秤锤树属与长果安息香属植物的保育遗传学研究
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摘要
秤锤树属(Sinojackia Hu)与长果安息香属(Changiostyrax C．T．Chen)是安息香科(Styracaceae)的少种属，在我国这两个属共记录有7个种。本研究在进行野外调查的基础上，对秤锤树属与长果安息香属植物开展保育遗传学研究，主要的结论如下：
1．本研究通过野外调查，了解了中国秤锤树属与长果安息香属植物的地理分布、濒危现状及其迁地保护状况。调查结果表明：秤锤树属与长果安息香属植物地理分布较广，但是每个物种的居群数量和居群大小均很小。其中秤锤树(Sinojackia xylocarpa)和狭果秤锤树(S．rehderiana)已经在其模式标本产地灭绝；棱果秤锤树(S．henryi)在过去的近70年内没有采到过标本，该物种可能存在同物异名现象或已经灭绝；细果秤锤树(S．microcarpa)由于人为破坏严重，居群大小急剧下降；肉果秤锤树(S．sarcocarpa)和怀化秤锤树(S．oblongicarpa)呈零星分布且个体数量很少，处于极濒危状态。另外本次调查发现秤锤树属的一个新的分类群。秤锤树属与长果安息香属植物大多数种居群更新能力差；虽然秤锤树属与长果安息香属植物结果率较高，但是结籽率较低；坚硬的内果皮阻碍了种子的萌发，这是其居群更新的最大障碍；另外人为破坏对秤锤树属与长果安息香属植物的居群更新的影响也较大。因此，作者认为所有的秤锤树属与长果安息香属植物都应该纳入濒危植物保护的范围。
2．从秤锤树AAG富集文库中分离和筛选了24个多态性的微卫星位点，每个位点的平均等位基因数在3.3与7之间。居群水平上，每个位点的观察杂合度和期望杂合度分别为0.10-0.83和0.10-1.00。另外，这些引物在秤锤树属其它3种和长果安息香上呈多态性扩增，预示着这些微卫星标记可以为秤锤树属其它种或安息香科中秤锤树属其它近缘种的保育遗传学研究提供有利工具。
3．本研究试图通过秤锤树属7个种和外类群白辛树(Pterostyrax psilophyllus)的内转录间隔区(ITS)和叶绿体基因间隔区psbA-trnH来重建秤锤树属植物的
The genus Sinojackia Hu and Changiostyrax C.T.Chen (Styracaceae) including only seven species native to China are cuurently in the endangered status due to intensive disturbances. In the present study, the studies on the conservation genetics of Sinojackia Hu and Changiostyrax C.T.Chen were conducted based on our field investigation on the two genera. The main results are highlighted in the following:
1. We conducted an extensive field survey of current geographic distribution of their natural range, and in situ and ex situ conservation status of the remnant populations of the two genera. The results showed that in spite of a wide range of natural distribution of the two genera, all species in Sinojackia and Changiostyrax maintained a small number of populations with very small population size, apparently resulting from habitat degradation and population losses. S. xylocarpa and S. rehderiana were extinct in Jiangsu and Jiangxi Province where the type specimen was collected. During the survey, S. xylocarpa was rarely found in Shangcheng and Xinxian counties of Henan Province, and Guangshui and Changyang counties of Hubei Province. In addition, S. rehderiana was aslo extinct in the type specimen site in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province. In past more than 70 years, neither wild populations nor individuals of S. henryi were found since the type specimen was first identified in 1937, suggesting this species may be either a synonym mixed with other Sinojackia species or extinct in the wild. The populations of S. microcarpa were reduced rapidly in wild because of anthropogenic destruction and only two sizeable populations were located in Zhejiang Province. S. sarcocarpa and S. oblongicarpa had only one each population survived in Leshan and Huaihua, respectively, which suggested critically endangered in wild. A possible new taxon was found during the field survey and needs for further taxonomic identification. Most investigated species had small number of populations and low seedling recruitment within each population because of low rate of seed germination. The deforestation by local residents had great impact on the survival of Sinojackia. Therefore, an integrating conservation strategy should be urgently carried out and current in situ and ex situ conservation be rigidly forced in order to conserve the two endangered genera. We also suggest that all seven species should be included in the
1．本研究通过野外调查，了解了中国秤锤树属与长果安息香属植物的地理分布、濒危现状及其迁地保护状况。调查结果表明：秤锤树属与长果安息香属植物地理分布较广，但是每个物种的居群数量和居群大小均很小。其中秤锤树(Sinojackia xylocarpa)和狭果秤锤树(S．rehderiana)已经在其模式标本产地灭绝；棱果秤锤树(S．henryi)在过去的近70年内没有采到过标本，该物种可能存在同物异名现象或已经灭绝；细果秤锤树(S．microcarpa)由于人为破坏严重，居群大小急剧下降；肉果秤锤树(S．sarcocarpa)和怀化秤锤树(S．oblongicarpa)呈零星分布且个体数量很少，处于极濒危状态。另外本次调查发现秤锤树属的一个新的分类群。秤锤树属与长果安息香属植物大多数种居群更新能力差；虽然秤锤树属与长果安息香属植物结果率较高，但是结籽率较低；坚硬的内果皮阻碍了种子的萌发，这是其居群更新的最大障碍；另外人为破坏对秤锤树属与长果安息香属植物的居群更新的影响也较大。因此，作者认为所有的秤锤树属与长果安息香属植物都应该纳入濒危植物保护的范围。
2．从秤锤树AAG富集文库中分离和筛选了24个多态性的微卫星位点，每个位点的平均等位基因数在3.3与7之间。居群水平上，每个位点的观察杂合度和期望杂合度分别为0.10-0.83和0.10-1.00。另外，这些引物在秤锤树属其它3种和长果安息香上呈多态性扩增，预示着这些微卫星标记可以为秤锤树属其它种或安息香科中秤锤树属其它近缘种的保育遗传学研究提供有利工具。
3．本研究试图通过秤锤树属7个种和外类群白辛树(Pterostyrax psilophyllus)的内转录间隔区(ITS)和叶绿体基因间隔区psbA-trnH来重建秤锤树属植物的
The genus Sinojackia Hu and Changiostyrax C.T.Chen (Styracaceae) including only seven species native to China are cuurently in the endangered status due to intensive disturbances. In the present study, the studies on the conservation genetics of Sinojackia Hu and Changiostyrax C.T.Chen were conducted based on our field investigation on the two genera. The main results are highlighted in the following:
1. We conducted an extensive field survey of current geographic distribution of their natural range, and in situ and ex situ conservation status of the remnant populations of the two genera. The results showed that in spite of a wide range of natural distribution of the two genera, all species in Sinojackia and Changiostyrax maintained a small number of populations with very small population size, apparently resulting from habitat degradation and population losses. S. xylocarpa and S. rehderiana were extinct in Jiangsu and Jiangxi Province where the type specimen was collected. During the survey, S. xylocarpa was rarely found in Shangcheng and Xinxian counties of Henan Province, and Guangshui and Changyang counties of Hubei Province. In addition, S. rehderiana was aslo extinct in the type specimen site in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province. In past more than 70 years, neither wild populations nor individuals of S. henryi were found since the type specimen was first identified in 1937, suggesting this species may be either a synonym mixed with other Sinojackia species or extinct in the wild. The populations of S. microcarpa were reduced rapidly in wild because of anthropogenic destruction and only two sizeable populations were located in Zhejiang Province. S. sarcocarpa and S. oblongicarpa had only one each population survived in Leshan and Huaihua, respectively, which suggested critically endangered in wild. A possible new taxon was found during the field survey and needs for further taxonomic identification. Most investigated species had small number of populations and low seedling recruitment within each population because of low rate of seed germination. The deforestation by local residents had great impact on the survival of Sinojackia. Therefore, an integrating conservation strategy should be urgently carried out and current in situ and ex situ conservation be rigidly forced in order to conserve the two endangered genera. We also suggest that all seven species should be included in the
引文
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