住宅小区室外热环境的实测与模拟
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摘要
城市人口的快速增长导致了住房需求的急剧膨胀,住宅小区的建设得以快速发展。由于住宅区建筑物密度大,人口相对密集,高强度的人为活动消耗大量的能源造成了人为热的排放,下垫面性质改变引起的不同区域的温度差异,建筑布局不合理引起的风速死区,这些都会引起区域内微热环境的变化,导致热岛效应的产生。小区热岛效应不仅会影响居住者室外热舒适,还不同程度地影响到建筑能耗。因此,小区热环境的研究具有重要的意义并日益受到重视。本文以重庆市某小区作为研究对象,采用现场实测和数值模拟相结合的研究方法,全面了解和评价了该小区热环境特征,获得建筑区域内温度分布及气流形式并提出了改善措施。重点研究了以下内容:
首先,在比较了前人对城市气候和建筑局部微气候的研究方法和研究模型之后,提出采用CFD用于建筑小区热环境的模拟,并建立了模拟计算所需的三维物理模型。
其次,对沙坪坝雅豪丽景小区的热环境进行了全面测试,得到了小区夏季热环境特征,主要包括空气温湿度、下垫面表面温度、建筑表面温度、小区不同区域风速及风向的逐时变化规律,并着重讨论了空气温度的影响因素,以及不同下垫面热工特性的差异。
第三,对人为排热量进行了初步调查和分析,包括交通排热量和居民生活排热量。交通排热量的调查以雅豪丽景小区外的道路作为研究对象,通过调查车流量、车型及车速,计算出小区外道路长度汽车排热量。居民生活排热量以重庆大学东村片区建筑群作为研究对象,主要统计其用电量和天然气用量,分类计算获得居民生活排热量的具体数值。
第四,利用实测和调查所获得的数据作为边界条件,采用PHOENICS模拟了小区热环境,总结了小区内部空气温度场、风场和压力场的分布特征,并将模拟结果与实测结果进行对比分析以确定方案的可行性。
最后,通过三种优化方案分别进行模拟,并将三个方案的模拟结果与小区现状模拟值进行比较,分析下垫面绿化、人为排热以及建筑布局等因素对小区热环境的影响大小,并提出了改善微热环境的几点建议。
The rapid development of economy and urbanization create great pressure on population of developing counties, which leads to rapid expansion of demand for housing, as a result, the development of house industry becomes the focus to resolve the need of materialization for urban living. Considering the hyper-dense buildings and people in the residential districts, large quantities of human activities in dwelling district consume a volume of energy and release anthropogenic heat, as well as the temperature inhomogeneity caused by the change of properties of underlying surface, and the low wind speed resulted from unreasonable layout of buildings, Thus the change of regional thermal environment is generated and small-scale heat islands is formed ultimately. The heat islands not only bring on human discomfort in outdoor environment, but also, affect the building energy consumption. Therefore, the thermal environment around buildings is of great importance and has attracted more and more attention. In this paper, a residential area in Chongqing district was chose as object. A comprehensive measurement combined with numerical simulation was carried out in the research, the thermal environment characteristics of this district were obtained and evaluated, and the distribution of the thermal parameters in this space was predict through simulation, then the improvement measures were proposed. Several issues were studied in this paper:
Firstly, based on the comparison of the previous research methods and models on the macro-climate and the microclimate, The CFD method was put forward for the simulation of thermal environment in residential district, and the three-dimensional physical and numerical model adapting to simulation was established.
Secondly, a comprehensive measurement was carried out in the Yahaolijing residential district, the outdoor microclimate characteristic in the summer was obtained, including the change rule of air temperature and relative humidity, the surface temperature of underlying and constructions, the wind speed and direction in different regions by the time. Then the analysis was focused on the impact of air temperature, and the different thermal characteristic of underlying surface.
Thirdly, anthropogenic heat emission was investigated and analyzed primarily, including the heat caused by transport and human activities. The transport heat emission was gained from the street outside the Yahaolijing residential district, according to investigate the traffic flow and the vehicle type as well as the speed, the quantity of heat from the vehicle can be calculated. The anthropogenic heat released by human living was gained from the building group located in Chongqing University, of which the electricity and the gas consumption were obtained and calculated respectively.
Fourthly, the data from the measurement and investigated were used as the boundary condition of PHOENICS for the outdoor thermal environment simulation. The distribution characteristic of air temperature field, the wind field and the pressure field was summed up. The difference of the calculated and measured values were compared and analyzed so as to determine whether the approach was available.
Finally, three optimization options were given to simulate the regional thermal environment and compared with the present condition respectively. Then the influence of main parameters such as vegetation, anthropogenic heat emission and the layout of buildings on the thermal environment was analyzed. Ultimately, several advices of improving the thermal environment were put forward.
首先,在比较了前人对城市气候和建筑局部微气候的研究方法和研究模型之后,提出采用CFD用于建筑小区热环境的模拟,并建立了模拟计算所需的三维物理模型。
其次,对沙坪坝雅豪丽景小区的热环境进行了全面测试,得到了小区夏季热环境特征,主要包括空气温湿度、下垫面表面温度、建筑表面温度、小区不同区域风速及风向的逐时变化规律,并着重讨论了空气温度的影响因素,以及不同下垫面热工特性的差异。
第三,对人为排热量进行了初步调查和分析,包括交通排热量和居民生活排热量。交通排热量的调查以雅豪丽景小区外的道路作为研究对象,通过调查车流量、车型及车速,计算出小区外道路长度汽车排热量。居民生活排热量以重庆大学东村片区建筑群作为研究对象,主要统计其用电量和天然气用量,分类计算获得居民生活排热量的具体数值。
第四,利用实测和调查所获得的数据作为边界条件,采用PHOENICS模拟了小区热环境,总结了小区内部空气温度场、风场和压力场的分布特征,并将模拟结果与实测结果进行对比分析以确定方案的可行性。
最后,通过三种优化方案分别进行模拟,并将三个方案的模拟结果与小区现状模拟值进行比较,分析下垫面绿化、人为排热以及建筑布局等因素对小区热环境的影响大小,并提出了改善微热环境的几点建议。
The rapid development of economy and urbanization create great pressure on population of developing counties, which leads to rapid expansion of demand for housing, as a result, the development of house industry becomes the focus to resolve the need of materialization for urban living. Considering the hyper-dense buildings and people in the residential districts, large quantities of human activities in dwelling district consume a volume of energy and release anthropogenic heat, as well as the temperature inhomogeneity caused by the change of properties of underlying surface, and the low wind speed resulted from unreasonable layout of buildings, Thus the change of regional thermal environment is generated and small-scale heat islands is formed ultimately. The heat islands not only bring on human discomfort in outdoor environment, but also, affect the building energy consumption. Therefore, the thermal environment around buildings is of great importance and has attracted more and more attention. In this paper, a residential area in Chongqing district was chose as object. A comprehensive measurement combined with numerical simulation was carried out in the research, the thermal environment characteristics of this district were obtained and evaluated, and the distribution of the thermal parameters in this space was predict through simulation, then the improvement measures were proposed. Several issues were studied in this paper:
Firstly, based on the comparison of the previous research methods and models on the macro-climate and the microclimate, The CFD method was put forward for the simulation of thermal environment in residential district, and the three-dimensional physical and numerical model adapting to simulation was established.
Secondly, a comprehensive measurement was carried out in the Yahaolijing residential district, the outdoor microclimate characteristic in the summer was obtained, including the change rule of air temperature and relative humidity, the surface temperature of underlying and constructions, the wind speed and direction in different regions by the time. Then the analysis was focused on the impact of air temperature, and the different thermal characteristic of underlying surface.
Thirdly, anthropogenic heat emission was investigated and analyzed primarily, including the heat caused by transport and human activities. The transport heat emission was gained from the street outside the Yahaolijing residential district, according to investigate the traffic flow and the vehicle type as well as the speed, the quantity of heat from the vehicle can be calculated. The anthropogenic heat released by human living was gained from the building group located in Chongqing University, of which the electricity and the gas consumption were obtained and calculated respectively.
Fourthly, the data from the measurement and investigated were used as the boundary condition of PHOENICS for the outdoor thermal environment simulation. The distribution characteristic of air temperature field, the wind field and the pressure field was summed up. The difference of the calculated and measured values were compared and analyzed so as to determine whether the approach was available.
Finally, three optimization options were given to simulate the regional thermal environment and compared with the present condition respectively. Then the influence of main parameters such as vegetation, anthropogenic heat emission and the layout of buildings on the thermal environment was analyzed. Ultimately, several advices of improving the thermal environment were put forward.
引文
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[9] R. Knowles. Solar access and urban form [J]. AIA Journal, 1980, 15 (2):42-49.
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