贵州典型矿山的水环境地球化学特征
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摘要
矿山开采引起的重金属排放是一个全球性的环境问题。随着国民经济的发展,这一问题显得越来越突出,但相关的研究却非常滞后。矿山环境的特点与区域地质特征密切相关,比如碳酸盐岩地区与花岗岩地区由于地表化学特征不同,矿山有害物质的环境影响就会呈现不同的特点。贵州省碳酸盐岩广泛出露,地表水基本上都呈弱碱性,矿山物质的环境影响必然有与其他地区不同的特点。矿山水在污染物的产生、迁移、沉淀过程中扮演了重要的角色,因此矿山水中重金属的地球化学特征是研究矿山污染对水环境影响的关键课题。
本研究的目的是通过对碳酸盐岩地区典型矿山周围水环境的研究,认识矿山物质的扩散迁移规律,了解矿山来源的有害物质(包括铅锌矿释放的铅锌、汞矿释放的汞、金矿释放的砷、锑)对周边环境潜在的危害,对比不同类型重金属(As、Sb与Pb、Zn、Hg)的地球化学迁移特征,为有关环境的治理以及资源开发的可持续发展提供科学决策依据。通过对三个典型矿山(杉树林铅锌矿、万山汞矿、丫他金矿)尾矿堆及其周围水环境的研究,认识到以下特征:
1 本文所研究的三个矿区的水环境均受到矿山有害物质的强烈影响。杉树林矿区的尾矿堆附近河水中Pb为6780μg/L,Zn为324μg/L,沉积物中Pb为4553μg/g,Zn为7971μg/g。万山矿区的尾渣堆渗滤水含Hg平均1200ng/L。丫他矿区的下游河水中As、Sb为618μg/L和206μg/L,沉积物中As、Sb为532μg/g和122μg/g。
2 由于广泛存在的碳酸盐岩的影响,加上矿区使用石灰处理选冶废水,大部分的矿山水呈碱性或弱碱性。碱性或弱碱性环境促进了呈阳离子形式存在的Pb、Zn、Hg等重金属被颗粒物吸附,而呈氧阴离子形式存在的As、Sb则易呈溶解态存在。这一不同特点对不同矿山的环境控制和治理有指示作用。
3 矿山有害物质在下游河流中的扩散迁移主要与悬浮物及其他水流的稀释作用有关。呈阳离子形式存在的Pb、Zn、Hg等重金属的迁移主要受悬浮物的影响,而呈氧阴离子形式存在的As、Sb主要受其他水流的稀释作用影响。杉树林地区水浑浊、悬浮物多,且水流湍急,Pb、Zn主要呈吸附态,能够随颗粒物迁移很远,并导致沉积物中Pb、Zn在很长距离内居高不下,这一途径对环境的影
Heavy metals contamination caused in mine exploitation has become a global environment concern. This problem is getting worse with the development of economy, and has been scarcely addressed. The mine environment shows a close relation to the region geologic setting. For instance, outcrops such as carbonate and granite, could result in different impacts of mine substance. In Guizhou province, the extensively distributed carbonate makes the surface water slightly alkaline, and would consequently lead to distinct impacts on mine environment. Mine water acts as essential media for heavy metals generation, migration and precipitation, thus the geochemical characteristic of heavy metals in mine water is a key to the understanding of mine impacts on the surrounding environmentThe objective of this study was to conduct case studies on mine water environment in carbonate area, so as to understand the knowledge of mine substance dififusion and migration. This study primarily addresses the environmental impact of toxic substance from Pb-Zn mine, Hg mine and Au-mine, as well as the contrast of distinct migration characteristic of heavy metals. This research would help to remedy the mine environment and provide fundamental evidences for sustainable development of the society. The mine tailings of three mines (Shanshulin Pb-Zn mine, Wanshan Hg mine, and Yata Au mine) and their downstream environment have been investigated in detail, and primary conclusions are listed below:1. The aqueous environment of three mines were all seriously affected by the substance from the mine tailings. In the vicinity of the mine tailing dump of shanshulin Pb-Zn mine, the water contains 6780 μg/g of Pb, and 7971 μg/g of Zn. The leachate of Wanshan calcines dump contains 1200 ng/L of Hg. In Yata mine area, the As and Sb concentrations are 618 μg/1 and 206 μg/L in the downstream water, and 532 μg/g and 122 μg/g in the sediment.2. The mine waters in the study area are alkaline or slightly alkaline, owing to the carbonates as well as liming in the preliminary treatment of mine drainage. The
alkalinity of surface water enhances the sorption of cationic heavy metals- Pb, Zn and Hg, whereas on the other hand, it prompts the dissolution of anionic heavy metals- As and Sb. It could be implied that in carbonate areas, different means should be applied to the remedy of cationic and anionic heavy metals contamination,3. the diffusion and migration of mine toxic substances correlate mainly with suspended solids as well as dilution by other streams. The cationic heavy metals, such as Pb, Zn, and Hg, migrate mostly along with suspended solids, whereas the anionic heavy metals such as As and Sb, migrate predominately as dissolved ions and would be attenuated primarily by dilution process. In Shanshulin Pb-Zn mine area, the stream water is quite turbid and contains a quantity of suspended solids, so Pb and Zn were mostly sorbed and is able to migrate along with suspended solid over a long distance, giving rise to a high level of Pb and Zn in sediment The impact of particulate heavy metals on environment is more important than that of dissolved heavy metals. In Wanshan area, despite the mine water is very dear and contains much less suspended solids, Hg was still found to be controlled by the sorption on suspended solids. In Yata area, the As and Sb in water, similarly as SO42*, show conservative behavior and attenuate only when diluted by other streams.4. During the oxidation of sulflde minerals, SO42' is.released along with heavy metal ions, therefore sulfur concentration and sulfur isotope are closely correlated with heavy metals in mine waters. Obvious difference of sulfur concentration and sulfur isotopic value between mine source and other sources makes sulfur isotope an appropriate Variable for tracing the migration of mine-source heavy metals.5. According to the characteristics of the heavy metals migration in mine waters, it was concluded that the environmental threats of Pb, Zn and Hg in the mine tailing could be mitigated via the control of suspended solids (e.g. construction of tailing dams etc.), whereas innovative ideas would be imperatively expected for the control of As and Sb migration.
本研究的目的是通过对碳酸盐岩地区典型矿山周围水环境的研究,认识矿山物质的扩散迁移规律,了解矿山来源的有害物质(包括铅锌矿释放的铅锌、汞矿释放的汞、金矿释放的砷、锑)对周边环境潜在的危害,对比不同类型重金属(As、Sb与Pb、Zn、Hg)的地球化学迁移特征,为有关环境的治理以及资源开发的可持续发展提供科学决策依据。通过对三个典型矿山(杉树林铅锌矿、万山汞矿、丫他金矿)尾矿堆及其周围水环境的研究,认识到以下特征:
1 本文所研究的三个矿区的水环境均受到矿山有害物质的强烈影响。杉树林矿区的尾矿堆附近河水中Pb为6780μg/L,Zn为324μg/L,沉积物中Pb为4553μg/g,Zn为7971μg/g。万山矿区的尾渣堆渗滤水含Hg平均1200ng/L。丫他矿区的下游河水中As、Sb为618μg/L和206μg/L,沉积物中As、Sb为532μg/g和122μg/g。
2 由于广泛存在的碳酸盐岩的影响,加上矿区使用石灰处理选冶废水,大部分的矿山水呈碱性或弱碱性。碱性或弱碱性环境促进了呈阳离子形式存在的Pb、Zn、Hg等重金属被颗粒物吸附,而呈氧阴离子形式存在的As、Sb则易呈溶解态存在。这一不同特点对不同矿山的环境控制和治理有指示作用。
3 矿山有害物质在下游河流中的扩散迁移主要与悬浮物及其他水流的稀释作用有关。呈阳离子形式存在的Pb、Zn、Hg等重金属的迁移主要受悬浮物的影响,而呈氧阴离子形式存在的As、Sb主要受其他水流的稀释作用影响。杉树林地区水浑浊、悬浮物多,且水流湍急,Pb、Zn主要呈吸附态,能够随颗粒物迁移很远,并导致沉积物中Pb、Zn在很长距离内居高不下,这一途径对环境的影
Heavy metals contamination caused in mine exploitation has become a global environment concern. This problem is getting worse with the development of economy, and has been scarcely addressed. The mine environment shows a close relation to the region geologic setting. For instance, outcrops such as carbonate and granite, could result in different impacts of mine substance. In Guizhou province, the extensively distributed carbonate makes the surface water slightly alkaline, and would consequently lead to distinct impacts on mine environment. Mine water acts as essential media for heavy metals generation, migration and precipitation, thus the geochemical characteristic of heavy metals in mine water is a key to the understanding of mine impacts on the surrounding environmentThe objective of this study was to conduct case studies on mine water environment in carbonate area, so as to understand the knowledge of mine substance dififusion and migration. This study primarily addresses the environmental impact of toxic substance from Pb-Zn mine, Hg mine and Au-mine, as well as the contrast of distinct migration characteristic of heavy metals. This research would help to remedy the mine environment and provide fundamental evidences for sustainable development of the society. The mine tailings of three mines (Shanshulin Pb-Zn mine, Wanshan Hg mine, and Yata Au mine) and their downstream environment have been investigated in detail, and primary conclusions are listed below:1. The aqueous environment of three mines were all seriously affected by the substance from the mine tailings. In the vicinity of the mine tailing dump of shanshulin Pb-Zn mine, the water contains 6780 μg/g of Pb, and 7971 μg/g of Zn. The leachate of Wanshan calcines dump contains 1200 ng/L of Hg. In Yata mine area, the As and Sb concentrations are 618 μg/1 and 206 μg/L in the downstream water, and 532 μg/g and 122 μg/g in the sediment.2. The mine waters in the study area are alkaline or slightly alkaline, owing to the carbonates as well as liming in the preliminary treatment of mine drainage. The
alkalinity of surface water enhances the sorption of cationic heavy metals- Pb, Zn and Hg, whereas on the other hand, it prompts the dissolution of anionic heavy metals- As and Sb. It could be implied that in carbonate areas, different means should be applied to the remedy of cationic and anionic heavy metals contamination,3. the diffusion and migration of mine toxic substances correlate mainly with suspended solids as well as dilution by other streams. The cationic heavy metals, such as Pb, Zn, and Hg, migrate mostly along with suspended solids, whereas the anionic heavy metals such as As and Sb, migrate predominately as dissolved ions and would be attenuated primarily by dilution process. In Shanshulin Pb-Zn mine area, the stream water is quite turbid and contains a quantity of suspended solids, so Pb and Zn were mostly sorbed and is able to migrate along with suspended solid over a long distance, giving rise to a high level of Pb and Zn in sediment The impact of particulate heavy metals on environment is more important than that of dissolved heavy metals. In Wanshan area, despite the mine water is very dear and contains much less suspended solids, Hg was still found to be controlled by the sorption on suspended solids. In Yata area, the As and Sb in water, similarly as SO42*, show conservative behavior and attenuate only when diluted by other streams.4. During the oxidation of sulflde minerals, SO42' is.released along with heavy metal ions, therefore sulfur concentration and sulfur isotope are closely correlated with heavy metals in mine waters. Obvious difference of sulfur concentration and sulfur isotopic value between mine source and other sources makes sulfur isotope an appropriate Variable for tracing the migration of mine-source heavy metals.5. According to the characteristics of the heavy metals migration in mine waters, it was concluded that the environmental threats of Pb, Zn and Hg in the mine tailing could be mitigated via the control of suspended solids (e.g. construction of tailing dams etc.), whereas innovative ideas would be imperatively expected for the control of As and Sb migration.
引文
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