煤燃烧过程中汞、砷、硒的排放与控制研究
|
摘要
煤燃烧过程中痕量重金属排放的研究已成为燃烧污染中的一个新的前沿领域。特别是一些易挥发元素或化合物,它们不能被先进的除尘装置(如电除尘器,布袋除尘器等)有效捕获,无控制地大量排放进入大气,成为环境污染的一个重要来源,对生态环境具有很大的直接或潜在的危害。本文以煤中最易挥发性的痕量元素汞、砷、硒作为研究对象,对它们在煤燃烧过程中的分布,转化及控制机理进行了较为系统的实验及理论研究。
由于煤中基体复杂,不均匀性高,同时,三种元素都具有含量低,挥发性较强等特点,给预处理和检测过程带来了很大困难。本文采用先进的微波消解技术,建立了快速准确测定煤和飞灰中汞、砷、硒的方法。本法具有速度快、待测元素无损失、空白值低、精密度好等特点。为深入研究迁移转化规律打下了良好基础。
应用逐级化学提取法、浮沉实验等多种方法定量研究了煤中汞、砷、硒的赋存形态及亲合特性。研究不仅有助于深入了解重金属在煤燃烧过程发生的物理化学反应及形态转化机理,同时对预测洗煤,煤的存放等过程中重金属的迁移去向有很重要的意义。实验结果表明煤中汞和砷的赋存形态相近,主要以硫化物形态和残渣态存在,硒在煤中的分布较为分散。由于煤存在多成因、多形态的硫化物,煤种不同,不能简单地根据硫量进行汞、砷、硒含量的预测。
从实验室小型台架到实际运行锅炉,对煤燃烧过程中汞的迁移转化进行了较为系统的研究。采用Ontario-Hydro 方法对实际运行锅炉电除尘器后烟气中汞的形态分布进行研究,结果表明汞主要以烟气形式排放,Hg2+占气态汞量的55%-69%,Hg0 占31%-45%,探讨了Hg0 与氯气及氯化氢可能的化学转化反应。分析汞捕获量与燃煤飞灰粒径、未燃尽碳之间的关系,结果显示飞灰吸附汞的作用机理是物理吸附与化学吸附共同作用的结果。
对煤燃烧过程中砷、硒释放反应机理进行了较为系统的实验研究。台架实验表明,砷在煤燃烧过程中只部分蒸发,硒绝大部分都蒸发成气态形式,只有少部分残留在灰中。在国内首次采用EPA method 29方法对装备有静电除尘设备的某电厂砷、硒的排放特征进行研究,实验表明砷主要以飞灰形式排放,砷浓度与飞灰粒径呈明显的负相关
Trace elements emitted from coal combustion have become an increasingly important environmental concern due to its potential threats to human health, global agricultural and social sustainability. Among the toxic metals of interest are most volatile trace elements, Which could not be removed in polluted control equipments and produce direct atmosphere emission. In this work, we focused on describing the evaporation, transformation and partition behavior of mercury, arsenic and selenium during coal combustion with experimental and computational methods.
Because of their low concentration and high volatility, it is very difficult to determinate mercury, arsenic, selenium in coal quickly. A microwave technique for digesting coal and coal ash samples was developed and evaluated for quantifying low levels of Hg, As, Se by cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectroscopy and HG-ICP-AES. Results showed that the method meets three criteria: firstly, to digest all sample material completely and consistently, secondly, to reduce considerably the digestion time, thirdly, to maintain a low analytical blank.
The modes of occurrence of an element are important factors used in anticipating the behaviour of the element during coal cleaning and combustion, as well as during weathering and leaching of the coal. The mode of occurrence of trace mercury, arsenic and selenium were investigated using sequential chemical extraction procedure. It was found that mercury and arsenic in coal mainly occurs in bound-sulfide and residue. There are a variety of occurrence modes of selenium in different coals. Three form of sulphur in the coals were determined. The distribution of mercury and arsenic in six parts of different densities of the coal were also investigated. The result showed that the concentration of mercury and arsenic are tended to enrich in high densities fractions. But the mass distributions of elements in the coals are dispersive.
The behaviour of mercury during coal combustion was investigated in different temperatures in bench scale. The attention was also focused on the characteristic of mercury transformation and the mercury speciation in flue gas during combustion in a large-scale utility boiler. Coal, slag, and fly ashes were sampled from a 300MW utility boiler. Ontario-Hydro method was applied to determine the mercury speciation in flue gas.
The experimental data indicate that the majority of mercury goes into flue gas. The content of Hg2+ in flue gas is about 55%-69% and the content of Hg0 is about 31-45%. Potential chemical reaction mechanisms involved were proposed. In addition, the absorption mechanism of mercury in fly ash was studied. It was found that the mercury concentration in fly ash is independent of the particle size and has positive correlation with the LOI of fly ash. The behaviour of arsenic and selenium during coal combustion was investigated in different temperatures in bench scale. The result of chemical thermodynamic equilibrium calculation and that of experiment data were compared. An emissions study for arsenic and selenium was conducted at a 300-MW coal-fired plant equipped with an electrostatic precipitator. Gaseous arsenic and selenium were sampled using EPA method 29. The modes of occurrence of arsenic in ash samples were studied using a modified sequential chemical extraction method. There are no appreciable differences in the arsenic solubility fractions between the different fly ash particle sizes. Four probable reaction mechanisms were discussed: arsenic is dissolved by silicate melting mass, reacts with some chemical components in fly ash and produces stable substance, adsorbed by fly ash and condensed on the surface of fly ash. The adsorption of mercury and mercury chloride on a CaO(001) surface were investigated by the density functional theory(DFT) by using Ca9O9 cluster embedded in an electrostatic field represented by 178 point charges at the crystal CaO lattice positions. The present calculations show that CaO injection could substantially reducing gaseous mercury chloride, but have no apparent effect on the mercury, which is compatible with the available experimental results. The research method will provide the valuable information for the optimizing and selecting sorbent of the trace element in flue gas.
由于煤中基体复杂,不均匀性高,同时,三种元素都具有含量低,挥发性较强等特点,给预处理和检测过程带来了很大困难。本文采用先进的微波消解技术,建立了快速准确测定煤和飞灰中汞、砷、硒的方法。本法具有速度快、待测元素无损失、空白值低、精密度好等特点。为深入研究迁移转化规律打下了良好基础。
应用逐级化学提取法、浮沉实验等多种方法定量研究了煤中汞、砷、硒的赋存形态及亲合特性。研究不仅有助于深入了解重金属在煤燃烧过程发生的物理化学反应及形态转化机理,同时对预测洗煤,煤的存放等过程中重金属的迁移去向有很重要的意义。实验结果表明煤中汞和砷的赋存形态相近,主要以硫化物形态和残渣态存在,硒在煤中的分布较为分散。由于煤存在多成因、多形态的硫化物,煤种不同,不能简单地根据硫量进行汞、砷、硒含量的预测。
从实验室小型台架到实际运行锅炉,对煤燃烧过程中汞的迁移转化进行了较为系统的研究。采用Ontario-Hydro 方法对实际运行锅炉电除尘器后烟气中汞的形态分布进行研究,结果表明汞主要以烟气形式排放,Hg2+占气态汞量的55%-69%,Hg0 占31%-45%,探讨了Hg0 与氯气及氯化氢可能的化学转化反应。分析汞捕获量与燃煤飞灰粒径、未燃尽碳之间的关系,结果显示飞灰吸附汞的作用机理是物理吸附与化学吸附共同作用的结果。
对煤燃烧过程中砷、硒释放反应机理进行了较为系统的实验研究。台架实验表明,砷在煤燃烧过程中只部分蒸发,硒绝大部分都蒸发成气态形式,只有少部分残留在灰中。在国内首次采用EPA method 29方法对装备有静电除尘设备的某电厂砷、硒的排放特征进行研究,实验表明砷主要以飞灰形式排放,砷浓度与飞灰粒径呈明显的负相关
Trace elements emitted from coal combustion have become an increasingly important environmental concern due to its potential threats to human health, global agricultural and social sustainability. Among the toxic metals of interest are most volatile trace elements, Which could not be removed in polluted control equipments and produce direct atmosphere emission. In this work, we focused on describing the evaporation, transformation and partition behavior of mercury, arsenic and selenium during coal combustion with experimental and computational methods.
Because of their low concentration and high volatility, it is very difficult to determinate mercury, arsenic, selenium in coal quickly. A microwave technique for digesting coal and coal ash samples was developed and evaluated for quantifying low levels of Hg, As, Se by cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectroscopy and HG-ICP-AES. Results showed that the method meets three criteria: firstly, to digest all sample material completely and consistently, secondly, to reduce considerably the digestion time, thirdly, to maintain a low analytical blank.
The modes of occurrence of an element are important factors used in anticipating the behaviour of the element during coal cleaning and combustion, as well as during weathering and leaching of the coal. The mode of occurrence of trace mercury, arsenic and selenium were investigated using sequential chemical extraction procedure. It was found that mercury and arsenic in coal mainly occurs in bound-sulfide and residue. There are a variety of occurrence modes of selenium in different coals. Three form of sulphur in the coals were determined. The distribution of mercury and arsenic in six parts of different densities of the coal were also investigated. The result showed that the concentration of mercury and arsenic are tended to enrich in high densities fractions. But the mass distributions of elements in the coals are dispersive.
The behaviour of mercury during coal combustion was investigated in different temperatures in bench scale. The attention was also focused on the characteristic of mercury transformation and the mercury speciation in flue gas during combustion in a large-scale utility boiler. Coal, slag, and fly ashes were sampled from a 300MW utility boiler. Ontario-Hydro method was applied to determine the mercury speciation in flue gas.
The experimental data indicate that the majority of mercury goes into flue gas. The content of Hg2+ in flue gas is about 55%-69% and the content of Hg0 is about 31-45%. Potential chemical reaction mechanisms involved were proposed. In addition, the absorption mechanism of mercury in fly ash was studied. It was found that the mercury concentration in fly ash is independent of the particle size and has positive correlation with the LOI of fly ash. The behaviour of arsenic and selenium during coal combustion was investigated in different temperatures in bench scale. The result of chemical thermodynamic equilibrium calculation and that of experiment data were compared. An emissions study for arsenic and selenium was conducted at a 300-MW coal-fired plant equipped with an electrostatic precipitator. Gaseous arsenic and selenium were sampled using EPA method 29. The modes of occurrence of arsenic in ash samples were studied using a modified sequential chemical extraction method. There are no appreciable differences in the arsenic solubility fractions between the different fly ash particle sizes. Four probable reaction mechanisms were discussed: arsenic is dissolved by silicate melting mass, reacts with some chemical components in fly ash and produces stable substance, adsorbed by fly ash and condensed on the surface of fly ash. The adsorption of mercury and mercury chloride on a CaO(001) surface were investigated by the density functional theory(DFT) by using Ca9O9 cluster embedded in an electrostatic field represented by 178 point charges at the crystal CaO lattice positions. The present calculations show that CaO injection could substantially reducing gaseous mercury chloride, but have no apparent effect on the mercury, which is compatible with the available experimental results. The research method will provide the valuable information for the optimizing and selecting sorbent of the trace element in flue gas.
引文
[1] Linak W P and Wendt J O L,Toxic metal emissions from incineration: Mechanisms and control,Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 1993, 19(2): 145-185
[2] Swaine D J and. Goodarizi F (eds.), Environmental Aspects of Trace Elements in Coal, 1995 Klumer Academic publishers, Printed in the Netherland
[3] US Statutes at Large. Clean Air Act Amendments, Public Law 101-549, 1990, 104: 2399-2712
[4] Nraigu O, Pacyna J M, Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water, and soils by trace metals, Nature, 1988, 333: 134-139
[5] Swaine D J,Why trace elements are important, Fuel Processing Technology, 2000, 65-66: 21-33
[6] US Environmental Protection Agency, Study of Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions from Electric Utility Steam Generating Units: Interim Final Report, Vol. 1, EPA Report Number EPA-453rR-96-013a, 1996
[7] Amez M, Gullu G, Olmez L, Atmospheric mercury in the vapor phase and in the fine and coarse particulate matter at Perch River, New York, Atmospheric Environment, 1998, 32(5): 865-872
[8] Downs S G,, Macleod C L, Lester J N, Mercury in precipitation and its relation to bioaccumulation in fish: a literature review, Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 1998, 108(1-2): 149-187
[9] Schroeder W H and Munthe J, Atmospheric mercury-an overview, Atmospheric Environment, 1998, 32(5): 809-822
[10] Sheppard D S, Mercury content of Antarctic Iceland-snow: further results, Atmospheric Environment, 1991, 25A: 1578-1600
[11] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Mercury Study Report to Congress. Volume I: Executive Summary, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and Office of Research and Development, EPA-452/R-97-003, December 1997
[12] 王起超,沈文国,麻壮伟,中国燃煤汞排放量估算,中国环境科学,1999,19(4):318-321
[13] 王华东,郝春曦,王建编著,环境中的砷—行为、影响、控制,北京:中国环境科学出版社,1992,135pp
[14] Zheng B S, Ding Z, Huang R, et al., Issues of health and disease relating to coal use in southwestern China, Int. J. Coal Geol., 1999, 40: 119-132
[15] 廖自基,环境中硒的污染危害与迁移转化,科学出版社,1989
[16] 郑楚光,徐明厚,张军营,刘晶,燃煤痕量元素的排放与控制,湖北科学技术出版社,2002
[17] Finkelman R B, Modes of occurrence of trace elements in coal, US Geol. Surv. Open-file Rep., 1981, 81-99, 312pp
[18] Ruth R.R, Gluskoter H J, Kennedy E J, Mercury content of Illionis coals, Ⅲ.State Geol. Surv. Environ. Geol. Notes, 1976, No.43, 15pp
[19] Dvornikov A G., Forms of mercury in Donets Basin Coals, Geol.Zh., 1981, 41: 96-101
[20] Cahill R.A, Shiley R H, Forms of trace elements in coal, Proc. Int. Conf. Coal Sci., Essen, 1981, 751-755
[21] 赵峰华,煤中有害微量元素分布赋存机制及燃烧产物淋滤实验研究,[博士论文] 中国矿业大学北京研究生部,1997
[22] Feng X., Hong Y, Modes of occurrence of mercury in coals from Guizhou, People’s Republic of China, Fuel, 1999, 78: 1181-1188
[23] 张军营,煤中潜在毒害微量元素富集规律及其污染性抑制研究,[博士论文] 中国矿业大学北京研究生部,1999
[24] Chapman, A.C. Arsenic in coal and coke, The Analyst, 1901, 26, 252-256
[25] Duck N W, Himus G.W, On arsenic in coal and its mode of occurrence, Fuel, 1951, 30(12): 267-271
[26] Palmer C A, Filby R.H, Determination of modes of occurrence of trace elements in the Upper Freeport coal bed using size and density separation procedures, In: Proceedings 1983 International Conference on Coal Science, International Energy Agency, London, 1983, pp.365-368
[27] Francis W, Coal-Its Formation and Composition, Edward Arnold, London, 1961, 806pp
[28] Huggins FE, Shah N, Zhao J, and Huffman G.P, Nondestructive determination of trace element speciation in coal and coal ash by XAFS spectroscopy, Energy and Fuel, 1993, 7: 482-489
[29] Huffman P Gerald, Huggins E Frank, Naresh Shah et al., Speciation of arsenic and chromium in coal and combustion ash by XAFS spectroscopy, Fuel Processing Technology, 1994, 39: 47-62.
[30] Senior C L, Bool III L E, Huggins F, Huffman G P, Shah N, Wendt J O L, Seames W, Peterson T, Shadman F, Helble J, Wornat M, Sarofim A, Olmez I, Crowley S, and Finkelman R., Toxic Substances from Coal Combustion –A Comprehensive Assessment, Phase I Final Report, DOE Contract DE-AC22-95PC95101, September, 1997
[31] Kolker Allan, Huggins F E, Palmer C A, Naresh Shah, Crowley S S, Huffman G.P, Finkelman R B, Mode of occurrence of arsenic in four US coals, Fuel Processing Technology, 2000, 63: 167-178
[32] 赵峰华,任德贻,郑宝山,胡天斗,刘涛,高砷煤中砷赋存状态的扩展X 射线吸收精细结构谱研究,科学通报,1998,43(14):1549-1551
[33] 赵峰华,任德贻,煤中As 赋存状态的逐级化学提取研究,环境科学,1999,20:79-81
[34] Finkelman R B, Palmer C A, Krasnow M R, et al, Combustion and leaching behaviour of elements in the Argonne Premium coal samples, Energy and Fuel, 1990, 4(6): 755-768
[35] Minkin J A, Finkelman R B, Thompson CL et al., Microcharacterization of arsenic-and selenium-bearing pyrite in Upper Freeport coal, lndiana County, Pennsylvania.,Scanning Electron Microsc, 1984, 4: 1515-1524
[36] White R N, Smith J V, Spears D A et al., Analysis of iron sulphides from U.K.coal by synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence, Fuel, 1989, 68: 1480-1486
[37] Palmer C A, Lyons P C., Selected elements in major minerals from bituminous coal as determined by INAA:implications for removing environmentally sensitive elements from coal, Int.J.Coal Geol, 1996, 32: 151-166
[38] 张军营,任德贻,赵峰华,许德伟,煤中痕量元素赋存状态研究方法,煤炭转化,1998,21(4):12-17
[39] Huggins F E, Huffman G P,Modes of occurrence of trace elements in coal from XAFS spectroscopy, Int. J. Coal Geol., 1996, 32: 31-53
[40] Dreher G B, Finkelman R B, Selenium mobilization in a surface coal mine, Powder River basin, Wyoming,U S A, Environ.Geol.Water Sci., 1992, 19(3): 155-167
[41] Xavier Querol, Roberto Juan, Angel Lope-Soler, Mobility of trace elements from coal and combustion wastes, Fuel, 1996, 75: 821-838
[42] Senior CL, Zeng T, Che J, Distribution of trace elements in selected pulverized coals as a function of particle size and density, Fuel Processing Technology, 2000, 63: 215-241
[43] Markowski G.R, Ensor DS, Hooper R.G., A submicron aerosol mode in flue gas from a pulverized coal utility boiler, Environ. Sci. Technol., 1980, 11: 1400-1402
[44] Flagan R C, Taylor D D, Laboratory studies of submicron particles from coal combustion, 18th International Symposium On Combustion, 1981, 1227-1237
[45] Linak W P, Wendt JOL, Trace element transfromation mechanisms during coal combustion, Fuel processing technology, 1994, 39: 173-198
[46] Clarke L and Sloss L., Trace elements-emissions from coal combustion and gasification. IEA Coal Research, IEACR/011, London, July, 1992, 111pp
[47] Constance L Senior, Adel F Sarofim, Taofang Zeng, Joseph J Helble, Ruben Mamani-Paco, Gas-phase transformations of mercury in coal-fired power plants, Fuel Processing Technology, 2000, 63: 197–213
[48] Chang Y. Wu and Pratim Biswas, An equilbrium analysis to determine the speciation of metals in an incinerator, Combustion and Flame, 1993, 93: 31-40
[49] Joseph J Helble, Mojtahedi Wahab, Lyyranen Jussi, Trace element partitioning during coal gasification, Fuel, 1996, 75: 931-939
[50] 刘迎辉,郑楚光,游小请,氯元素对烟气中汞的形态和分布的影响,环境科学学报,2001,21(1):69-73
[51] 刘迎辉,郑楚光,燃煤过程中易挥发有毒痕量元素的相互作用,燃烧科学与技术,2001,7(4):243-247
[52] Frandsen F, Som-Johansen K, Prsmussen, Trace element from combustion and gasification of coal: an equilibrium approach, Progress in energy and combustion science, 1994, 20: 115-138
[53] Yan R, Partitioning of trace elements in the flue gas from coal combustion, Doctoral Dissertation , 1999
[54] Furimsky E, Characterization of trace element emissions from coal combustion by equilibrium calculations, Fuel Processing Technology , 2000 , 63 (1): 29-44
[55] Thompson D, Argent B B, Thermodynamic equilibrium study of trace element mobilization under pulverized fuel combustion conditions, Fuel , 2002 , 81 (3): 345 -361
[56] Gibbs B M, Thompson D, Argent B B,A thermodynamic equilibrium comparison of the mobilities of trace elements when washed and unwashed coals are burnt under pf firing conditions, Fuel, 2004, 83: 2271–2284
[57] Hall B, Schager P, Lindqvist O, Chemical reactions of mercury on combustion flue gases, Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 1991, 56: 3–14
[58] Gaspar J A, Widmer N C, Cole J A, Seeker W R, Study of Mercury Speciation in a Simulated Municipal Waste Incinerator Flue Gas, Proceedings of 1997 International Conference on Incineration and Thermal Treatment Technologies, Oakland, CA, May 12–16, 1997
[59] Mamani-Paco R M, Helble J J., Bench-scale examination of mercury oxidation under non-isothermal conditions, 93rd Annual Meeting, Air & Waste Management Association, Salt Lake City, Utah, 2000
[60] Schager P, The Behavior of Mercury in Flue Gases, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Goteburg, Report, Goteburg, Sweden, 1990.
[61] Constance L. Senior, Adel F. Sarofim, Taofang Zeng, Joseph J. Helble, Ruben Mamani-Pacoc, Gas-phase transformations of mercury in coal-fired power plants,Fuel Processing Technology, 2000, 63: 197–213
[62] Dajnak D, Lockwood F C,Modelling of toxic heavy mental mercury partitioning from pulverized fuel combustion, IFRF Combustion Journal Article Number 200103, March 2001
[63] Slige R N,.Kramlich J C, Marinov N M, Toward the development of a chemical kinetic model for the homogeneous oxidation of mercury by chlorine, Fuel Proce..Technol., 2000, 65-66: 423-438
[64] Kramlich J C, Sliger R N, Going D J, Reduction of inherent mercury in pulverized coal combustion, DOE Grant DE-FG22-95PC95216, presentation at DOE university coal research contractor’s meeting, Pittsburgh, June 1997
[65] Widmer N C, West J, Thermochemical study of mercury oxidation in utility boiler fuel gases, 93rd Annual Meeting, Air and Waste Management Association, Salt Lake City, Utah, 2000.
[66] Helble J J, Fujiwara N, Kinetic modeling of homogeneous mercury oxidation: the importance of NO and H2O in predicting oxidation in coal-derived systems, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2001, 35: 3701-3706
[67] Niksa S, Fujiwara N, Fujita Y, et al. A mechanism for Hg oxidation in coal-derived exhausts, AWMA 2002, 52(8) :894-901
[68] Minghou Xu, Qiao Yu, Zheng Chuguang, et al. Modeling of homogeneous mercury speciation using detailed chemical kinetics, Combustion and Flame, 2003, 132: 208-219
[69] Chuguang Zheng, Jing Liu,Zhaohui Liu, Minghou Xu, Yinghui Liu, Kinetic Mechanism Studies on Reactions of Mercury and Oxidizing Species in Coal Combustion, Fuel, in press
[70] Gerald H. Luttrell, Jaisen N. Kohmuench, Roe-Hoan Yoon, An evaluation of coal preparation technologies for controlling trace element emissions, Fuel Processing Technology, 2000, 65-66: 407-422
[71] Akers David, Dosphy Robert, Role of coal cleaning in control of air toxic, Fuel Processing Technology, 1994, 39: 73-80
[72] Keating M H, Mahaffey K R, R.Schoeny, Rice G. E, Bullock O R, Ambrose R B, Mercury Study Report to Congress, Volume II. EPA -452/R-97-004b, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC. December 1997
[73] Topical Report No.5 Trace Element Removal Study. " Prepared for U. S. Department of Energy’s Pittsburgh Technology Center by ICFKaiser Engineers, Fairfax, VA. March 1995
[74] Granite E J, Pennline H W, Hargis R A, Novel sorbents for mercury removal from flue gas, Industrial & engineering Chemistry Research, April 2000, v39: 1020-1029
[75] 彭苏萍,王立刚,燃煤飞灰对锅炉烟道气的吸附研究,煤炭科学技术,2002,30(9):33-36
[76] Owens W D, Sarofim A F, W.Pershing D, The use of recycle for enhanced volatile metal capture, Trace elements transformation in coal-fired power systems workshop, Scottsdale, AZ, April 1993
[77] Grover C, Butz J, Haythornthwaite S, Smith J, " Mercury Measurements Across Particulate Collectors of PSCO Coal -fired Electric Utility Boilers ," EPRI/ DOE/ EPA Mega -Symposium, Atlanta , GA. August 1999
[78] Devito M S, Rosehoover W A, Hg flue gas measurements from coal-fired utilities equipped wet scrubbers, Presented at the 92nd Annual meeting and exhibition of the air & waste management association, St. Louis, MO, June1999.
[79] Tanaporn Sakulpitakphon, Hower C James, Trimble S Alan, Mercury Capture by Fly Ash: Study of the Combustion of a High-Mercury Coal at a Utility Boiler, Energy & Fuels, 2000, 14: 727-733
[80] Hassett D J, Eylands K E, Mercury capture on coal fly ash, Fuel, 1999, 78: 243-248
[81] Redinger KE, Evans A, Bailey R, Mercury emissions control in FGD systems, Presented at the EPRI/DOE/EPA combined air pollutant control symposium, Washington, DC, August, 25-29,1997
[82] Carey T R, Hargrove O W, Brown T D, Enhanced control of mercury in wet FGD systems, Presented at the first joint DOE-PETC power and fuel systems contractors conference, U.S. Department of energy, Pittsburgh, PA, July9-11, 1996
[83] Li Y H, Lee C W, Gullett B K, Importance of activated carbon’s oxygen surface functional groups on elemental mercury adsorption, Fuel, 2003, 82: 451-457
[84] Marshall T, The use of activated carbon for flue gas treatment, First international symposium on incineration and flue gas treatment technologies, Sheffield, UK, July, 1997
[85] Thomas W Peterson, Interactions between vapor-phase mercury compounds and coal char in synthetic flue gas, Fuel Processing Technology, 2000, 63: 93-107
[86] Carey R Odd, Hargrove W Oliver, Factors affecting mercury control in utility flue gas using activated carbon, Air&Waste Management Association, 1998, 48: 1166-1174
[87] Granite J Van, Pennline W Henry, Novel Sorbents For Mercury Removal From Flue Gas, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2000, 39: 1020-1029
[88] Joseph V, Modeling powdered activated carbon injection for the uptake of elemental mercury vapors, Air&Waste Management Association, 1998, 48: 1051-1059
[89] Sinha R K, Walker P L, Removal of Mercury by Sulfurized Carbons, Carbon, 1972, 10: 754-756
[90] Miller S J, Laudal D L, Dunham G. E, Piolt-scale investigation of mercury control in baghouses, In Procedings of the ERPI/DOE international Conference on managing Hazardous and particulate pollutants, Toronto, Canada, August 15-17, 1995
[91] Miller S J, Dunham G. E, Olson E S, Brown T D, Mercury sorbent development in coal-fired boilers, in: Proceedings of the Conference on Air Quality: Mercury, Trace Elements, and Particulate Matter, 1998, McLean, VA.
[92] Mercury Study Report to Congress, US Environmental Protection Agency, Airlink Web Site at http:www.epa.gov.airlinksr1998
[93] Brown T D, O’Dowd W J, Robert Reuther R B, Control of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants: a preliminary cost assessment, in: Proceedings of the Conference on Air Quality: Mercury, Trace Elements, and Particulate Matter, 1998, McLean, VA.
[94] Pavlish H John, Sondreal A Everett, Mann1 D Michael, Status review of mercury control options for coal-fired power plants,Fuel Processing Technology, 2003, 82: 89-165
[95] Madden D A, and Holmes M J, " B&W’s E-LIDS TM Process Advanced SOx , Particulate and Air Toxics Control for the Year 2000 ," presented at the 1998 EPRI -DOE -EPA Combined Utility Air Pollutant Control Symposium, Washington DC, August 25-29, 1997
[96] Ghorishi S B, Gullett B K, An experimental study on mercury sorption by activated carbons and calcium hydroxide, The fifth annual north American waste-to-energy conference, Research Triangle Park, NC, April 1997
[97] McDermott Technologies, Inc. Advanced Emissions Control Development Program Phase Ⅲ-Approved Final Report, prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy (U.S.DOE-FETC contract DE-FC22-94PC94251-22) and Ohio Coal Development Office(grant agreement CDO/D-922-13), July 1999
[98] Ghorishi B, Singer C F, Sedman C, Preparation and evaluation of modified line and silica-lime sorbents for mercury vapor emission control, EPRI-DOE-EPA Combined utility air pollution control symposium, 1999, Atlanta, Georgia
[99] Wouterlood H J, Bowling K M, Removal of arsenic oxide from flue gases, Environ. Sci. Rechnol., 1979, 13: 455-459
[100] Mahuli S, Agnihotri R, Chauk S et al., Mechanism of arsenic sorption by hydrated lime, Environ. Sci. Techno, 1997, 31: 3226-3231
[101] Jadhav R A,.Fan L S, Capture of gas phase arsenic oxide by lime: Kinetics and mechanistic studies, Environ. Sci. Technol, 2001, 35: 794-799
[102] Gullett B K, Ragnunathan K., Reduction of Coal-based Metal Emissions by Furnace Sorbent Injection, Energy & Fuels, 1994, 8 (5): 1068-1076
[103] Young B C, Pavlish J H, Gerlach T R et al. Mitigation of Air Toxic Elements from the Combustion of Low-rank Coals in Power Generation Plants, In: Proceedings of the Air &Waste Management Associations Annual Meeting & Exhibition, 1996, 18
[104] Meij R, The fate of mercury in coal-fired power plants and the influence of wet flue-gas desulphurization, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 1991, 56: 21-33
[105] Chang R, Hargrove B, Carey T, Richardson C, Meserole F, Power Plant Mercury Control Options and Issues, Proc. POWER-GEN '96 International, Conference Orlando, Fla., Dec. 4-6, 1996
[106] Livengood C D, Mendelsohn M H., Progress for combined control of mercury and nitric oxide EPRI-DOE-EPA Combined Utility Air Pollution Control Symposium, 1999, Atlanta, Georgia.
[107] Mendelsohn M H, Harkness J B L, Enhanced Flue-Gas Denitrification Using Ferrous?EDTA and a Polyphenolic Compound in an Aqueous Scrubber System. Energy & Fuels, 1991, 5(2): 244-247.
[108] McDermott Technologies, Inc. Advanced Emissions Control Development Program Phase III ¨C Approved Final Report, prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOEFETC contract DE-FC22-94PC94251.22) and Ohio Coal Development Office (grant agreement CDO/D-922-13), July 1999, Available at: http://www.osti.gov/dublincore/servlets/purl/756595-LACvcL/webviewable/756595.pd >.
[109] U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory. Full-Scale Testing of Enhanced Mercury Control in Wet FGD, November 2001, Available at < http://www.fetc.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/mercury/index.html >.
[110] McLarnon C R, Horvath M L, Boyle P D, " Electro -Catalytic Oxidation Technology Applied to Mercury and Trace Elements Removal from Flue Gas," presented at Conference on Air Quality II ,McLean , VA. September 20, 2000
[111] McLarnon C R, Jones M D, " Electro -Catalytic Oxidation Process for Multi -Pollutant Control at FirstEnergy’s R. E. Burger Generating Station," presented at Electric Power 2000, Cincinnati , OH. April 5, 2000
[112] Abu-asmra A, Morries J S, Koirtyohann S R., Wet ashing of some biological samples in a microwave oven, Anal. chem., 1975, 47(7): 1475-1477
[113] Matthes S A, Farrel R F, Mackie A, A microwave system for the acid dissolution of metal and mineral samples, J. Tech. Prog. Rep. U.S. Bur. Mines, 1983, TRP 120:12
[114] Kingston H M, Jassie L B, Microwave energy for acid decomposition at elevated temperature and pressure using biological and botanical samples, Anal. Chem., 1986, 58(12): 2534-2541
[115] Mincey D W, Williams R C, Giglio G A, et al., Temperature controlled microwave oven digestion system, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1992, 264:97
[116] Lamble K J, Hill S J, Determination of mercury in slurried samples by both batch and on-line microwave digestion on CAVFS, J. Anal. At. Spectrom, 1996, 11: 1099
[117] Gallignani M, Bahsas H, Brunetto M R, A time-based flow injection CVAAS system with on-line microwave sample pre-treatment for the determination of inorganic and total mercury in urine, Analytica Chimica Acta, 1998, 369: 57-67
[118] Burguera J L, Carrero P, Burguera M, Flow injection for the determination of Se(IV) and Se(VI) by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry with microwave oven on-line prereduction of Se(VI) to Se(IV), Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 1997, 52(8): 1231
[119] Gallignani M, Valero M, Sequential determination of Se(IV) and Se(VI) by flow injection-HG-AAS with HCl/HBr microwave aided pre-reduction of Se(VI) to Se(IV), Talanta,2000, 52(6): 1015-1024
[120] Harzdorf C, Janser G, Dieter Rinne, Application of microwave digestion to trace organo element determination in water samples, Analytica Chimica Acta, 1998, 374: 209-214
[121] Mester Z, Angelone M, .Brunori C, Digestion methods for analysis of fly ash samples by atomic absorption spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta., 1999, 395: 157-163
[122] Bettinelli M, Spezia S, Baroni U, Determination of Trace Elements in Power Plant Emissions by icp-ms: Comparison with Other Spectrometric Techniques, Microchem. J., 1998, 59: 203-218
[123] Hatanpaeao E, A study of trace element behavior in two modern coal-fired power plants. I. Development and optimization of trace element analysis using reference materials, Fuel and Energy Abstracts, 1998, 39(1): 64
[124] Richaud R, Lachas H, Healey A E, Trace element analysis of gasification plant samples by icp–ms: validation by comparison of results from two laboratories, Fuel, 2000, 79(9): 1077-1087
[125] Fadda S, ICP-MS determination of 45 trace elements in whole coal using microwave oven acid digestion for sample preparation, Fuel and Energy Abstracts, 1999, 37(1): 65
[126] Laban K L, Atkin B P, The determination of minor and trace element associations in coal using a sequential microwave digestion procedure, International Journal of Coal Geology, 1999, 41(4): 351-369
[127] Kingston H M, Jassie L B, Introduction to microwave sample preparation theory and practice, Washington DC, Amercian Chemical Society, 1988
[128] GB/T16659-1996 中华人民共和国国家标准煤中汞的测定方法[S]
[129] GB/T3058-1996 中华人民共和国国家标准煤中砷的测定方法[S]
[130] GB/T16415-1996 中华人民共和国国家标准煤中硒的测定方法[S]
[131] Swaine D J, Trace elements in coal and their dispersal during combustion, Fuel Process. Technol., 1994, 39: 121-137
[132] Querol X, Fernandez-Turiel J L, Lopez-Soler A, Trace element in coal and their behaviour during coal combustion in a large station, Fuel, 1996, 74(3): 331-343
[133] Swaine D J. Trace elements in coal. Butterworths, London.1990, 278pp
[134] Swaine D J. The organic association of elements in coals. Org. Geochem., 1992, 18(3): 259-261
[135] Finkelman R B, Mode of occurrence of potentially hazardous elements in coal: levels of confidence, Fuel Proc. Technol., 1994, 39: 21-34
[136] Wang Jie, Sharma Atul, and Tomita Akira, Determination of the Modes of Occurrence of Trace Elements in Coal by Leaching Coal and Coal Ashe, Energy and Fuel, 2003, 17: 29-37
[137] Martinez-Tarazona M R., Spears D A., et al, Organic affinity of trace elements in Austrian bituminous coal, Fuel, 1992, 71(8): 909-914
[138] 王运泉,煤及其燃烧产物中微量元素分布赋存特征研究,[博士论文] 中国矿业大学北京研究生部,1994
[139] Goodarzi F, Elemental distribution in coal seams at the Fording Coal Mine, British Columbia, Canada, Chem. Geol., 1988, 68: 129-154
[140] 许琪,中国煤中伴生元素的聚集与扩散,煤炭学报,1991,16(1):64-70
[141] Alastuey A, Jimenez A, Plana F, Querol X, Geochemistry, mineralogy, and technological properties of the Stephanian (Carboniferous) coal seams from the Puertollano Basin, Spain, International Journal of Coal Geology, 2001, 45: 247-265
[142] Querol X, Cabrera Li, Pickel W, et al, Geological controls on the coal quality of the Mequinenza subbituminous coal deposit, northeast Spain, Int. J. Coal Geol., 1996, 29: 67-91
[143] 陆晓华,许涛,刘汉珍,曾汉才,因子分析法在煤中痕量元素分布特征研究中的应用,燃料化学学报,1994,22(4):444-448
[144] Ruppert L F, Minken J A, McGee J J et al, An unusual occurrence of arsenic-bearing pyrite in the Upper Freeprot coal bed, West-central Pennsyl-vania, Energy and Fuels , 1992 , 6: 120-125
[145] Lyons P C, Palmer C A, Bostick N H, et al. Chemistry and origin of minor and trace elements in vitrinite concentration from a rank series from the Eastern United State, England and Australia, Int. J. Coal Geol., 1989,13: 484-527
[146] Tessler A et al. Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals, Anal. Chem., 1979, 51(7): 844-851
[147] 陆晓华,曾汉才,晏蓉,煤中痕量元素与三态硫关系的模型,环境化学,1997,16(4):306-310
[148] 冯新斌,环境样品中微量汞分析方法及贵州省二叠纪龙潭组煤中汞分布规律,赋存形态的研究,[博士论文] 中国科学院地球化学研究所,贵阳,1997
[149] 丁振华,贵州高砷煤的矿物学地球化学研究,[博士论文] 中国科学院地球化学研究所,贵阳,2001
[150] 陈萍,旷红伟,唐修义,煤中砷的分布和赋存规律研究,煤炭学报,2002,27(3):259 -263
[151] Kilgroe D James, Charles B Sedman, Srivastava K Ravi, Ryan V Jeffrey, Control of Mercury Emissions from Coal -Fired Electric Utility Boilers : Interim Report. U. S.Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Researchand Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratsory, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
[152] EPA technical information, EPA to regulate mercury and other air toxic emissions from coal and oil fired power plants, 14, December 2000
[153] Rizeq R G, Hansell D W, Seeker W R, Predictions of metals emissions and partitioning in coal-fired combustion systems, Fuel Process. Technol., 1994, 39: 219-236
[154] Bale C W, Pelton A D, Thompson W T, FACT(Facility for the Analysis of Chemical Thermodynamics), Version 2.1-User Manual, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal/Royal Military College, Canada, July, 1996
[155] 周劲松,骆仲泱,任建莉, Mercury transport during coal combustion and pyrolysis, Proc. of the 26th Inter. Conf. on coal utilization & fuel systems, Florida, USA , 2001: 419-429
[156] Wang Q C., Shen W G. and Ma Z W, Mercury emissions from coal in China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2000, 34(13): 2711-2713
[157] 朱珍锦,薛来,谈仪,负荷改变对煤粉锅炉燃烧产物中汞的分布特征影响研究,中国电机工程学报,2001,21(7):87-90.
[158] 刘迎晖,煤燃烧过程中痕量元素的迁移变化行为[博士论文],武汉,华中科技大学,2002
[159] 任建莉,周劲松,骆仲泱,煤中汞燃烧过程析出规律试验研究,环境科学学报,2002,22(3):289-293
[160] U. S. Environmental Protection Agency," Method 29 --Determination of Metals Emissions from Stationary Sources. " Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 60, Appendix A.
[161] Prestbo E.M, Bloom N S, Mercury Speciation Adsorption(MESA) Method For Combustion Flue Gas: Methodology, Artifacts, Inter-comparison, and Atmospheric Implications. Water, Air and Soil Pollution.1995, 80: 145-158
[162] Munthe J, Schroeder W H, Xiao Z et al. Removal of gaseous Mercury from air using a gold coated deunder, Atmosphere Environment, 1990, 24A (8): 2271-2274
[163] Lajava k, Laitinen T, Application of the Diffusion Screen Technique to the Determination of Gaseous Mercury and Mercury (II) Chloride in Flue gases. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 1993, 52(1-4): 65-73
[164] “Standard Test Method for Elemental , Oxidized , Particle -Bound ,and Total Mercury in Flue Gas Generated from Coal -Fired Stationary Sources (Ontario -Hydro Method) , October 27 , 1999
[165] Babur. Nott, Intercomparison of stack gas mercury measurement methods, Water, Air and soil pollution, 1995, 80: 1211-1214.
[166] Laudal D, Brown T, Nott B, Effects of flue gas constituents on mercury speciation, Fuel processing technology, 2000, 65-66: 157-165
[167] Hedges S, Ryan J, Stevens R, Workshop on Source Emission and Ambient Air Monitoring of Mercury, Bloomington, MN, September 13 -14, 1999. EPA/ 625/ R -00/002 (NTIS B2001 -100963), National Risk Management and National Exposure Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH. June 2000
[168] Laudal D, Brown T D, Testing of a mercury continuous emission monitor at three coal-fired electric utilities, The air & waste management association’s 92nd annual meeting& exhibition, 1999, St. Louis, Missouri
[169] Takahisa Yokoyama, Kazuo Asakura, Mercury emissions from a coal-fired power plant in Japan, The Science of the Total Environment, 2000, 259: 97-103
[170] Moritomi H., Naruse I, Ninomiya Y, Measurement of mercury and trace element emissions from coal combustion boilers, Presented by Air Pollution IX, WIT Press, 2001: 479-489
[171] Anthony Carpi, Mercury from combustion source: a review of the chemical species emitted and their transport in the atmosphere, Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 1997, 98: 241-254
[172] Hall B, Schager P, Weesmaa J, The homogeneous gas phase reaction of mercury with oxygen, and the corresponding heterogeneous reactions in the presence of activated carbon and fly ash, Chemosphere, 1995, 30: 611–627.
[173] Raghunathan K, Gullett B, Role of sulfur in reducing PCDD and PCDF formation, Eniron. Sci. Technol., 1996, 30: 1827–1834.
[174] Laudal D, Brown T, Nott B, Chu P, Bench-scale studies to determine the effects of flue gas constituents on mercury speciation, Conference on Air Quality: Mercury, Trace Elements, and Particulate Matter, McLean, VA, December 1–4, 1998
[175] Li Z, Hwang J Y, Mercury distribution in fly ash components, Presented at the Air and Waste Management Association’s 90th Annual Conference and Exhibition, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, June 8 –13, 1997.
[176] Senior C L, Johnson S A, Impact of carbon-in-ash on mercury removal across particulate control devices in coal-fired power plants, Presented at the Air and Waste Management Association’s 95th Annual Conference and Exhibition, Baltimore, MD, June 23–27, 2002
[177] Gibb W H, Clarke F, Mehta A K, The fate of coal mercury during combustion, Fuel Processing Technology, 2000, 65-66: 365-377
[178] 王立刚,彭苏萍,陈昌和,燃煤飞灰对锅炉烟道气中Hg0 的吸附特性,环境科学,2003,24(6):59-62
[179] Grant E Dunham, Raymond A Dewall, Constance L. Senior, Fixed-bed studies of the interactions between mercury and coal combustion fly ash, Fuel Proceeding Technology, 2003, 82: 197-213
[180] Jongsoo, Lee Tai Gyu, Lee Gyo et al, Mercury removal from incineration flue gas by organic and inorganic adsorbents, Chemosphere, 2002, 47(9): 907-913
[181] 樊金串,张振桴,煤中痕量元素在燃烧过程中的动态,煤炭加工与综合利用, 1995,4:12-14
[182] 周义平,老厂矿区无烟煤中砷的分布类型及赋存状态,煤田地质与勘探,1998,26(4):8-13
[183] 孙景信,Jervis R E.,煤中微量元素及其在燃烧过程中的分布特征,中国科学(A 辑),1986,12:1287-1295
[184] Stumbar J P, Sawyer R H., Gupta G. D, Perdek J M, The fate of heavy metals in EPAs mobile incineration system., Proc.American flame research committee 1989 fall international symposium:combustion in industrial furnaces and boilers, short hills, NJ. sep.25-27, 1989
[185] Jadhav A Raja, Liang-shih Fan, Capture of gas-phase arsenic oxide by lime: kinetic and Mechanistic studies, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2001, 35: 794-799
[186] Vassilev S V , Trace Elements in Solid Waste Products from Coal Burning at Some Bulgarian Thermoelectric Power Stations, Fuel, 1994, 73: 367-374
[187] Clemens A H, Damiano L F, Gong D et al. Partitioning Behaviour of Some Toxic Volatile Elements During Stoker and Fluidised Bed Combustion of Alkaline Sub-bituminous Coal, Fuel, 1999, 78: 1379-1385
[188] 杨绍晋,钱琴芳,姜镶等,火力发电厂燃煤过程中元素在各产物中的分布,环境科学,1983,2:32-38
[189] Zeng R S, Zhao J H, Xu W D., The Preliminary Study of Potential Contamination Related to the Combustion of Coal in Thermal Power Plant, In: Zhanged, Proc30th Int. Geol. Congr, 1997, 187-201
[190] 王起超,邵庆春等,煤中15 种微量元素在燃烧产物中的分配,燃料化学学报,1996,24(2):137-142
[191] Lesley L Sloss, Irene M Smith, PM10 and PM2.5: An international perspective, Fuel Processing Technology, 2000, 65-66: 127-141
[192] Zhang Ye, Pratim B, Submicrometer Particle Formation and Control in a Bench-scale Pulverized Coal Combustor, Energy & Fuels, 2001, 15: 510-516
[193] Biermann, Ondov A H, Application of surface-deposition models to size-fractionated coal fly ash, Atmos. Environ., 1980, 14: 289-295
[194] Wayne S. Seames, Jost O L Wendt,Partitioning of arsenic, selenium, and cadmium during the combustion of Pittsburgh and Illinois#6 coals in a self-sustained combustor, Fuel Processing Technology, 2000, 63: 179–196
[195] Germani, M S, Zoller W H, Vapour-phase Concentrations of Arsenic, Selenium, Bromine, Indine and Mercury in the Stack of a Coal-fired Power Plant. Environ Sci Technol, 1988, 22(9): 1079-1085
[196] Tanaporn Sakulpitakphon, James C Hower, Trimble Alan S, William H. Schram, and Gerald A Thomas,Arsenic and Mercury Partitioning in Fly Ash at a Kentucky Power Plant,Energy and Fuel, 2003, 17: 1028-1033
[197] Anders W. Andren and David H Klein, Selenium in coal-fired stream plant emissions, Environmental Science & Technology, 1975, 9(9): 856-858
[198] Wang Y Q, Ren D Y, Zhao F H, Comparative leaching experiments for trace elements in law coal, laboratory ash, fly ash and bottom ash. International Journal of Coal Geology, 1999, 40: 103-108
[199] 赵峰华,任德贻,许德伟,燃煤产物中砷的物相研究,中国矿业大学学报,1999,28(4):11-14
[200] Wayne S. Seames, Hamshid Sooroshian, Assessing the solubility of inorganic compounds from size-segrated coal fly aerosol impactor sample, Aerosol Science, 2002, l33: 77-90
[201] Choi S K, Lee S, Song Y K, Leaching characteristics of selected Korean fly ashes and its implication for the groundwater composition near the ash disposal mound, Fuel, 2002, 81: 1083-1090
[202] Ramsden A R., Shibaoka M., Characterization and analysis of individual fly ash particles from coal-fired power station by a combination of optical microscopy, electron microscopy and quantitative electron microprobe analysis, Atmos. Environ, 1982, 16(9): 2191-2198
[203] Waynes S Seames, An initial study of the fine frgmentation fly ash particle mode generated during pulverized coal combustion, Fuel Processing Technology, 2003, 81: 109-125
[204] Kasparian J et al, Characterization of urban aerosols using SEM-microscopy, X-Ray analysis and Lidar measurements, Atmospheric Environment, 1998, 30(17): 2957-2960
[205] Forestier Lydie Le and Libourel Guy, Characterization of flue gas residues from municipal solid waste combustors, Environmental Science and Technology, 1998, 32(15): 2250-2256
[206] Stinespring C D, et al, Surface enrichment of aluminosilicate minerals and coal combustion ash particles, Amos. Environ., 1981, 15(3): 307-327
[207] 孙俊民,姚强,刘惠永,鲁静,尹国勋,赵成美,燃煤排放可吸入颗粒物中砷的分布与富集机理,煤炭学报,2004,19(1):78-82
[208] 张建平,王运泉,张汝国,莫洁云,任德贻,煤及其燃烧产物中砷的分布特征,环境科学研究,1999,12(1):27-29
[209] 朱永清,硅酸盐熔体结构学[M],北京,地质出版社,1990,77～97
[210] Ratafia, Brown J A. Overview of trace element partitioning in flames and furnaces of utility coal-fired boilers, Fuel Processing Technology, 1994, 39, 139-157.
[211] 周公度等编著,结构化学基础,北京大学物理化学丛书,北京大学出版社,1989
[212] Wimmer E, The Encyclopedia of computational chemistry, John Wiley &Sons Inc, 1998, 1559-1579
[213] Pople J A, Theory of molecular approximate method, 《分子轨道近似方法理论》,江云生译,北京,科学出版社,1976,64-74
[214] Koch W, Holthausen M C, “A Chemist’s Guide to Density Functional theory”, Wiley-VCH Verlag 2000
[215] Hohenberg P, Kohn W, Inhomgeneous electron gas, Phys. Rev., 1964, 136B: 864-871
[216] Kohn W, Sham L J, Self-Consistent Equations Including Exchange and Correlation Effects, Phys. Rev., 1965, 140A: 1133-1138
[217] Barth U V, Hedin L, A local exchange-correlation potential for the spin polarized case. I, J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys., 1972, 5: 1629-1642
[218] Langreth D C, Perdew J P, Comments on the metal surface from a simple analytic model, J. Phys., C Solid State Phys., 1980, 5: 869-873
[219] Perdew J P, Density-functional approximation for the correlation energy of the inhomogeneous electron gas, Phys. Rev., 1986, B33: 8822-8824
[220] Perdew J P, Chevary J A, Vosko S H, Atoms, molecules, solids, and surfaces: Applications of the generalized gradient approximation for exchange and correlation, Phys. Rev. 1992, B46: 6671–6687
[221] Becke A D, Density-functional exchange-energy approximation with correct asymptotic behavior, Phys. Rev., 1988, A 38: 3098–3100
[222] Becke A D, the Effect of the Exchange-Only Gradient Correction, J. Chem. Phys., 1992, 96(3): 2155-2160
[223] Becke A D, Density-functional thermochemistry. III. The role of exact exchange, J. Chem. Phys., 1993, 98: 5648-5652
[224] Lee C, Yang W, and Parr R G, Development of the Colle-Salvetti correlation-energy formula into a functional of the electron density, Phys. Rev., 1988, B37: 785-789
[225] Burke K, Perdew J P and Wang Y, In Electronic Density Functional Theory: Recent Progress and New Directions, Ed. J. F. Dobson, G. Vignale and M. P. Das (Plenum, 1998)
[226] Xin Lü, Xin Xu, Wang Nan-Qin, Coordination number Principle for Cluster Modelling of Metal oxides, Chem. J.Chinese Universities, 1998, 19: 783-788
[227] Frisch M.J. et al., Gaussian 98(Revision A.9). Gaussian Inc., Pittsburgh PA, 1998
[2] Swaine D J and. Goodarizi F (eds.), Environmental Aspects of Trace Elements in Coal, 1995 Klumer Academic publishers, Printed in the Netherland
[3] US Statutes at Large. Clean Air Act Amendments, Public Law 101-549, 1990, 104: 2399-2712
[4] Nraigu O, Pacyna J M, Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water, and soils by trace metals, Nature, 1988, 333: 134-139
[5] Swaine D J,Why trace elements are important, Fuel Processing Technology, 2000, 65-66: 21-33
[6] US Environmental Protection Agency, Study of Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions from Electric Utility Steam Generating Units: Interim Final Report, Vol. 1, EPA Report Number EPA-453rR-96-013a, 1996
[7] Amez M, Gullu G, Olmez L, Atmospheric mercury in the vapor phase and in the fine and coarse particulate matter at Perch River, New York, Atmospheric Environment, 1998, 32(5): 865-872
[8] Downs S G,, Macleod C L, Lester J N, Mercury in precipitation and its relation to bioaccumulation in fish: a literature review, Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 1998, 108(1-2): 149-187
[9] Schroeder W H and Munthe J, Atmospheric mercury-an overview, Atmospheric Environment, 1998, 32(5): 809-822
[10] Sheppard D S, Mercury content of Antarctic Iceland-snow: further results, Atmospheric Environment, 1991, 25A: 1578-1600
[11] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Mercury Study Report to Congress. Volume I: Executive Summary, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and Office of Research and Development, EPA-452/R-97-003, December 1997
[12] 王起超,沈文国,麻壮伟,中国燃煤汞排放量估算,中国环境科学,1999,19(4):318-321
[13] 王华东,郝春曦,王建编著,环境中的砷—行为、影响、控制,北京:中国环境科学出版社,1992,135pp
[14] Zheng B S, Ding Z, Huang R, et al., Issues of health and disease relating to coal use in southwestern China, Int. J. Coal Geol., 1999, 40: 119-132
[15] 廖自基,环境中硒的污染危害与迁移转化,科学出版社,1989
[16] 郑楚光,徐明厚,张军营,刘晶,燃煤痕量元素的排放与控制,湖北科学技术出版社,2002
[17] Finkelman R B, Modes of occurrence of trace elements in coal, US Geol. Surv. Open-file Rep., 1981, 81-99, 312pp
[18] Ruth R.R, Gluskoter H J, Kennedy E J, Mercury content of Illionis coals, Ⅲ.State Geol. Surv. Environ. Geol. Notes, 1976, No.43, 15pp
[19] Dvornikov A G., Forms of mercury in Donets Basin Coals, Geol.Zh., 1981, 41: 96-101
[20] Cahill R.A, Shiley R H, Forms of trace elements in coal, Proc. Int. Conf. Coal Sci., Essen, 1981, 751-755
[21] 赵峰华,煤中有害微量元素分布赋存机制及燃烧产物淋滤实验研究,[博士论文] 中国矿业大学北京研究生部,1997
[22] Feng X., Hong Y, Modes of occurrence of mercury in coals from Guizhou, People’s Republic of China, Fuel, 1999, 78: 1181-1188
[23] 张军营,煤中潜在毒害微量元素富集规律及其污染性抑制研究,[博士论文] 中国矿业大学北京研究生部,1999
[24] Chapman, A.C. Arsenic in coal and coke, The Analyst, 1901, 26, 252-256
[25] Duck N W, Himus G.W, On arsenic in coal and its mode of occurrence, Fuel, 1951, 30(12): 267-271
[26] Palmer C A, Filby R.H, Determination of modes of occurrence of trace elements in the Upper Freeport coal bed using size and density separation procedures, In: Proceedings 1983 International Conference on Coal Science, International Energy Agency, London, 1983, pp.365-368
[27] Francis W, Coal-Its Formation and Composition, Edward Arnold, London, 1961, 806pp
[28] Huggins FE, Shah N, Zhao J, and Huffman G.P, Nondestructive determination of trace element speciation in coal and coal ash by XAFS spectroscopy, Energy and Fuel, 1993, 7: 482-489
[29] Huffman P Gerald, Huggins E Frank, Naresh Shah et al., Speciation of arsenic and chromium in coal and combustion ash by XAFS spectroscopy, Fuel Processing Technology, 1994, 39: 47-62.
[30] Senior C L, Bool III L E, Huggins F, Huffman G P, Shah N, Wendt J O L, Seames W, Peterson T, Shadman F, Helble J, Wornat M, Sarofim A, Olmez I, Crowley S, and Finkelman R., Toxic Substances from Coal Combustion –A Comprehensive Assessment, Phase I Final Report, DOE Contract DE-AC22-95PC95101, September, 1997
[31] Kolker Allan, Huggins F E, Palmer C A, Naresh Shah, Crowley S S, Huffman G.P, Finkelman R B, Mode of occurrence of arsenic in four US coals, Fuel Processing Technology, 2000, 63: 167-178
[32] 赵峰华,任德贻,郑宝山,胡天斗,刘涛,高砷煤中砷赋存状态的扩展X 射线吸收精细结构谱研究,科学通报,1998,43(14):1549-1551
[33] 赵峰华,任德贻,煤中As 赋存状态的逐级化学提取研究,环境科学,1999,20:79-81
[34] Finkelman R B, Palmer C A, Krasnow M R, et al, Combustion and leaching behaviour of elements in the Argonne Premium coal samples, Energy and Fuel, 1990, 4(6): 755-768
[35] Minkin J A, Finkelman R B, Thompson CL et al., Microcharacterization of arsenic-and selenium-bearing pyrite in Upper Freeport coal, lndiana County, Pennsylvania.,Scanning Electron Microsc, 1984, 4: 1515-1524
[36] White R N, Smith J V, Spears D A et al., Analysis of iron sulphides from U.K.coal by synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence, Fuel, 1989, 68: 1480-1486
[37] Palmer C A, Lyons P C., Selected elements in major minerals from bituminous coal as determined by INAA:implications for removing environmentally sensitive elements from coal, Int.J.Coal Geol, 1996, 32: 151-166
[38] 张军营,任德贻,赵峰华,许德伟,煤中痕量元素赋存状态研究方法,煤炭转化,1998,21(4):12-17
[39] Huggins F E, Huffman G P,Modes of occurrence of trace elements in coal from XAFS spectroscopy, Int. J. Coal Geol., 1996, 32: 31-53
[40] Dreher G B, Finkelman R B, Selenium mobilization in a surface coal mine, Powder River basin, Wyoming,U S A, Environ.Geol.Water Sci., 1992, 19(3): 155-167
[41] Xavier Querol, Roberto Juan, Angel Lope-Soler, Mobility of trace elements from coal and combustion wastes, Fuel, 1996, 75: 821-838
[42] Senior CL, Zeng T, Che J, Distribution of trace elements in selected pulverized coals as a function of particle size and density, Fuel Processing Technology, 2000, 63: 215-241
[43] Markowski G.R, Ensor DS, Hooper R.G., A submicron aerosol mode in flue gas from a pulverized coal utility boiler, Environ. Sci. Technol., 1980, 11: 1400-1402
[44] Flagan R C, Taylor D D, Laboratory studies of submicron particles from coal combustion, 18th International Symposium On Combustion, 1981, 1227-1237
[45] Linak W P, Wendt JOL, Trace element transfromation mechanisms during coal combustion, Fuel processing technology, 1994, 39: 173-198
[46] Clarke L and Sloss L., Trace elements-emissions from coal combustion and gasification. IEA Coal Research, IEACR/011, London, July, 1992, 111pp
[47] Constance L Senior, Adel F Sarofim, Taofang Zeng, Joseph J Helble, Ruben Mamani-Paco, Gas-phase transformations of mercury in coal-fired power plants, Fuel Processing Technology, 2000, 63: 197–213
[48] Chang Y. Wu and Pratim Biswas, An equilbrium analysis to determine the speciation of metals in an incinerator, Combustion and Flame, 1993, 93: 31-40
[49] Joseph J Helble, Mojtahedi Wahab, Lyyranen Jussi, Trace element partitioning during coal gasification, Fuel, 1996, 75: 931-939
[50] 刘迎辉,郑楚光,游小请,氯元素对烟气中汞的形态和分布的影响,环境科学学报,2001,21(1):69-73
[51] 刘迎辉,郑楚光,燃煤过程中易挥发有毒痕量元素的相互作用,燃烧科学与技术,2001,7(4):243-247
[52] Frandsen F, Som-Johansen K, Prsmussen, Trace element from combustion and gasification of coal: an equilibrium approach, Progress in energy and combustion science, 1994, 20: 115-138
[53] Yan R, Partitioning of trace elements in the flue gas from coal combustion, Doctoral Dissertation , 1999
[54] Furimsky E, Characterization of trace element emissions from coal combustion by equilibrium calculations, Fuel Processing Technology , 2000 , 63 (1): 29-44
[55] Thompson D, Argent B B, Thermodynamic equilibrium study of trace element mobilization under pulverized fuel combustion conditions, Fuel , 2002 , 81 (3): 345 -361
[56] Gibbs B M, Thompson D, Argent B B,A thermodynamic equilibrium comparison of the mobilities of trace elements when washed and unwashed coals are burnt under pf firing conditions, Fuel, 2004, 83: 2271–2284
[57] Hall B, Schager P, Lindqvist O, Chemical reactions of mercury on combustion flue gases, Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 1991, 56: 3–14
[58] Gaspar J A, Widmer N C, Cole J A, Seeker W R, Study of Mercury Speciation in a Simulated Municipal Waste Incinerator Flue Gas, Proceedings of 1997 International Conference on Incineration and Thermal Treatment Technologies, Oakland, CA, May 12–16, 1997
[59] Mamani-Paco R M, Helble J J., Bench-scale examination of mercury oxidation under non-isothermal conditions, 93rd Annual Meeting, Air & Waste Management Association, Salt Lake City, Utah, 2000
[60] Schager P, The Behavior of Mercury in Flue Gases, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Goteburg, Report, Goteburg, Sweden, 1990.
[61] Constance L. Senior, Adel F. Sarofim, Taofang Zeng, Joseph J. Helble, Ruben Mamani-Pacoc, Gas-phase transformations of mercury in coal-fired power plants,Fuel Processing Technology, 2000, 63: 197–213
[62] Dajnak D, Lockwood F C,Modelling of toxic heavy mental mercury partitioning from pulverized fuel combustion, IFRF Combustion Journal Article Number 200103, March 2001
[63] Slige R N,.Kramlich J C, Marinov N M, Toward the development of a chemical kinetic model for the homogeneous oxidation of mercury by chlorine, Fuel Proce..Technol., 2000, 65-66: 423-438
[64] Kramlich J C, Sliger R N, Going D J, Reduction of inherent mercury in pulverized coal combustion, DOE Grant DE-FG22-95PC95216, presentation at DOE university coal research contractor’s meeting, Pittsburgh, June 1997
[65] Widmer N C, West J, Thermochemical study of mercury oxidation in utility boiler fuel gases, 93rd Annual Meeting, Air and Waste Management Association, Salt Lake City, Utah, 2000.
[66] Helble J J, Fujiwara N, Kinetic modeling of homogeneous mercury oxidation: the importance of NO and H2O in predicting oxidation in coal-derived systems, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2001, 35: 3701-3706
[67] Niksa S, Fujiwara N, Fujita Y, et al. A mechanism for Hg oxidation in coal-derived exhausts, AWMA 2002, 52(8) :894-901
[68] Minghou Xu, Qiao Yu, Zheng Chuguang, et al. Modeling of homogeneous mercury speciation using detailed chemical kinetics, Combustion and Flame, 2003, 132: 208-219
[69] Chuguang Zheng, Jing Liu,Zhaohui Liu, Minghou Xu, Yinghui Liu, Kinetic Mechanism Studies on Reactions of Mercury and Oxidizing Species in Coal Combustion, Fuel, in press
[70] Gerald H. Luttrell, Jaisen N. Kohmuench, Roe-Hoan Yoon, An evaluation of coal preparation technologies for controlling trace element emissions, Fuel Processing Technology, 2000, 65-66: 407-422
[71] Akers David, Dosphy Robert, Role of coal cleaning in control of air toxic, Fuel Processing Technology, 1994, 39: 73-80
[72] Keating M H, Mahaffey K R, R.Schoeny, Rice G. E, Bullock O R, Ambrose R B, Mercury Study Report to Congress, Volume II. EPA -452/R-97-004b, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC. December 1997
[73] Topical Report No.5 Trace Element Removal Study. " Prepared for U. S. Department of Energy’s Pittsburgh Technology Center by ICFKaiser Engineers, Fairfax, VA. March 1995
[74] Granite E J, Pennline H W, Hargis R A, Novel sorbents for mercury removal from flue gas, Industrial & engineering Chemistry Research, April 2000, v39: 1020-1029
[75] 彭苏萍,王立刚,燃煤飞灰对锅炉烟道气的吸附研究,煤炭科学技术,2002,30(9):33-36
[76] Owens W D, Sarofim A F, W.Pershing D, The use of recycle for enhanced volatile metal capture, Trace elements transformation in coal-fired power systems workshop, Scottsdale, AZ, April 1993
[77] Grover C, Butz J, Haythornthwaite S, Smith J, " Mercury Measurements Across Particulate Collectors of PSCO Coal -fired Electric Utility Boilers ," EPRI/ DOE/ EPA Mega -Symposium, Atlanta , GA. August 1999
[78] Devito M S, Rosehoover W A, Hg flue gas measurements from coal-fired utilities equipped wet scrubbers, Presented at the 92nd Annual meeting and exhibition of the air & waste management association, St. Louis, MO, June1999.
[79] Tanaporn Sakulpitakphon, Hower C James, Trimble S Alan, Mercury Capture by Fly Ash: Study of the Combustion of a High-Mercury Coal at a Utility Boiler, Energy & Fuels, 2000, 14: 727-733
[80] Hassett D J, Eylands K E, Mercury capture on coal fly ash, Fuel, 1999, 78: 243-248
[81] Redinger KE, Evans A, Bailey R, Mercury emissions control in FGD systems, Presented at the EPRI/DOE/EPA combined air pollutant control symposium, Washington, DC, August, 25-29,1997
[82] Carey T R, Hargrove O W, Brown T D, Enhanced control of mercury in wet FGD systems, Presented at the first joint DOE-PETC power and fuel systems contractors conference, U.S. Department of energy, Pittsburgh, PA, July9-11, 1996
[83] Li Y H, Lee C W, Gullett B K, Importance of activated carbon’s oxygen surface functional groups on elemental mercury adsorption, Fuel, 2003, 82: 451-457
[84] Marshall T, The use of activated carbon for flue gas treatment, First international symposium on incineration and flue gas treatment technologies, Sheffield, UK, July, 1997
[85] Thomas W Peterson, Interactions between vapor-phase mercury compounds and coal char in synthetic flue gas, Fuel Processing Technology, 2000, 63: 93-107
[86] Carey R Odd, Hargrove W Oliver, Factors affecting mercury control in utility flue gas using activated carbon, Air&Waste Management Association, 1998, 48: 1166-1174
[87] Granite J Van, Pennline W Henry, Novel Sorbents For Mercury Removal From Flue Gas, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2000, 39: 1020-1029
[88] Joseph V, Modeling powdered activated carbon injection for the uptake of elemental mercury vapors, Air&Waste Management Association, 1998, 48: 1051-1059
[89] Sinha R K, Walker P L, Removal of Mercury by Sulfurized Carbons, Carbon, 1972, 10: 754-756
[90] Miller S J, Laudal D L, Dunham G. E, Piolt-scale investigation of mercury control in baghouses, In Procedings of the ERPI/DOE international Conference on managing Hazardous and particulate pollutants, Toronto, Canada, August 15-17, 1995
[91] Miller S J, Dunham G. E, Olson E S, Brown T D, Mercury sorbent development in coal-fired boilers, in: Proceedings of the Conference on Air Quality: Mercury, Trace Elements, and Particulate Matter, 1998, McLean, VA.
[92] Mercury Study Report to Congress, US Environmental Protection Agency, Airlink Web Site at http:www.epa.gov.airlinksr1998
[93] Brown T D, O’Dowd W J, Robert Reuther R B, Control of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants: a preliminary cost assessment, in: Proceedings of the Conference on Air Quality: Mercury, Trace Elements, and Particulate Matter, 1998, McLean, VA.
[94] Pavlish H John, Sondreal A Everett, Mann1 D Michael, Status review of mercury control options for coal-fired power plants,Fuel Processing Technology, 2003, 82: 89-165
[95] Madden D A, and Holmes M J, " B&W’s E-LIDS TM Process Advanced SOx , Particulate and Air Toxics Control for the Year 2000 ," presented at the 1998 EPRI -DOE -EPA Combined Utility Air Pollutant Control Symposium, Washington DC, August 25-29, 1997
[96] Ghorishi S B, Gullett B K, An experimental study on mercury sorption by activated carbons and calcium hydroxide, The fifth annual north American waste-to-energy conference, Research Triangle Park, NC, April 1997
[97] McDermott Technologies, Inc. Advanced Emissions Control Development Program Phase Ⅲ-Approved Final Report, prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy (U.S.DOE-FETC contract DE-FC22-94PC94251-22) and Ohio Coal Development Office(grant agreement CDO/D-922-13), July 1999
[98] Ghorishi B, Singer C F, Sedman C, Preparation and evaluation of modified line and silica-lime sorbents for mercury vapor emission control, EPRI-DOE-EPA Combined utility air pollution control symposium, 1999, Atlanta, Georgia
[99] Wouterlood H J, Bowling K M, Removal of arsenic oxide from flue gases, Environ. Sci. Rechnol., 1979, 13: 455-459
[100] Mahuli S, Agnihotri R, Chauk S et al., Mechanism of arsenic sorption by hydrated lime, Environ. Sci. Techno, 1997, 31: 3226-3231
[101] Jadhav R A,.Fan L S, Capture of gas phase arsenic oxide by lime: Kinetics and mechanistic studies, Environ. Sci. Technol, 2001, 35: 794-799
[102] Gullett B K, Ragnunathan K., Reduction of Coal-based Metal Emissions by Furnace Sorbent Injection, Energy & Fuels, 1994, 8 (5): 1068-1076
[103] Young B C, Pavlish J H, Gerlach T R et al. Mitigation of Air Toxic Elements from the Combustion of Low-rank Coals in Power Generation Plants, In: Proceedings of the Air &Waste Management Associations Annual Meeting & Exhibition, 1996, 18
[104] Meij R, The fate of mercury in coal-fired power plants and the influence of wet flue-gas desulphurization, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 1991, 56: 21-33
[105] Chang R, Hargrove B, Carey T, Richardson C, Meserole F, Power Plant Mercury Control Options and Issues, Proc. POWER-GEN '96 International, Conference Orlando, Fla., Dec. 4-6, 1996
[106] Livengood C D, Mendelsohn M H., Progress for combined control of mercury and nitric oxide EPRI-DOE-EPA Combined Utility Air Pollution Control Symposium, 1999, Atlanta, Georgia.
[107] Mendelsohn M H, Harkness J B L, Enhanced Flue-Gas Denitrification Using Ferrous?EDTA and a Polyphenolic Compound in an Aqueous Scrubber System. Energy & Fuels, 1991, 5(2): 244-247.
[108] McDermott Technologies, Inc. Advanced Emissions Control Development Program Phase III ¨C Approved Final Report, prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOEFETC contract DE-FC22-94PC94251.22) and Ohio Coal Development Office (grant agreement CDO/D-922-13), July 1999, Available at: http://www.osti.gov/dublincore/servlets/purl/756595-LACvcL/webviewable/756595.pd >.
[109] U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory. Full-Scale Testing of Enhanced Mercury Control in Wet FGD, November 2001, Available at < http://www.fetc.doe.gov/coalpower/environment/mercury/index.html >.
[110] McLarnon C R, Horvath M L, Boyle P D, " Electro -Catalytic Oxidation Technology Applied to Mercury and Trace Elements Removal from Flue Gas," presented at Conference on Air Quality II ,McLean , VA. September 20, 2000
[111] McLarnon C R, Jones M D, " Electro -Catalytic Oxidation Process for Multi -Pollutant Control at FirstEnergy’s R. E. Burger Generating Station," presented at Electric Power 2000, Cincinnati , OH. April 5, 2000
[112] Abu-asmra A, Morries J S, Koirtyohann S R., Wet ashing of some biological samples in a microwave oven, Anal. chem., 1975, 47(7): 1475-1477
[113] Matthes S A, Farrel R F, Mackie A, A microwave system for the acid dissolution of metal and mineral samples, J. Tech. Prog. Rep. U.S. Bur. Mines, 1983, TRP 120:12
[114] Kingston H M, Jassie L B, Microwave energy for acid decomposition at elevated temperature and pressure using biological and botanical samples, Anal. Chem., 1986, 58(12): 2534-2541
[115] Mincey D W, Williams R C, Giglio G A, et al., Temperature controlled microwave oven digestion system, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1992, 264:97
[116] Lamble K J, Hill S J, Determination of mercury in slurried samples by both batch and on-line microwave digestion on CAVFS, J. Anal. At. Spectrom, 1996, 11: 1099
[117] Gallignani M, Bahsas H, Brunetto M R, A time-based flow injection CVAAS system with on-line microwave sample pre-treatment for the determination of inorganic and total mercury in urine, Analytica Chimica Acta, 1998, 369: 57-67
[118] Burguera J L, Carrero P, Burguera M, Flow injection for the determination of Se(IV) and Se(VI) by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry with microwave oven on-line prereduction of Se(VI) to Se(IV), Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 1997, 52(8): 1231
[119] Gallignani M, Valero M, Sequential determination of Se(IV) and Se(VI) by flow injection-HG-AAS with HCl/HBr microwave aided pre-reduction of Se(VI) to Se(IV), Talanta,2000, 52(6): 1015-1024
[120] Harzdorf C, Janser G, Dieter Rinne, Application of microwave digestion to trace organo element determination in water samples, Analytica Chimica Acta, 1998, 374: 209-214
[121] Mester Z, Angelone M, .Brunori C, Digestion methods for analysis of fly ash samples by atomic absorption spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta., 1999, 395: 157-163
[122] Bettinelli M, Spezia S, Baroni U, Determination of Trace Elements in Power Plant Emissions by icp-ms: Comparison with Other Spectrometric Techniques, Microchem. J., 1998, 59: 203-218
[123] Hatanpaeao E, A study of trace element behavior in two modern coal-fired power plants. I. Development and optimization of trace element analysis using reference materials, Fuel and Energy Abstracts, 1998, 39(1): 64
[124] Richaud R, Lachas H, Healey A E, Trace element analysis of gasification plant samples by icp–ms: validation by comparison of results from two laboratories, Fuel, 2000, 79(9): 1077-1087
[125] Fadda S, ICP-MS determination of 45 trace elements in whole coal using microwave oven acid digestion for sample preparation, Fuel and Energy Abstracts, 1999, 37(1): 65
[126] Laban K L, Atkin B P, The determination of minor and trace element associations in coal using a sequential microwave digestion procedure, International Journal of Coal Geology, 1999, 41(4): 351-369
[127] Kingston H M, Jassie L B, Introduction to microwave sample preparation theory and practice, Washington DC, Amercian Chemical Society, 1988
[128] GB/T16659-1996 中华人民共和国国家标准煤中汞的测定方法[S]
[129] GB/T3058-1996 中华人民共和国国家标准煤中砷的测定方法[S]
[130] GB/T16415-1996 中华人民共和国国家标准煤中硒的测定方法[S]
[131] Swaine D J, Trace elements in coal and their dispersal during combustion, Fuel Process. Technol., 1994, 39: 121-137
[132] Querol X, Fernandez-Turiel J L, Lopez-Soler A, Trace element in coal and their behaviour during coal combustion in a large station, Fuel, 1996, 74(3): 331-343
[133] Swaine D J. Trace elements in coal. Butterworths, London.1990, 278pp
[134] Swaine D J. The organic association of elements in coals. Org. Geochem., 1992, 18(3): 259-261
[135] Finkelman R B, Mode of occurrence of potentially hazardous elements in coal: levels of confidence, Fuel Proc. Technol., 1994, 39: 21-34
[136] Wang Jie, Sharma Atul, and Tomita Akira, Determination of the Modes of Occurrence of Trace Elements in Coal by Leaching Coal and Coal Ashe, Energy and Fuel, 2003, 17: 29-37
[137] Martinez-Tarazona M R., Spears D A., et al, Organic affinity of trace elements in Austrian bituminous coal, Fuel, 1992, 71(8): 909-914
[138] 王运泉,煤及其燃烧产物中微量元素分布赋存特征研究,[博士论文] 中国矿业大学北京研究生部,1994
[139] Goodarzi F, Elemental distribution in coal seams at the Fording Coal Mine, British Columbia, Canada, Chem. Geol., 1988, 68: 129-154
[140] 许琪,中国煤中伴生元素的聚集与扩散,煤炭学报,1991,16(1):64-70
[141] Alastuey A, Jimenez A, Plana F, Querol X, Geochemistry, mineralogy, and technological properties of the Stephanian (Carboniferous) coal seams from the Puertollano Basin, Spain, International Journal of Coal Geology, 2001, 45: 247-265
[142] Querol X, Cabrera Li, Pickel W, et al, Geological controls on the coal quality of the Mequinenza subbituminous coal deposit, northeast Spain, Int. J. Coal Geol., 1996, 29: 67-91
[143] 陆晓华,许涛,刘汉珍,曾汉才,因子分析法在煤中痕量元素分布特征研究中的应用,燃料化学学报,1994,22(4):444-448
[144] Ruppert L F, Minken J A, McGee J J et al, An unusual occurrence of arsenic-bearing pyrite in the Upper Freeprot coal bed, West-central Pennsyl-vania, Energy and Fuels , 1992 , 6: 120-125
[145] Lyons P C, Palmer C A, Bostick N H, et al. Chemistry and origin of minor and trace elements in vitrinite concentration from a rank series from the Eastern United State, England and Australia, Int. J. Coal Geol., 1989,13: 484-527
[146] Tessler A et al. Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals, Anal. Chem., 1979, 51(7): 844-851
[147] 陆晓华,曾汉才,晏蓉,煤中痕量元素与三态硫关系的模型,环境化学,1997,16(4):306-310
[148] 冯新斌,环境样品中微量汞分析方法及贵州省二叠纪龙潭组煤中汞分布规律,赋存形态的研究,[博士论文] 中国科学院地球化学研究所,贵阳,1997
[149] 丁振华,贵州高砷煤的矿物学地球化学研究,[博士论文] 中国科学院地球化学研究所,贵阳,2001
[150] 陈萍,旷红伟,唐修义,煤中砷的分布和赋存规律研究,煤炭学报,2002,27(3):259 -263
[151] Kilgroe D James, Charles B Sedman, Srivastava K Ravi, Ryan V Jeffrey, Control of Mercury Emissions from Coal -Fired Electric Utility Boilers : Interim Report. U. S.Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Researchand Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratsory, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
[152] EPA technical information, EPA to regulate mercury and other air toxic emissions from coal and oil fired power plants, 14, December 2000
[153] Rizeq R G, Hansell D W, Seeker W R, Predictions of metals emissions and partitioning in coal-fired combustion systems, Fuel Process. Technol., 1994, 39: 219-236
[154] Bale C W, Pelton A D, Thompson W T, FACT(Facility for the Analysis of Chemical Thermodynamics), Version 2.1-User Manual, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal/Royal Military College, Canada, July, 1996
[155] 周劲松,骆仲泱,任建莉, Mercury transport during coal combustion and pyrolysis, Proc. of the 26th Inter. Conf. on coal utilization & fuel systems, Florida, USA , 2001: 419-429
[156] Wang Q C., Shen W G. and Ma Z W, Mercury emissions from coal in China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2000, 34(13): 2711-2713
[157] 朱珍锦,薛来,谈仪,负荷改变对煤粉锅炉燃烧产物中汞的分布特征影响研究,中国电机工程学报,2001,21(7):87-90.
[158] 刘迎晖,煤燃烧过程中痕量元素的迁移变化行为[博士论文],武汉,华中科技大学,2002
[159] 任建莉,周劲松,骆仲泱,煤中汞燃烧过程析出规律试验研究,环境科学学报,2002,22(3):289-293
[160] U. S. Environmental Protection Agency," Method 29 --Determination of Metals Emissions from Stationary Sources. " Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 60, Appendix A.
[161] Prestbo E.M, Bloom N S, Mercury Speciation Adsorption(MESA) Method For Combustion Flue Gas: Methodology, Artifacts, Inter-comparison, and Atmospheric Implications. Water, Air and Soil Pollution.1995, 80: 145-158
[162] Munthe J, Schroeder W H, Xiao Z et al. Removal of gaseous Mercury from air using a gold coated deunder, Atmosphere Environment, 1990, 24A (8): 2271-2274
[163] Lajava k, Laitinen T, Application of the Diffusion Screen Technique to the Determination of Gaseous Mercury and Mercury (II) Chloride in Flue gases. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 1993, 52(1-4): 65-73
[164] “Standard Test Method for Elemental , Oxidized , Particle -Bound ,and Total Mercury in Flue Gas Generated from Coal -Fired Stationary Sources (Ontario -Hydro Method) , October 27 , 1999
[165] Babur. Nott, Intercomparison of stack gas mercury measurement methods, Water, Air and soil pollution, 1995, 80: 1211-1214.
[166] Laudal D, Brown T, Nott B, Effects of flue gas constituents on mercury speciation, Fuel processing technology, 2000, 65-66: 157-165
[167] Hedges S, Ryan J, Stevens R, Workshop on Source Emission and Ambient Air Monitoring of Mercury, Bloomington, MN, September 13 -14, 1999. EPA/ 625/ R -00/002 (NTIS B2001 -100963), National Risk Management and National Exposure Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH. June 2000
[168] Laudal D, Brown T D, Testing of a mercury continuous emission monitor at three coal-fired electric utilities, The air & waste management association’s 92nd annual meeting& exhibition, 1999, St. Louis, Missouri
[169] Takahisa Yokoyama, Kazuo Asakura, Mercury emissions from a coal-fired power plant in Japan, The Science of the Total Environment, 2000, 259: 97-103
[170] Moritomi H., Naruse I, Ninomiya Y, Measurement of mercury and trace element emissions from coal combustion boilers, Presented by Air Pollution IX, WIT Press, 2001: 479-489
[171] Anthony Carpi, Mercury from combustion source: a review of the chemical species emitted and their transport in the atmosphere, Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 1997, 98: 241-254
[172] Hall B, Schager P, Weesmaa J, The homogeneous gas phase reaction of mercury with oxygen, and the corresponding heterogeneous reactions in the presence of activated carbon and fly ash, Chemosphere, 1995, 30: 611–627.
[173] Raghunathan K, Gullett B, Role of sulfur in reducing PCDD and PCDF formation, Eniron. Sci. Technol., 1996, 30: 1827–1834.
[174] Laudal D, Brown T, Nott B, Chu P, Bench-scale studies to determine the effects of flue gas constituents on mercury speciation, Conference on Air Quality: Mercury, Trace Elements, and Particulate Matter, McLean, VA, December 1–4, 1998
[175] Li Z, Hwang J Y, Mercury distribution in fly ash components, Presented at the Air and Waste Management Association’s 90th Annual Conference and Exhibition, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, June 8 –13, 1997.
[176] Senior C L, Johnson S A, Impact of carbon-in-ash on mercury removal across particulate control devices in coal-fired power plants, Presented at the Air and Waste Management Association’s 95th Annual Conference and Exhibition, Baltimore, MD, June 23–27, 2002
[177] Gibb W H, Clarke F, Mehta A K, The fate of coal mercury during combustion, Fuel Processing Technology, 2000, 65-66: 365-377
[178] 王立刚,彭苏萍,陈昌和,燃煤飞灰对锅炉烟道气中Hg0 的吸附特性,环境科学,2003,24(6):59-62
[179] Grant E Dunham, Raymond A Dewall, Constance L. Senior, Fixed-bed studies of the interactions between mercury and coal combustion fly ash, Fuel Proceeding Technology, 2003, 82: 197-213
[180] Jongsoo, Lee Tai Gyu, Lee Gyo et al, Mercury removal from incineration flue gas by organic and inorganic adsorbents, Chemosphere, 2002, 47(9): 907-913
[181] 樊金串,张振桴,煤中痕量元素在燃烧过程中的动态,煤炭加工与综合利用, 1995,4:12-14
[182] 周义平,老厂矿区无烟煤中砷的分布类型及赋存状态,煤田地质与勘探,1998,26(4):8-13
[183] 孙景信,Jervis R E.,煤中微量元素及其在燃烧过程中的分布特征,中国科学(A 辑),1986,12:1287-1295
[184] Stumbar J P, Sawyer R H., Gupta G. D, Perdek J M, The fate of heavy metals in EPAs mobile incineration system., Proc.American flame research committee 1989 fall international symposium:combustion in industrial furnaces and boilers, short hills, NJ. sep.25-27, 1989
[185] Jadhav A Raja, Liang-shih Fan, Capture of gas-phase arsenic oxide by lime: kinetic and Mechanistic studies, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2001, 35: 794-799
[186] Vassilev S V , Trace Elements in Solid Waste Products from Coal Burning at Some Bulgarian Thermoelectric Power Stations, Fuel, 1994, 73: 367-374
[187] Clemens A H, Damiano L F, Gong D et al. Partitioning Behaviour of Some Toxic Volatile Elements During Stoker and Fluidised Bed Combustion of Alkaline Sub-bituminous Coal, Fuel, 1999, 78: 1379-1385
[188] 杨绍晋,钱琴芳,姜镶等,火力发电厂燃煤过程中元素在各产物中的分布,环境科学,1983,2:32-38
[189] Zeng R S, Zhao J H, Xu W D., The Preliminary Study of Potential Contamination Related to the Combustion of Coal in Thermal Power Plant, In: Zhanged, Proc30th Int. Geol. Congr, 1997, 187-201
[190] 王起超,邵庆春等,煤中15 种微量元素在燃烧产物中的分配,燃料化学学报,1996,24(2):137-142
[191] Lesley L Sloss, Irene M Smith, PM10 and PM2.5: An international perspective, Fuel Processing Technology, 2000, 65-66: 127-141
[192] Zhang Ye, Pratim B, Submicrometer Particle Formation and Control in a Bench-scale Pulverized Coal Combustor, Energy & Fuels, 2001, 15: 510-516
[193] Biermann, Ondov A H, Application of surface-deposition models to size-fractionated coal fly ash, Atmos. Environ., 1980, 14: 289-295
[194] Wayne S. Seames, Jost O L Wendt,Partitioning of arsenic, selenium, and cadmium during the combustion of Pittsburgh and Illinois#6 coals in a self-sustained combustor, Fuel Processing Technology, 2000, 63: 179–196
[195] Germani, M S, Zoller W H, Vapour-phase Concentrations of Arsenic, Selenium, Bromine, Indine and Mercury in the Stack of a Coal-fired Power Plant. Environ Sci Technol, 1988, 22(9): 1079-1085
[196] Tanaporn Sakulpitakphon, James C Hower, Trimble Alan S, William H. Schram, and Gerald A Thomas,Arsenic and Mercury Partitioning in Fly Ash at a Kentucky Power Plant,Energy and Fuel, 2003, 17: 1028-1033
[197] Anders W. Andren and David H Klein, Selenium in coal-fired stream plant emissions, Environmental Science & Technology, 1975, 9(9): 856-858
[198] Wang Y Q, Ren D Y, Zhao F H, Comparative leaching experiments for trace elements in law coal, laboratory ash, fly ash and bottom ash. International Journal of Coal Geology, 1999, 40: 103-108
[199] 赵峰华,任德贻,许德伟,燃煤产物中砷的物相研究,中国矿业大学学报,1999,28(4):11-14
[200] Wayne S. Seames, Hamshid Sooroshian, Assessing the solubility of inorganic compounds from size-segrated coal fly aerosol impactor sample, Aerosol Science, 2002, l33: 77-90
[201] Choi S K, Lee S, Song Y K, Leaching characteristics of selected Korean fly ashes and its implication for the groundwater composition near the ash disposal mound, Fuel, 2002, 81: 1083-1090
[202] Ramsden A R., Shibaoka M., Characterization and analysis of individual fly ash particles from coal-fired power station by a combination of optical microscopy, electron microscopy and quantitative electron microprobe analysis, Atmos. Environ, 1982, 16(9): 2191-2198
[203] Waynes S Seames, An initial study of the fine frgmentation fly ash particle mode generated during pulverized coal combustion, Fuel Processing Technology, 2003, 81: 109-125
[204] Kasparian J et al, Characterization of urban aerosols using SEM-microscopy, X-Ray analysis and Lidar measurements, Atmospheric Environment, 1998, 30(17): 2957-2960
[205] Forestier Lydie Le and Libourel Guy, Characterization of flue gas residues from municipal solid waste combustors, Environmental Science and Technology, 1998, 32(15): 2250-2256
[206] Stinespring C D, et al, Surface enrichment of aluminosilicate minerals and coal combustion ash particles, Amos. Environ., 1981, 15(3): 307-327
[207] 孙俊民,姚强,刘惠永,鲁静,尹国勋,赵成美,燃煤排放可吸入颗粒物中砷的分布与富集机理,煤炭学报,2004,19(1):78-82
[208] 张建平,王运泉,张汝国,莫洁云,任德贻,煤及其燃烧产物中砷的分布特征,环境科学研究,1999,12(1):27-29
[209] 朱永清,硅酸盐熔体结构学[M],北京,地质出版社,1990,77～97
[210] Ratafia, Brown J A. Overview of trace element partitioning in flames and furnaces of utility coal-fired boilers, Fuel Processing Technology, 1994, 39, 139-157.
[211] 周公度等编著,结构化学基础,北京大学物理化学丛书,北京大学出版社,1989
[212] Wimmer E, The Encyclopedia of computational chemistry, John Wiley &Sons Inc, 1998, 1559-1579
[213] Pople J A, Theory of molecular approximate method, 《分子轨道近似方法理论》,江云生译,北京,科学出版社,1976,64-74
[214] Koch W, Holthausen M C, “A Chemist’s Guide to Density Functional theory”, Wiley-VCH Verlag 2000
[215] Hohenberg P, Kohn W, Inhomgeneous electron gas, Phys. Rev., 1964, 136B: 864-871
[216] Kohn W, Sham L J, Self-Consistent Equations Including Exchange and Correlation Effects, Phys. Rev., 1965, 140A: 1133-1138
[217] Barth U V, Hedin L, A local exchange-correlation potential for the spin polarized case. I, J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys., 1972, 5: 1629-1642
[218] Langreth D C, Perdew J P, Comments on the metal surface from a simple analytic model, J. Phys., C Solid State Phys., 1980, 5: 869-873
[219] Perdew J P, Density-functional approximation for the correlation energy of the inhomogeneous electron gas, Phys. Rev., 1986, B33: 8822-8824
[220] Perdew J P, Chevary J A, Vosko S H, Atoms, molecules, solids, and surfaces: Applications of the generalized gradient approximation for exchange and correlation, Phys. Rev. 1992, B46: 6671–6687
[221] Becke A D, Density-functional exchange-energy approximation with correct asymptotic behavior, Phys. Rev., 1988, A 38: 3098–3100
[222] Becke A D, the Effect of the Exchange-Only Gradient Correction, J. Chem. Phys., 1992, 96(3): 2155-2160
[223] Becke A D, Density-functional thermochemistry. III. The role of exact exchange, J. Chem. Phys., 1993, 98: 5648-5652
[224] Lee C, Yang W, and Parr R G, Development of the Colle-Salvetti correlation-energy formula into a functional of the electron density, Phys. Rev., 1988, B37: 785-789
[225] Burke K, Perdew J P and Wang Y, In Electronic Density Functional Theory: Recent Progress and New Directions, Ed. J. F. Dobson, G. Vignale and M. P. Das (Plenum, 1998)
[226] Xin Lü, Xin Xu, Wang Nan-Qin, Coordination number Principle for Cluster Modelling of Metal oxides, Chem. J.Chinese Universities, 1998, 19: 783-788
[227] Frisch M.J. et al., Gaussian 98(Revision A.9). Gaussian Inc., Pittsburgh PA, 1998