know the talent identification ideal and make the negative effect of relative age clear to Chinese talent identification system.(2) Constitute talent identification target system which is centered in technique and reduce the physical power talent identification target which can cause the relative age advantages.(3) Apply relative age factor to talent identification comment model in order to control the effect of relative age variable.(4) Attach less importance to the records of contest of teenagers,more importance to sports for enjoyment,in order to stop the contest of relative age.(5) Constitute the movable training mechanism of talent identification and talent training,in order to prevent the disadvantages of relative age effect on select the worse athletes and abandon the best ones.(6) Revise and perfect the group selection institution in teenager's level training and contest,make less effect of relative age effect.(7) Optimize the construction of contest,change the form of contest,provides more chances to younger athletes.
引文
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